BIOLOG1 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

GIFT  OF 

Mrs.  William  H.  Harrison 


APPLETONS' 
SCIENCE     TEXT-BOOKS. 


DESCRIPTIVE  BOTANY, 


APPLETONS'  SCIENCE  TEXT-BOOKS. 


The  following  works  of  this  new  series  will  be  im- 
mediately issued  ;  others  are  to  follow  : 

The  Elements  of  Chemistry. 

BY  PROF.  F.  W.  CLARKE, 

Chemist  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 

The  Essentials  of 
Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Hygiene. 

BY  ROGER  S.  TRACY,  M.  D., 

Author  of  "  Handbook  of  Sanitary  Information  for  Householders," 
Sanitary  Inspector  of  the  New  York  City  Health  Department, 

A  Compend  of  Geology. 

BY  JOSEPH  LE  CONTE, 

Professor  of  Geology  and  Natural  History  in   the  University  of 
California  ;  author  of  "  Elements  of  Geology,"  etc. 

Elements  of  Zoology. 

BY  C.  F.  HOLDER, 

Fellow   of  the   New   York   Academy  of   Sciences,  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Linnsean  Society,  etc.  ; 

AND  J.  B.  HOLDER,  M.  D., 

Curator  of  Zoology  of  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
Central  Park,  New  York. 

Descriptive  Botany. 

BY  ELIZA  A.  YOUMANS. 


'  Science  fct-0ohs. 


DESCRIPTIVE  BOTANY, 


A   PRACTICAL   GUIDE 

TO   THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   PLANTS, 
WITH   A    POPULAR   FLORA. 


BY 

ELIZA    A.   YOUMANS, 

AUTHOR   OF   "  THE   FIRST   BOOK   OF   BOTANY  "  ;     EDITOR  OF   "  HENSLOW's 
BOTANICAL   CHARTS." 


NEW   YORK: 
D.    APPLETON    AND     COMPANY, 

I,    3,    AND    5    BOND    STREET. 
1889. 


mm; 


COPYRIGHT,  1885, 
BY  D.  APPLETON  AND  COMPANY. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGB 

INTRODUCTION ix 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  STUDY xix 

AN  EXPLANATION  OF  THE  ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  THE  BO- 
TANICAL CHARTS xxv 

CHAPTER   FIRST. -THE   LEAF. 

EXERCISE 

I.   The  Parts  of  Leaves I 

II.   Venation 2 

III.  Leaf-Margins 4 

IV.  The  Figures  of  Leaves 9 

V.   Compound  Leaves 12 

VI.  Varieties  of  Compound  Leaves 13 

CHAPTER   SECOND.— ROOTS   AND   STEMS. 

VII.   Roots •      .        .        .  18 

VIII.   Stems  and  their  Parts 21 

IX.   Buds 21 

X.   Stem  and  Leaves 23 

XI.    Kinds  of  Stems 25 

CHAPTER   THIRD.— THE   INFLORESCENCE   AND 
FLOWER. 

XII.   Kinds  of  Inflorescence 29 

XIII.   The  Parts  of  Flowers       .         .    . 32 

XIV.   Stamens  and  Pistil 34 

XV.    Kinds  of  Calyx  and  Corolla 36 

XVI.   Kinds  of  Corolla 38 

XVII.    Symmetry  of  Flowers       . 43 

XVIII.   Complete  and  Incomplete  Flowers 44 


253 


VI 


CONTENTS. 


EXERCISE  PAGE 

XIX.  Form  of  the  Receptacle  and  Insertion  of  Floral  Organs    47 

XX.    Polyandrous  Stamens 48 

XXI.  The  Growing  together  of  Stamens       .         .         .         .50 

XXII.  The  Growing  together  of  Carpels        .         .         .         -52 

XXIII.  Union  of  Floral  Whorls  with  each  other — Calyx  and 

Pistil 58 

XXIV.  The  Union  of  Floral  Whorls  with  each  other— Corolla     60 
XXV.  Union  of  Floral  Whorls  with  each  other — Stamens     .     61 

XXVI.    The  Receptacle 67 

XXVII.   Appendages  of  the  Receptacle 69 


CHAPTER   FOURTH.— COMPARING   AND   CLASSIFYING 
PLANTS. 


XXVIII.    Plant  Characters  and  Affinities 
XXIX.    How  to  begin  Classification 


72 
76 


CHAPTER   FIFTH.— THE   MINUTE   STUDY   OF   THE 
ESSENTIAL   ORGANS   OF  PLANTS. 


XXX.  Parts  of  Stamens 

XXXI.  Number  and  Shape  of  Anther-Lobes 

XXXII.  Dehiscence  of  the  Anther    . 

XXXIII.  Introrse  and  Extrorse  Anthers    . 

'  XXXIV.  Attachment  of  Filament  to  Anther 

XXXV.  Forms  of  Filaments 

XXXVI.  Structure  and  Forms  of  Pollen   . 

XXXVII.  Forms  of  Connective  . 

XXXVIII.  General  Features  of  Stamens 


81 

82 
83 
84 

85 
87 
88 

89 
90 


CHAPTER   SIXTH.— THE   PISTIL. 

XXXIX.  Kinds  of  Style  and  Stigma  . 

XL.  Form  and  Position  of  Styles 

XLI.  Pistil,  Ovary,  Fruit 

XLII.  The  Structure  of  Ovaries    . 

XLIII.  Placentation 

XLIV.  Modes  of  Dehiscence  .         .    -     . 

XLV.  Direction  of  Ovules  and  Seeds    . 

XLVI.  Parts  of  the  Ovule       .         . 

XLVII.  Kinds  of  Ovule  ...        .        .        . 

XLVIII.  The  Composition  of  Fruit  .         . 


92 

93 

93 

95 

98 

101 

103 

104 

105 
106 


CONTENTS.  vii 

EXERCISE  PAGE 

XLIX.   Parts  of  the  Pericarp 108 

L.   The  Classification  of  Fruit 109 

LI.  The  Seed.— Its  Form  and  Structure       .         .         .         .114 

LII.    Parts  of  the  Seed 115 

LIII.   Parts  of  the  Body,  or  Kernel 117 

LIV.    Parts  of  the  Embryo 119 

LV.  Monocotyledons  and  Dicotyledons          .         .         .         .121 

LVI.  Position  of  the  Embryo  in  Seeds    .        .        .         .         .  122 


CHAPTER  SEVENTH.— FLORAL  SYMMETRY,  PHYLLO- 
TAXY,  PREFLORATION,  CYMOSE  INFLORESCENCE. 

LVI  I.   Numerical  Plan  of  Flowers    .         .     '    .         .        .         .124 

LVIII.   Alternation  of  Parts  in  Flowers 125 

LIX.   Leaf- Arrangement. — Phyllotaxis 126 

LX.  Arrangement  of  Floral  Leaves  in  the  Bud. — Estivation, 

or  Prefloration 132 

LXI.   Cymose  or  Definite  Inflorescence 135 

CHAPTER   EIGHTH.— THE   COMPOSITE. 

LXII.   Parts  of  Flower-Heads 139 

LXI II.   The  Florets 142 

LXIV.   Characters  of  the  Composite 146 

CHAPTER   NINTH.— THE  CRUCIFERE. 
LXV.   Characters  of  the  Cruciferae 149 

CHAPTER   TENTH.— THE   UMBELLIFERE. 

LXVI.   Structure  of  the  Flowers  and  Fruit        .        .        .        .151 
LXVII.   Classification  of  Umbel-bearing  Plants  .         .         .         .154 

CHAPTER  ELEVENTH.— THE   LABIATE. 
LXVII  I.   Characters  of  the  Labiatse 157 

CHAPTER  TWELFTH.-THE  CONIFERE. 
LXIX.   Characters  of  the  Conifers  .....  161 


viii  CONTENTS. 

EXERCISE  PAGE' 

CHAPTER   THIRTEENTH.— THE   ORCHIDACE.E. 
LXX.   Characters  of  the  Orchidacecc         .  .         .         .  167 

CHAPTER   FOURTEENTH.— THE    GRAMINE^E. 
LXXI.   Characters  of  the  Gramineae 171 

CHAPTER   FIFTEENTH.— FLOWERLESS   PLANTS. 

L.XXII.    Ferns 176 

LXXIII.  Reproduction  of  Ferns 177 

LXXIV.    Mosses    .         .         .         .   '      .         .         .         •         .         .180 
LXXV.    Fungi  .         .         .         .   '     .         '.     '    .         .         .182 

LXXVI.   SYSTEMATIC   BOTANY 185 


INTRODUCTION. 

THE  "  First  Book  of  Botany,"  published  in  1870,  was 
prepared  as  a  contribution  to  better  methods  in  object- 
teaching.  It  was  not  designed  as  a  text-book  of  Botany  ; 
but  plants  were  chosen  as  objects  of  study,  because  they 
offer  special  and  unequaled  advantages  for  training  in  ob- 
servation. It  provided  that  the  whole  work  of  the  learner 
should  be  upon  his  specimens;  that  he  should  find  out  and 
record  the  plant-characters  for  himself,  and  thus  get  im- 
portant practice  in  self-education. 

But  it  was  soon  seen  that,  in  thus  cultivating  the  ob- 
serving powers,  we  were  laying  the  true  foundation  for  a 
jeal  knowledge  of  Botanical  Science  ;  and  the  desire  was 
often  expressed  that  this  method  of  studying  plants  should 
be  carried  out  more  fully.  Accordingly,  the  "  Second  Book 
of  Botany"  was  prepared  upon  the  same  plan.  It  has, 
however,  been  found  desirable,  for  the  sake  of  beginners 
in  the  science  who  are  too  old  for  primary  lessons,  that 
the  abridged  contents  of  the  "  First  Book  "  should  be  pre- 
fixed to  the  "  Second  Book,"  and  also  that  completeness 
as  a  Descriptive  Botany  should  be  given  to  the  work,  by 
adding  to  it  a  popular  Flora.  In  thus  combining  the  exer- 
cises of  the  former  volumes,  they  have  not  been  materially 
changed.  They  provide  for  the  direct  study  of  all  those 
features  of  plants  which  are  used  in  classification,  and 
illustrate  by  practical  examples  the  use  to  be  made  of 
these  observations  in  systematic  botany.  The  ideas  given 
in  those  works,  concerning  the  value  of  this  study  in  men- 
tal training,  are  therefore  equally  applicable  here. 


x  INTRODUCTION. 

By  the  common  practice  of  the  schools,  pupils  often 
"  go  through  "  the  botanical  text-books  with  only  the  most 
incidental  attention  to  the  real  objects  of  study.  As  there 
is  no  training  in  observation,  there  can  be  no  attempt  at 
the  exercise  of  the  reason  and  judgment  of  the  learner 
upon  the  results  of  observation.  To  attain  this  important 
end,  botany  must  be  studied  in  its  actual  objects.  The 
characters  of  plants  must  become  familiarly  known  by  the 
detailed  and  repeated  examination  and  accurate  descrip- 
tion of  large  numbers  of  plants.  The  pupil  must  proceed 
step  by  step  in  this  preliminary  work — digesting  his  ob- 
servations, and  making  the  facts  his  own.  From  the  be- 
ginning he  will  be  engaged  in  comparing  his  observations, 
and  reasoning  upon  his  facts.  As  he  extends  his  knowl- 
edge, the  work  of  comparison  and  grouping  calls  for  a 
higher  exercise  of  thought.  In  the  final  classification  of 
plants,  problems  of  increasing  complexity  arise.  Plants 
are  to  be  placed  in  groups  subordinate  to  each  other, 
when  judged  by  masses  of  resemblances,  by  likenesses, 
and  differences  of  unequal  values,  which  involve  the  exer- 
cise of  the  best  powers  of  the  mind. 

That  the  habit  of  systematic  arrangement,  in  which 
the  study  of  botanical  classification  affords  so  admirable 
a  training,  is  equally  valuable  in  methodizing  all  the  re- 
sults of  thought,  is  testified  to  as  a  result  of  his  own  expe- 
rience by  that  eminent  authority,  Mr.  John  Stuart  Mill. 
He  was  a  regular  field  botanist,  and  cultivated  the  subject 
with  a  view  to  its  important  mental  advantages.  In  the 
second  volume  of  his  "  System  of  Logic  "Mr.  Mill  says  : 

"  Although  the  scientific  arrangements  of  organic  na- 
ture afford  as  yet  the  only  complete  example  of  the  true 
principles  of  rational  classification,  whether  as  to  the 
formation  of  groups  or  of  series,  these  principles  are  ap- 
plicable to  all  cases  in  which  mankind  are  called  upon  to 
bring  the  various  parts  of  any  extensive  subject  into  men- 
tal co-ordination.  They  are  as  much  to  the  point  when 


INTRODUCTION.  xi 

objects  are  to  be  classed  for  purposes  of  art  or  business, 
as  for  those  of  science.  The  proper  arrangement,  for 
example,  of  a  code  of  laws,  depends  on  the  same  scientific 
conditions  as  the  classifications  in  natural  history  ;  nor 
could  there  be  a  better  preparatory  discipline  for  that  im- 
portant function  than  the  study  of  the  principles  of  a 
natural  arrangement,  not  only  in  the  abstract,  but  in  their 
actual  application  to  the  class  of  phenomena  for  which 
they  were  first  elaborated,  and  which  are  still  the  best 
school  for  learning  their  use." 

But  it  will  be  a  grave  mistake  to  suppose  that  these 
benefits  can  be  secured  by  the  mere  use  of  text-books, 
however  full  and  valuable  the  information  they  contain. 
Nor  are  they  to  be  gained  by  the  casual  examination  of 
plants,  nor  by  the  analyses  of  a  few  flowers,  with  the  aid 
of  keys  and  dictionaries,  nor  in  the  limited  time  usually 
allotted  to  the  subject.  The  study  must  be  commenced 
early,  and  pursued  steadily  by  direct  observation,  until  its 
elementary  facts  and  principles  are  made  familiar.  It  is 
the  claim  of  this  book  that,  if  its  method  is  faithfully  fol- 
lowed, it  will  not  only  secure  an  actual  acquaintance  with 
an  important  branch  of  knowledge,  but  will  enforce  a 
mental  discipline  of  much  value  in  the  intellectual  work  of 
life,  and  which  is  greatly  needed  in  general  education. 

The  exercises  of  the  volume  are  designed  simply  as 
guides  to  self-education.  The  pupil  is  told  very  little. 
From  the  beginning  to  the  end  he  is  sent  to  the  plant  to 
get  his  knowledge  of  the  plant.  The  science  of  botany 
is  especially  available  for  self- culture,  because  its  element- 
ary facts  are  so  simple  that  their  study  can  be  commenced 
in  early  childhood,  and  so  numerous  as  to  sustain  a  pro- 
longed course  of  observation.  From  rudimentary  and 
simple  facts  the  pupil  may  proceed  gradually  to  the  more 
complex ;  from  observation  to  the  truths  resting  upon 
observation,  through  a  course  of  successively  higher  and 
more  comprehensive  exercises.  Under  the  guidance  here 


xii  INTRODUCTION. 

afforded,  the  pupil  begins  his  study  with  leaves,  the  least 
complex  in  structure  of  the  organs  of  plants,  and  learns 
to  distinguish  all  their  external  characters.  At  the  same 
time  he  learns  the  precise  terms  by  which  their  parts  and 
features  are  denoted,  and  these  terms  become  familiar  by 
use  in  his  written  descriptions. 

If,  in  looking  over  the  following  pages,  objection  should 
be  made  to  so  many  technical  terms,  the  reply  must  be 
that  without  them  it  is  impossible  to  gain  the  mental  bene- 
fits of  this  method  of  study.  The  learning  of  words  is  a 
large  part  of  education,  but  learned  in  the  usual  loose  way 
they  favor  lax  and  careless  habits  of  thought.  To  coun- 
teract this  and  give  clearness  to  the  mental  operations  re- 
quires a  discipline  adapted  to  the  purpose.  Vagueness  in 
the  meaning  of  words  necessarily  involves  vagueness  of 
thought  and  expression ;  while  to  have  clear  ideas  and  be 
able  to  clothe  them  in  correct  language,  it  is  necessary  to 
know  precisely  what  the  words  represent.  This  end  can 
only  be  secured  in  the  best  manner  by  the  objective  meth- 
od, in  which  the  mind  is  directed  first  to  the  observed 
facts,  the  specific  characters,  or  the  definite  relations,  so 
that  the  terms  applied  to  them  acquire  fixed  and  accurate 
meanings.  Careful  and  minute  observations  recorded  in 
explicit  terms  make  clearness  of  thinking  and  precision  of 
language  a  habit  of  the  mind.  To  secure  this  important 
object,  descriptive  botany  is  superior  to  any  other  study. 
Its  terms  have  been  slowly  perfected,  and  are  much  the 
same  in  all  languages.  The  vocabulary  of  botany  is  more 
copious,  precise,  and  well-settled  than  that  of  any  other 
natural  science,  and  it  is  therefore  unrivaled  in  the  scope 
it  affords  for  exercise  in  clear  and  accurate  thinking,  and 
for  the  best  cultivation  of  the  descriptive  powers. 

The  method  of  instruction  developed  in  these  pages 
was  devised  and  carried  into  most  successful  practice  by 
the  Rev.  J.  S.  Hen  slow,  Professor  of  Botany  in  Cambridge 
University,  England.  He  had  a  parish  at  Hitchin,  and 


INTRODUCTION.  xiii 

resolved  to  try  what  might  be  done  in  teaching  botany  to 
the  country  children  of  the  village  school.  His  experi- 
ments were  most  interesting,  and  their  results,  which  are 
of  great  value  in  education,  were  made  public  by  Dr.  J.  D. 
Hooker,  Superintendent  of  the  Botanical  Gardens  at  Kew, 
in  evidence  that  he  gave  upon  the  subject  before  a  parlia- 
mentary commission. 

The  following  passages  from  his  testimony  will  give  an 
idea  of  Prof.  Henslow's  method  : 

Question.  Have  you  ever  turned  your  attention  to  the 
teaching  of  botany  to  boys  in  classes  at  school  ? 

Answer.  I  have  thought  it  might  be  done  very  easily. 
My  ideas  are  drawn  from  the  experience  of  my  father-in- 
law,  the  late  Prof.  Henslow.  He  introduced  the  study  of 
plants  into  the  village  school  of  his  parish.  His  system 
was  entirely  voluntary.  He  enrolled  the  children  in  a 
class,  and  left  them  to  collect  plants  for  themselves ;  but 
he  visited  his  parish  daily,  when  the  children  used  to  come 
up  and  bring  the  plants  they  had  collected,  so  that  the 
lessons  went  on  all  the  week  round. 

Q.  Do  you  know  in  what  way  he  taught  it  ?  Did  he 
illustrate  it  ? 

A.  Invariably;  he  made  it  practical.  He  made  it  an 
objective  study.  The  children  were  taught  to  know  the 
plants,  and  to  pull  them  to  pieces  ;  to  give  their  proper 
names  to  the  parts;  to  indicate  the  relations  of  the  parts 
to  one  another  ;  and  to  find  out  the  relation  of  one  plant 
to  another  by  the  knowledge  thus  obtained.  They  learned 
it  readily  and  voluntarily,  and  were  extremely  interested 
in  it  and  fond  of  it. 

Q.  Do  you  happen  to  know  whether  Prof.  Henslow 
thought  that  the  study  of  botany  developed  the  faculties 
of  the  mind — that  it  taught  these  children  to  think  ?  And 
do  you  know  whether  he  perceived  any  improvement  in 
their  mental  faculties  from  that  ? 

A.  Yes  ;  he  used  to  think  it  was  the  most  important 


xiv  INTRODUCTION. 

agent  that  could  be  employed  for  cultivating  their  facul- 
ties of  observation,  and  for  strengthening  their  reasoning 
powers. 

Q.  And  Prof.  Henslow  thought  that  their  minds  were 
more  developed  ;  that  they  were  becoming  more  reasoning 
beings,  from  having  this  study  superadded  to  the  others  ? 

A.  Most  decidedly.  It  was  also  the  opinion  of  some 
of  the  inspectors  of  schools,  who  came  to  visit  him,  that 
such  children  were  in  general  more  intelligent  than  those 
of  other  parishes  ;  and  they  attribute  the  difference  to 
their  observant  and  reasoning  faculties  being  thus  devel- 
oped. .  .  . 

Q.  So  that  the  intellectual  success  of  this  objective 
study  was  beyond  question  ? 

A.  Beyond  question.  ...  In  conducting  the  examina- 
tions of  medical  men  for  the  army,  which  I  have  now  con- 
ducted for  several  years,  and  those  for  the  East  India 
Company's  service,  which  I  have  conducted  for,  I  think, 
seven  years,  the  questions  which  I  am  in  the  habit  of  put- 
ting, and  which  are  not  answered  by  the  majority  of  the 
candidates,  are  what  would  have  been  answered  by  the 
children  in  Prof.  Henslow's  village  school.  I  believe  the 
chief  reason  to  be,  that  these  students'  observing  faculties, 
as  children,  had  never  been  trained— such  faculties  having 
lain  dormant  with  those  who  naturally  possessed  them  in  a 
high  degree  ;  and  having  never  been  developed,  by  train- 
ing, in  those  who  possessed  them  in  a  low  degree. 

It  thus  appears  that  Prof.  Henslow  left  his  pupils 
mostly  to  themselves,  meeting  them  occasionally  to  con- 
sult with  them,  and  advise  them  when  in  doubt  or  diffi- 
culty. But  he  did  not  rely  alone  upon  the  fascination  of 
the  subject  to  secure  his  purpose. 

His  profound  knowledge  of  the  science  and  his  wis- 
dom as  a  teacher  enabled  him  to  devise  and  skillfully  ar- 
range a  series  of  questions,  calling  attention  to  all  the 
points  of  scientific  interest  in  the  structure  of  flowers,  and 


INTRODUCTION.  Xy 

the  answers  to  which  would  in  each  case  disclose  the  im- 
portant characters  of  the  plant  described.  The  pupils 
were  supplied  with  copies  of  these  questions — schedules,  as 
he  called  them — and  answers  were  found  to  them  by  ex- 
amining living  plants.  When  a  plant  had  been  described 
in  writing  by  answering  these  questions,  its  schedule  was 
pinned  fast  to  it,  and  it  was  the  examination  of  the  col- 
lective work  of  a  scholar,  whether  by  the  professor  or  by  a 
more  advanced  fellow-learner,  that  took  the  place  of  for- 
mal recitation.  Left  in  this  way  to  be  his  own  teacher, 
and  do  his  own  thinking,  the  method  is  seen  to  be  chiefly 
one  of  self-education. 

Prof.  Henslow  prepared  no  elementary  book  upon  bot- 
any carrying  out  his  method :  the  printed  schedule  he 
used  applied  only  to  the  flower,  the  most  complex  part  of 
the  plant,  and  the  attention  of  children  was  directed  by  it 
chiefly  to  those  features  upon  which  orders  depend  in 
classification.  But,  instead  of  confining  the  use  of  sched- 
ules to  the  study  of  the  flower,  I  have  employed  them 
throughout  the  work.  In  the  first  three  chapters,  the 
pupil  is  provided  with  leaf,  stem,  inflorescence,  and  flower- 
schedules  on  which,  guided  by  the  questions,  he  writes 
down  the  results  of  his  observations.  All  the  organs  of 
the  plant,  and  all  their  important  modifications,  are  stud- 
ied in  this  way.  The  presence  or  absence  of  botanical 
features  that  determine  their  place  and  rank  among  plants 
is  first  noted  ;  and,  when  found,  they  are  accurately  and 
concisely  described. 

In  Chapter  IV  the  subject  of  classing  plants  accord- 
ing to  their  natural  affinities  is  entered  upon.  From  the 
beginning  of  his  schedule-work  the  pupil  has  really  been 
classing  plants  in  a  limited  way  and  without  being  aware 
of  it.  But  he  is  now  led  to  discover  that  he  has  been  all 
the  while  using  the  principle  on  which  the  natural  method 
of  classification  is  based,  and  that  the  mastery  of  Prof. 
Henslow's  flower-schedule  has  made  the  grouping  of 


xvi  INTRODUCTION. 

plants  by  this  method  both  intelligible  and  easy.  When 
he  has  answered  all  its  questions  concerning  any  plant,  he 
has  possession  of  the  facts  upon  which  its  true  classifica- 
tion depends. 

The  next  three  chapters  of  the  book  are  devoted  to 
the  observation  of  those  minute  but  especially  important 
characters  of  plants  which  require  the  constant  use  of 
magnifying  -  glasses  in  their  study.  Practice  with  the 
flower-schedule  in  describing  newly-discovered  plants,  and 
in  a  more  searching  study  of  familiar  ones,  is  still  con- 
tinued, and  furnishes  inexhaustible  interest  to  the  learner. 

The  remaining  chapters  of  this  volume  are  accordingly 
given  to  a  critical  study  of  six  of  the  most  natural  orders 
of  plants,  specimens  of  which  everywhere  abound  ;  and 
the  principles  of  classification  illustrated  by  these  groups 
will  prepare  the  pupil  for  a  rational  use  of  the  Flora,  and 
thereby  enable  him  to  dispense  with  the  artificial  key  that 
usually  accompanies  a  popular  Flora. 

I  have,  said  that  by  the  common  method  of  studying 
botany  there  is  no  training  in  observation.  The  text- 
book is  read  and  recited  in  the  customary  class-room  way; 
and  there  is  only  the  most  incidental  attention  to  the  liv- 
ing objects  of  study,  and  no  attempt  to  exercise  the  pupil's 
own  faculties  in  solving  the  questions  they  offer.  Accord- 
ingly, when  classification  is  attempted,  an  artificial  key 
has  to  be  resorted  to,  which  takes  the  place  of  the  actual 
knowledge  which  the  learner  should  have.  It  is  at  this 
stage  that  the  contrast  in  results  of  the  two  methods  is 
most  apparent.  When,  by  following  the  key,  a  pupil  seeks 
for  the  class,  order,  genus,  etc.,  to  which  the  plant  in  hand 
belongs,  he  does  not  use  his  own  knowledge.  The  struct- 
ure of  the  plant  is  to  be  compared  with  an  ideal ;  but  he 
has  not  the  ideal,  neither  can  he  interpret  structure.  So 
he  turns  to  the  key  and  learns  what  to  look  for  first. 
When  he  has  found  the  part  specified,  he  compares  its 
appearance  with  the  statement  of  the  key.  If  this  seems 


INTRODUCTION.  xvii 

to  agree  with  the  structure  under  examination,  he  is  di- 
rected what  to  look  for  next;  and  if  there  is  no  agree- 
ment, he  is  told  what  to  do.  The  same  process  is  repeat- 
ed over  and  over  again  to  the  end,  with  very  little  mental 
benefit.  The  key  is  simply  an  elaborate  substitution  of 
blind  groping  for  the  intelligent  action  of  the  pupil's  own 
faculties.  The  scholar  undertakes  that  for  which  he  has 
had  no  preparation  and  which  is  beyond  his  ability ;  and 
in  most  cases  he  is  too  worried  and  confused  by  this 
unintelligible  process  to  be  able,  when  he  sees  another 
plant  of  similar  structure,  to  recognize  it.  The  law  that 
time  is  needed  for  the  accumulation  and  orderly  assimila- 
tion of  observations  and  the  acquirement  of  clear  ideas 
has  been  neglected,  and  so  all  his  after- work  in  descriptive 
botany  is  wasted.  By  the  present  method,  however,  while 
the  pupil  is  studying  the  structure  of  plants,  his  reflective 
faculties  are  all  the  while  taxed  to  decide  concerning  their 
relationships.  And  when  all  those  plant-characters  upon 
which  science  insists  have  become  familiar,  so  that  the  eye 
at  once  seizes  upon  them,  the  exercise  of  judgment  in  de- 
termining the  groups  to  which  a  plant  belongs  is  spontane- 
ous and  inevitable. 

The  popular  Flora  contained  in  this  work  will  serve 
as  a  thorough  preparation  for  the  use  of  complete  manuals. 
It  will  acquaint  the  pupil  with  the  leading  orders  and 
genera  of  plants,  and  with  those  representative  species 
having  the  widest  range,  which  are  found  everywhere,  and 
will  most  help  the  learner  in  mastering  the  principles  of 
classification.  It  has  been  prepared  under  the  immediate 
supervision  of  Dr.  Byron  D.  Halsted,  Professor  of  Botany 
in  the  Agricultural  College  of  Ames,  Iowa,  whose  extended 
and  thorough  knowledge  of  the  science  is  an  assurance 
that  the  work  is  accurate  and  in  accordance  with  the  most 
advanced  views  of  systematic  botany. 

While  the  portion  of  botany  to  which  this  volume  is 
devoted  can  not  be  learned  from  books,  there  is  another 


xviii  INTRODUCTION. 

part  of  this  extensive  science  that  may  be  more  success- 
fully pursued  by  ordinary  school  methods  of  instruction. 
This  is  physiological  botany.  By  means  of  diagrams  and 
the  explanations  of  the  text,  the  scholar  is  enabled  to  per- 
ceive how  and  of  what  the  parts  of  plants  are  built  up, 
and  what  functions  these  parts  perform  in  its  history  as  a 
living  being.  A  valuable  manual  on  this  branch  of  botany 
by  an  eminent  authority  will  shortly  appear  in  this  series, 
which  will  complete  the  exposition  of  the  science  here 
begun. 


DIRECTIONS   FOR   STUDY. 

THE  first  three  chapters  of  this  book  were  prepared  for 
young  children,  and  are,  therefore,  very  simple  and  rudi- 
mentary. But  the  course  of  observations  they  contain 
are  not  to  be  dispensed  with  by  beginners  of  any  age. 
The  constant  temptation  of  older  pupils  will  be  toward 
haste  and  inadequate  observation.  The  danger  is  that 
plants  enough  will  not  be  collected,  and  that  the  parts  of 
such  as  are  collected  will  not  be  studied  with  sufficient 
care.  The  influence  of  the  teacher  will  therefore  be  con- 
stantly needed  to  check  the  too  rapid  passage  of  older  pu- 
pils over  that  portion  of  botany  included  in  these  chapters. 

An  excellent  way  to  familiarize  pupils  with  these  plant- 
characters  is  for  them  at  once  to  set  about  preserving  and 
describing  specimens  of  all  the- varieties  they  collect. 

As  good  an  arrangement  as  any  for  pressing  plants 
consists  of  two  stout  boards,  that  will  not  warp  or  bend, 
between  which  the  specimens  are  placed,  with  any  con- 
venient weight — as  stones,  or  masses  of  iron,  of  not  less 
than  fifty  or  sixty  pounds — laid  on  the  top.  Between  the 
plants  you  put  layers  of  drying-paper.  Newspapers  an- 
swer very  well  for  this  purpose.  They  should  be  made 
into  packets  of  about  a  dozen  thicknesses,  stitched  togeth- 
er. Lay  the  specimens  smoothly  between  these  packets, 
having  fastened  to  each  of  them  as  full  a  description  as 
your  studies  enable  you  to  write.  Put  unsized  paper  be- 
tween the  parts  of  a  specimen  that  overlap  each  other,  to 
prevent  molding  and  hasten  drying.  Be  careful  to  dispose 
the  plants  so  that  they  will  not  lie  directly  above  each 
other;  keep  the  top  of  the  pile  as  level  as  possible,  to 


xx  DIRECTIONS  FOR  STUDY. 

equalize  the  pressure.  The  number  of  packets  interposed 
will  depend  upon  the  juiciness  of  the  plants,  and  must  be 
left  to  your  own  judgment.  When  plants  are  first  put  in 
press,  the  papers  should  be  changed  once  a  day  for  three 
or  four  days,  after  which  every  other  day  will  answer. 
When  the  drying  packets  are  changed,  they  should  not  be 
left  lying  upon  the  floor,  but  should  be  dried  upon  a  line 
stretched  across  the  room,  or  in  the  open  air. 

At  each  change  of  the  driers,  any  further  knowledge 
that  has  been  gained  concerning  each  specimen  should  be 
written  down,  and  preserved  with  it  as  before.  In  this  way 
all  its  features  will  be  observed,  and  the  names  denoting 
them  recalled,  and  by  the  time  they  are  dried  for  mount- 
ing, it  will  be  possible,  by  the  aid  of  the  last  schedule  of 
the  chapter,  to  write,  upon  the  paper  holding  the  speci- 
men, an  accurate  scientific  description  of  it.  Let  this  be 
followed  by  the  pressing  of  entire  plants,  after  compar- 
ing their  different  organs  with  the  examples  shown  in  the 
book.  The  attention  thus  drawn  to  their  characters  will 
be  kept  alive  in  changing  them  and  caring  for  them,  and 
the  attempt  completely  to  describe  them,  when  dried  and 
mounted,  will  go  far  toward  fixing  in  the  mind  ideas  of 
the  forms  and  structures  of  the  various  organs,  and  the 

terms  needed  in  description. 
For  collecting  plants,  you 
wrill  need  a  small  trowel  for 
digging  roots,  or  a  large, 
strong  clasp-knife,  that  will 
serve  both  for  digging  and  for 
cutting  branches  ;  a  strong 
portfolio,  from  sixteen  to 
twenty  inches  long,  and  ten 

FIG.  A. -Collector's  Portfolio.          or  twelve  inches  wide,  tied 

with  tape  or  a  strong  cord. 

It  should  be  made  of  two  stout  sheets  of  pasteboard,  sepa- 
rated at  the  back  (Fig.  A),  and  will  be  all  the  better  if  cov- 


* 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  STUDY. 


xxi 


ered  with  enameled  cloth,  to  protect  it  from  moisture.  This 
portfolio  should  contain  a  stock  of  thin,  unsized  paper, 
such  as  the  poorest  printing-paper,  or  grocer's  tea-paper. 
It  is  often  convenient  to  have  a  close  tin  box,  for  preserv- 
ing specimens,  to  be  examined  at  home  while  fresh.  Such 
a  box,  or  vasculum,  is  shown  strapped  upon  the  collector 
in  Fig.  B.  It  shuts 
close,  and  has  two 
compartments:  the 
large  one,  with  a 
door  in  the  side, 
nearly  as  long  as 
the  box ;  and  a 
small  one,  two  or 
three  inches  deep, 
with  a  door  in  the 
end,  for  receiving- 
small,  delicate 
specimens  of  any 
kind. 

If  the  collector 
wishes  to  prepare 

an  herbarium,  his  specimens  must  be  gathered  with  great 
care,  and  pains  must  be  taken  to  get  average  examples  of 
each  species.  If  possible,  they  should  be  gathered  in  dry 
weather.  Herbs  should  be  gathered  when  in  flower  and  in 
fruit.  They  should  be  taken  by  the  root,  and,  if  it  is  not  too 
large,  this  should  be  pressed,  along  with  the  rest,  to  show 
whether  the  plant  is  annual,  biennial,  or  perennial.  Thick 
roots,  bulbs,  tubers,  and  the  like,  should  be  thinned  with 
a  knife,  or  cut  in  slices,  lengthwise.  Buds  and  fruit  should 
be  obtained,  as  well  as  the  expanded  flower.  All  three  may 
sometimes  be  found  upon  the  same  plant,  but  generally 
they  will  have  to  be  obtained  at  different  times,  unless,  in- 
deed, you  are  able  to  find  buds,  flowers,  and  fruit,  all  at 
once,  upon  plants  in  different  stages  of  development. 


FIG.  B.— A  Collector  at  Work. 


xxii  DIRECTIONS  FOR  STUDY. 

Small  herbs  may  be  preserved  entire.  If  the  radicle 
leaves  are  withered  at  flowering-time,  get  a  younger  speci- 
men in  which  they  are  fresh.  When  herbs  are  too  large 
for  this,  they  may  be  cut  in  sections,  or  folded,  or  you 
must  be  content  with  branches  and  specimen-leaves  taken 
from  near  the  root.  In  the  case  of  woody  plants,  one  or 
more  shoots  should  be  taken,  bearing  leaves,  flowers,  and 
fruit.  Both  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  should  be  obtained 
from  monoecious  and  dioecious  plants. 

The  specimens,  when  freshly  gathered,  should  be  laid 
between  the  sheets  of  the  portfolio,  the  more  delicate  ones 
being  carefully  placed  between  sheets  of  drying-paper,  so 
that,  on  reaching  home,  they  can  be  transferred  to  the 
press  without  being  disturbed.  The  folds  and  doublings 
of  leaves  and  petals  of  ordinary  plants,  occasioned  by  the 
wind,  in  the  open  field,  are  easily  smoothed  out  when 
putting  the  plants  in  press. 

MOUNTING  OF  SPECIMENS. — When  the  plants  are  dry, 
the  next  thing  is  to  mount  them.  For  this  purpose  you 
will  need — i.  Strong,  heavy,  white  paper,  larger  than  fools- 
cap ;  sheets  17^-  inches  in  length  byii^  inches  in  width 
is  a  size,  on  many  accounts,  desirable.  2.  Corrosive  sub- 
limate, for  poisoning  plants,  to  keep  off  insects.  3.  Glue, 
to  fasten  them  upon  the  paper. 

Dissolve  about  an  ounce  of  sublimate  in  a  quart  of 
alcohol.  It  should  be  labeled,  and  kept  with  great  care, 
as  it  is  very  poisonous.  A  simple  way  of  applying  the 
solution  is  to  pour  a  little  into  a  large,  flat  platter,  so  as 
to  cover  the  bottom,  and  "  immerse  the  whole  specimen 
for  a  second  therein."  After  poisoning,  the  specimens 
are  to  be  laid  between  driers,  and  subjected  to  slight 
pressure  for  twenty-four  hours,  when  they  are  ready  to 
be  fastened  to  the  paper.  The  flowers  and  tender  parts 
of  coarse,  tough  plants  are  all  that  need  poisoning. 

The  specimens  are  to  be  fastened  to  the  paper  with 
hot  glue,  about  as  thick  as  cream,  laid  on  to  the  plants 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  STUDY.  xxiii 

with  a  camel's-hair  pencil.  Strips  of  thin,  gummed  paper 
should  then  be  fastened  over  the  thicker  parts,  to' prevent 
their  coming  loose  in  handling.  Prepare  your  glue  in  an 
earthen  or  porcelain-lined  vessel,  as  corrosive  sublimate 
acts  on  all  common  metals,  and  the  brush,  passing  from 
plant  to  glue  again  and  again,  will  be  likely  to  produce 
stains  if  there  is  a  trace  of  metal  in  the  solution. 

The  labeling  and  arranging  of  plants  depend  upon 
their  classification.  When  you  know  the  characters  upon 
which  classes  are  founded,  have  begun  to  consider  the 
affinities  of  plants,  and  have  studied  a  few  natural  orders, 
you  may  intelligently  begin  to  arrange  your  plants  in  their 
proper  order.  But,  before  attempting  this,  you  should  be 
so  familiar  with  the  assemblages  of  characters  that  plants 
present,  and  with  their  relations  to  each  other,  that  you  at 
once  see  why  a  plant  is  placed  here  and  not  there  in  your 
collection.  In  the  Flora  you  will  find  a  full  statement  of 
the  characters  of  each  order,  followed  by  those  of  its  lead- 
ing genera,  and  of  such  representative  species  as  will  aid 
in  the  full  comprehension  of  the  principles  involved. 

THE  USE  OF  CHARTS. — Many  of  the  features  of  plants 
are  so  minute  that  they  are  at  first  difficult  to  find,  and 
much  is  gained  by  consulting  beforehand  enlarged  and 
colored  diagrams  showing  the  botanical  characters  of  the 
various  organs  of  plants.  "  Henslow's  Botanical  Dia- 
grams," published  by  the  Science  and  Art  Department  of 
the  English  Educational  Council,  have  a  high  reputation 
for  their  scientific  accuracy,  their  completeness  of  illustra- 
tion, their  judicious  selection  of  typical  specimens,  and 
their  skillful  arrangement  for  purposes  of  education.  Wish- 
ing to  furnish  pupils  with  every  advantage  in  this  study, 
the  author  induced  her  publishers  to  incur  the  very  con- 
siderable expense  of  publishing  a  revised  and  enlarged 
American  edition  of  the  English  Charts.  In  place  of  the 
nine  English  sheets,  this  set  consists  of  six  large  charts  in 
which  several  American  plants  have  been  substituted  for 


xxiv  DIRECTIONS  FOR  STUDY. 

species  that  do  not  occur  in  this  country,  and  illustrations 
of  the  classes  of  flowerless  plants  have  been  added  for 
which  Prof.  Henslow  did  not  find  room. 

In  the  plan  of  the  charts,  the  plant  is  first  represented 
of  its  natural  size  and  colors  ;  then  a  magnified  section  of 
one  of  its  flowers  is  given,  showing  the  relations  of  the 
parts  to  each  other.  Separate  magnified  views  of  the 
different  floral  organs,  exhibiting  all  the  botanical  charac- 
ters that  belong  to  the  group  of  which  it  is  a  type,  are  also 
represented.  The  charts  contain  nearly  five  hundred  fig- 
ures colored  to  the  life,  and  which  represent  twenty-four 
orders  and  more  than  forty  species  of  plants,  showing  a 
great  variety  of  forms  and  structures  of  leaf,  stem,  root, 
inflorescence,  flower,  fruit,  and  seed,  with  numerous  in- 
cidental characters  peculiar  to  limited  groups.  All  these 
are  so  presented  as  to  be  readily  compared  and  contrasted 
with  each  other. 

The  charts  are  not  designed  to  supersede  the  study  of 
plants,  but  only  to  facilitate  it.  Their  office  is  the  same 
as  the  illustrations  of  the  book ;  but  they  are  more  perfect, 
and  bring  the  pupil  a  step  nearer  to  the  objects  themselves. 

Besides  this  special  assistance  in  object-study,  the 
charts  will  be  of  great  value  in  illustrating  the  Flora.  In 
fact,  they  are  designed  to  present,  fully  and  clearly,  those 
groupings  of  characters  upon  which  orders  depend  in 
classification ;  while  in  several  cases  of  large  and  diversi- 
fied orders  the  characters  of  leading  genera  are  also  given 
by  typical  specimens.  The  charts  will  thus  be  found 
equally  valuable  to  the  beginner,  the  intermediate  pupil, 
and  the  advanced  student.  A  Key  accompanies  the  charts, 
and  they  can  be  used  with  any  botanical  text-books,  and 
during  the  season  of  plants  they  should  be  upon  the  walls 
of  every  school-room  where  botany  is  studied. 


AN   EXPLANATION   OF   THE  ABBREVIATIONS  USED 
IN   THE   BOTANICAL   CHARTS. 


Seven  principal  references  are  made  with  a  Capital  Letter,  to 
be  looked  for  below  each  Illustration  ;  and  the  subordinate 
parts  are  then  noted  by  small  letters.  A  reference  within  a  O 
implies  not  magnified ;  (  on  the  left  indicates  a  Longitudi- 
nal Section,  and  ^  above,  a  Transverse. 


—  p  petiole. 
-1  limb. 
—  1.1.    ...     leaflet. 
—  s  stipule. 

—  f.  r.... 
-ph.... 
—  ph.  1.. 
—  ca  .  .  .  . 
—  ca.  s  .  . 

floral  receptacle, 
perianth, 
leaves  of. 
calyx, 
sepals. 

I.  fl.     Inflorescence  (in  flower). 
I.  fr     Infructescence  (in  fruit) 

—  CO  

—  co.  p.  . 

—  S 

corolla, 
petals, 
stamen. 

-  p.         peduncle. 
-  p.  p.    pedicel. 
-  b.        bract. 
-  b.  g.        j  glume. 
-  b.  p.        /  pale, 
-g.  r.    general  receptacle. 

—  s.  f... 
—  s.  a.  .  . 
—  s.  c..  . 
-s.  p.. 
-pi.... 
—  pi.  ca. 
—  o  

filament, 
anther, 
connective, 
pollen, 
pistil, 
carpel, 
ovary. 

./E...         ./Estivation  (diagram) 

-o.  cl.. 
—  o   d 

cell  of. 
dissepiment. 

green  ....     sepals, 
red  petals. 

—  o.  pi.  . 
—  o   f 

placenta, 
funicular  cord. 

yellow.    .     stamens, 
brown  .  .  .     carpels, 
blue  ovules. 

-sty... 
—  sti  .  .  . 
—  oo 

style, 
stigma, 
ovule 

shaded.  .  .     adhesion  of  whorls. 

2 

—  oo.  rh. 

rhaphe. 

XXVI 


EXPLANATION  OF  ABBREVIATIONS, 


Fl  oo  ch 

chalaze 

S  

.  Seed. 

—  oo   f 

foramen 

—  in.  ... 

integument 

—  n  

nectary. 

ts..  . 

I  testa. 

tg.- 

/  tegmen. 

—  h.    ... 

hile. 

Fr  

Fruit. 

—  m  .  .  .  . 

micropyle. 

—  DC 

pericarp. 

—  rh.  .  .  . 

rhaphe. 

r 

en 

c  epicarp. 

—  ch.... 

chalaze. 

me.  . 
en 

•J  mesocarp*. 
'  endocarp 

—  ar  .  .  .  . 
—  al 

.     arillode. 
albumen. 

—  ca  

carpel. 

—  pe.  v.  .  . 

DC     cl 

.  .  .     valve, 
cell 

E   

.  Embryo. 

fc'   U1  •  ' 

-pe.d... 
—  pe.  p.  .  . 
—  pe.  f.. 

dissepiment. 
.  .  .     placenta, 
funicular  cord. 

—  ca  .  .  . 

CO  ... 

—  r  .  .  .  . 

.     caulicle. 
cotyledon. 
.  .     radicle. 

—  pe.  f  .  a  . 

.  .  .     arillus. 

-pi.... 

.  .     plumule. 

CHAPTER   FIRST. 

THE  LEAF. 


EXERCISE   I. 
The  Parts  of  Leaves. 

GATHER  a  variety  of  leaves,  and  begin  their  study  by 
comparing  them  with  the  pictures  and  statements  which 
follow. 

A  leaf,  in  its  most  highly-developed  state,  consists  of 
three  parts  (Fig.  i)  :  The  flattened  portion  is  called  the 


FIG.  i. 


FIG.  2. 


lamina,  or  blade ;  a  narrower  portion,  connecting  the 
blade  with  the  plant,  is  termed  the  petiole,  or  leaf-stalk 
(Figs.  2  and  3,^)  ;  and  a  third  portion,  at  the  base  of  the 
petiole,  which  is  either  in  the  form  of  a  sheath  (Fig.  2,  d), 


BOTANY. 


or  consists  of  two  little  leaf-like  appendages,  called  stip- 
ules, shown  in  Fig.  3,  s  s,  and  still  smaller  in  Fig.  i. 

When  the  petiole  is 
absent,  the  leaf  is  said 
to  be  sessile  ;  and  if  stip- 
ules are  wanting,  it  is 
described  as  exstipulate. 
Fig.  i  represents  a  petio- 
late- stipulate  leaf — that 
is,  a  fully-developed  or 
complete  leaf. 

When,    as   in   Fig.  4, 

the  sheath-like  leaf-stem,  g,  ends  above,  at  the 
base  of  the  blade,  /,  in  a  little  membranous 
appendage,  lig.,  we  call  this  body  a  ligule.  It 
is  a  very  common  sort  of  stipule. 

Gather  leaves  of  all  kinds,  from  the  grass 
and  herbs  underfoot,  from  bushes,  shrubs,  and 
trees,  and  find  and  name  the  parts  that  compose  each  one 
of  them.  Say  whether  they  are  sessile  or  petiolate,  and 
whether  they  are  stipulate  or  exstipulate. 


FIG.  3. 


FIG.  4. 


EXERCISE    II. 
Venation. 

The  lines,  fine  and  coarse,  that  are  seen  running 
through  the  blades  of  leaves,  are  called  veins  j  and  the 
various  ways  in  which  they  are  distributed  are  spoken  of 
generally  as  the  venation  of  the  leaf. 

When  there  is  but  one  large  central  vein,  reaching 
from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  blade,  and  giving  off 
branches  from  its  sides,  it  is  called  a  midrib  (Fig.  i). 

When  there  are  several  large  veins  which  thus  cross 
the  blade,  as  seen  in  Figs.  5  and  6,  they  are  called  simply 
ribs.  Branches  from  the  rifes  are  known  in  botanical  de- 
scription as  veins,  and  the  smallest  of  these  lines  which 


THE  LEAF. 


FIG.  5. 


FIG.  6. 


branch  off  from  the  veins  are  known  as  veinlets.  Point 
out  the  ribs,  veins,  and  veinlets  in  all  the  leaves  you  have 
that  exhibit  them  distinctly. 

Now,  when  you  hold  a  leaf  between  your  eye  and  the 
light,  and  observe  these  veinlets  uniting  with  one  another 
in  such  a  way  as  to  form  a  kind  of  irregular  net-work,  you 
have  in  hand  a  reticulated  or  net-veined  leaf  (Figs,  i  and  6). 

If,  on  the  contrary,  the  leaf  you  are  examining  has 
veins  more  or  less  parallel  to  one  another,  or  to  the  edge 
of  the  leaf  (Figs.  7  and  8),  and  if  they  are  connected  by 
unbranched  veinlets,  they  are  termed  parallel-veined  leaves. 

There  is  a  further  observation  to  be  made 
concerning  the  venation  of  net-veined  leaves. 
When,  as  in  Fig.  9  or  Fig.  i,  the  midrib  gives 


FIG.  7. 


FIG.  8- 


BOTANY. 


FIG.  ii. 


FIG.  10. 


off  veins  right  and  left  from  its  sides,  it  is  said 
to  be  feather-veined,  or  pinnately  veined.     But 
when  the  petiole  divides,  at  or  near  the  base  of 
the  blade,  into  sever- 
al diverging  ribs  (Fig. 
5),  the  leaf  is  said  to 
be  radiate,  or  palmate- 
veined.     If  the  ribs  of 
a  net-veined  leaf  con- 
verge toward  the  apex, 
as  in  Fig.  7,  it  forms 
that  variety   of  vena- 
tion known  as  ribbed. 

Figs.  10  and  n  represent  parallel-veined 
leaves,  in  which  the  veins  take  the  direction 
seen  in  feather- veined  and  palmate -veined 
leaves.  But  in  this  case  there  is  no  net-work  of  veinlets, 
and  so  they  are  not  net-veined.  You  will  find  many  such 
leaves  connected  by  unbranched  veinlets.  Remember  that 
it  is  by  the  absence  of  this  irregular  network  that  you  may 
know  parallel-veined  leaves.  See  Fig.  38. 

Determine,  in  regard  to  all  the  leaves  you  can  find, 
whether  they  are  net-veined  or  parallel-veined ;  and 
whether  the  net-veined  ones  are  feather-veined  or  pal- 
mate-veined. 

EXERCISE   III. 
Leaf-Margins. 

When  the  edge  or  margin  of  a  leaf  is  smooth  and  even, 
it  is  said  to  be  entire  (Fig.  7).  When  the  margin  is  un- 
even, with  sharp  teeth  pointing  toward  the  apex  like  the 
teeth  of  a  saw,  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  serrate  (Fig.  12)  ;  if 
the  teeth  point  toward  the  base,  it  is  retroserrate  ;  if  they 
are  themselves  serrate,  as  shown  in  Fig.  13,  £,  they  are 
said  to  be  biserrate.  When  minutely  serrate,  they  are 
termed  serrulate. 


THE  LEAF. 


5 


When  the  teeth  are  sharp,  without  pointing  in  any  par- 
ticular direction,  they  form  a  dentate  margin  (Fig.  5)  ;  or, 


FIG.  12. 


FIG.  13. 


FIG.  14. 


when  again  similarly  toothed,  the  margin  is  bidentate  (Fig. 
i&c)-  When  the  teeth  are  rounded  (Fig.  n),  the  margin 
is  crenate  j  if  twice  rounded,  as  in  Fig.  13,  a,  it  is  bicrenate. 


FIG.  15. 


FIG.  16. 


FIG.  17. 


Margins  like  the  one  shown   in    Fig.  14  are  said  to  be 
crisped,  or  curled.     When  like  Fig   15,  they  are  said  to  be 

wavy,  or  undulated. 


6 


BOTANY. 


When  the  incisions  of  a  leaf-margin  are  much  deeper 
than  these,  reaching  half-way  to  the  midrib  or  petiole,  the 
divisions  of  the  blade  so  formed  are  called  lobes  (Figs. 
1 6,  17),  and  the  spaces  between  the  lobes  are  called  sinuses, 
or  fissures. 

If  the  blade  be  divided  nearly  to  the  base  or  midrib 
(Fig.  1 8),  the  partings  are  termed  partitions,  and  the  leaf 
v*  partite;  if  it  is  divided  quite  to  the  base,  or  midrib,  the 


FIG.  20. 


FIG.  18. 


FIG.  19. 


parts  are  called  segments,  and  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  dissect- 
ed (Fig.  19).  When  the  basal  lobes,  partitions,  or  seg- 
ments of  a  palmate  leaf  are  themselves  again  divided,  so 
that  the  whole  resembles  a  bird's  foot,  the  leaf  is  said  to 
be  pedatifid,  pedatipartite,  or  pedatisected,  according  to  the 
depth  of  the  divisions.  Fig.  20  represents  a  pedatipartite 
leaf. 

In  describing  such  incised  leaves,  they  are  said  to  be 
bifid,  two-lobed  ;  trifid,  three-lobed,  etc.  ;  or  bipartite,  tri- 
partite ;  bisected,  trisected,  etc.,  according  to  the  number 
of  lobes,  partitions,  or  segments.  Another  way  of  describ- 
ing them  depends  upon  the  venation.  If  the  leaf  is  feather- 
veined,  it  is  said  to  be  pinnatifid,  pinnatipartite,  or  pin- 
natisected,  etc.  When  palmate-veined  leaves  are  deeply 


THE  LEAF.  7 

incised,  we  describe  them  similarly  as  palmatifid,  palma- 
tipartite,  palmatisected. 

When  the  terminal  lobe  of  a  leaf  is  large  and  round, 
with  smaller  lateral  lobes,  the  leaf  is  lyrate  (Fig.  21). 
When  the  lateral  lobes  have  their  points  directed  toward 
the  base  of  the  blade,  as  in  Fig.  22,  the  leaf  is  said  to  be 
ruminate. 

APICES. — When  the  apex  of  a  leaf-blade  is  rounded, 
as  in  Fig.  31,  it  is  said  to  be  obtuse  or  blunt;  when  ob- 
tuse, with  a  broad,  shallow  notch  in  the  middle,  it  is 
refuse.  If  this  notch  is  sharp,  as  in  Fig.  23,  it  is  emar- 
ginate. 

When  a  blade  ends  abruptly,  as  if  it  had  been  cut 


FIG.  23. 


FIG.  21. 


FIG.  22. 


across,  it  is  said  to  be  truncate ;  if  the  truncated  edge  is 
ragged  and  irregular,  as  if  it  had  been  bitten  off,  the  leaf 
is  said  to  be  prcemorse.  Fig.  24  shows  an  acute,  or 
sharp-pointed  apex,  while  Fig.  27  is  acuminate,  or  taper- 
pointed. 

When  a  blade  ends  with  a  rigid  point,  it  is  cuspidate. 


8 


BOTANY, 


If  a  blunt  apex  have  a  short  point  standing  on  it,  it  is 
said  to  be  mucronate  (Fig.  29). 

Before  going  on  to  study  the  figures  of  leaves,  it  is 
very  important  that  the  pupil  should  be  able  to  answer 


FIG.  24. 


FIG.  25. 


FIG.  26. 


FIG.  27. 


FIG.  30. 


FIG.  31. 


FIG.  32. 


FIG.  33. 


accurately  the  questions,  What  parts  has  a  leaf  ?  what  is  its 
venation?  what  its  margin?  and  what  its  apex?  concern- 
ing any  and  every  leaf.  They  should  be  answered  ex- 
plicitly in  writing.  A  description  of  each  leaf  to  this 
extent  should  be  written  and  pinned  upon  the  specimen, 
and  the  collection  offered  for  criticism  to  the  teacher,  or, 
what  is  better,  to  a  fellow-pupil. 

NOTE.— The  schedule-forms  for  describing  leaf,  stem,  and  inflores- 
cence are  here  omitted  because  they  occupy  too  much  space  ;  but  they 
may  be  found  given  in  full  in  the  "  First  Book  of  Botany." 


THE  LEAF. 


EXERCISE   IV. 
The  Figures  of  Leaves. 

When  the  blades  of  feather-veined  leaves  are  unequally 
developed  on  the  two  sides  of  the  midrib,  they  are  said  to 
be  oblique  (Figs.  24,  25).  When  narrow  and  of  nearly  the 
same  breadth  at  base  and  apex,  with  parallel  margins,  the 
leaf  is  linear  (Fig.  26) ;  and  if  ending  in  a  sharp,  rigid 
point,  it  is  acerose,  or  needle-shaped  (Fig.  28).  When  very 
narrow,  and  tapering  from  the  base  to  a  fine  point,  it  is 
subulate,  or  awl-shaped.  When  broadest  at  the  center,  and 
three  or  more  times  as  long  as  broad,  tapering  both  ways, 
it  is  lanceolate  (Fig.  27).  When  longer  than  broad,  and 
slightly  acute  at  base  and  apex,  it  is  oval,  or  elliptical  (Fig. 
34).  If  obtuse  at  base  and  apex,  as  in 
Fig.  31,  it  is  oblong.  When  a  leaf  is 
broader  at  the  rounded  base  than  at  the 
apex,  as  in  Fig.  32,  it  is  ovate,  or  egg- 
shaped.  If  of  the  same  figure,  but  broad- 
er at  apex,  it  is  obovate  (Fig.  33).  Fig. 


FIG. 


FIG.  35. 


FIG.  36. 


29  shows  a  cuneate  or  wedge-shaped  leaf.  It  is  broad  and 
abrupt-pointed  at  apex,  and  tapers  toward  the  base.  Fig. 
35  shows  a  spatulate  leaf,  with  its  broad,  rounded  apex, 
and  its  sudden  tapering  at  the  base, 

Cordate  or  heart-shaped  leaves  (Fig.  30)  have  an  acute 
apex,  with  their  broad,  round  base  hollowed  out  into  two 
iobes.  Wlien  this  form  is  reversed,  as  in  Fig.  36,  we  have 


IO 


BOTANY. 


FIG.  37. 


FIG.  38. 


FIG.  39. 


an  obcordate  or  inversely  heart-shaped  leaf.     When  a  cor- 
date base  is  joined  with  a  rounded  apex  (Fig.  37),  the  leaf 


FIG.  40. 


FIG.  42. 


is  reniform  or  kidney -shaped.  Fig.  38  shows  a  sagittale 
or  arrow-shaped  leaf.  It  has  an  acute  apex,  and  long, 
pointed  basal  lobes. 


THE  LEAF. 


II 


Hastate 

Sagittate 


Lanceolate 


Subulate-- 
Cordate  

Reniform 


Ovate 


FIG.  43  A. 


FIG.  43  B. 


Obcordate 

Obovate- 

Oblanceolate 

Spatulate 


FIG.  43  c. 


The  outline  shown 
in  Fig.  39  represents 
a  hastate  or  halberd- 
shaped  leaf,  with  its 
horizontally  extend- 
ing basal  lobes.  In 
Fig.  40  these  lobes  are 
seen  separated  from 
the  blade.  This  is  an 
auriculate  or  hastate- 
aurided  leaf.  The 
form  shown  in  Fig. 
41  is  orbicular.  It  is 
also  spoken  of  as  a 
peltate  leaf,  because 
the  petiole  is  inserted 
on  the  lower  face  of 
the  blade,  instead  of 
at  the  base.  Fig.  42 
represents  a  rounded 
or  sub-rotund  leaf.  A 
further  help  in  determining  the  figure  of  leaves  will  be 
found  by  comparing  them  with  the  outlines  shown  in  the 
above  diagrams,  Figs.  43  A,  43  B,  43  c,  43  D. 

When  none  of  the  terms  given  correctly  describe  a  leaf, 


Acicular 

Linear 

Oblong 
Oval 

Elliptical 

Rotundate - 

Orbicular 


FIG.  43  D. 


12 


BOTANY. 


we  can  often  easily  and  very  nearly  approach  correctness 
by  combining  two  of  them,  as  ovate-lanceolate,  linear- lance- 
olate, cordate-ovate,  roundish-ovate,  etc. 

Facility  and  correctness  of  leaf  -  description  depend 
upon  practice.  If  the  scholar  will  add  the  question,  Fig- 
ure? to  the  other  questions  of  Ex.  Ill,  and  answer  them  all 
faithfully  in  writing,  according  to  his  best  judgment,  con- 
cerning every  leaf  he  finds,  he  will  soon  have  command  of 
this  portion  of  descriptive  botany. 


EXERCISE  V. 
Compound  Leaves. 

The  leaves  you  have  been  describing  have  only  one 
blade,  and  are  therefore  called  simple  leaves  ;  but  there 
are  hosts  of  leaves,  resembling  Fig.  44,  which,  you  see, 


Leaflet. 


Rachis. 
._ ^-Petiolule. 


•Petiole. 
•Stipules. 


FIG.  45. 


FIG.  44. 


has  several  blades.  A  leaf  with  more  than  one  blade  is 
a  compound  leaf,  and  each  of  its  blades  is  called  a  leaflet. 
Gather  all  the  compound  leaves  you  can  find  and  compare 
them  with  Fig.  44.  Point  out  and  name  their  parts. 

Some  compound  leaves  have  no  rachis,  but  the  leaflets 
all  grow  out  from  the  top  of  the  petiole  (Fig.  45).  These 
two  kinds  of  compound  leaves  correspond  to  the  two 


THE  LEAF.  13 

kinds  of  venation  of  simple  leaves  you  have  been  studying. 
Pinnately-lobed  leaves  pass  by  slight  gradations  first  into 
pinnately-sected,  and  finally  into  pinnately  -  compound 
leaves.  And,  in  the  same  way,  palmately-compound  leaves 
are  formed.  It  requires  a  good  deal  of  observation  to  de- 
cide correctly  in  all  cases  between  deeply-divided  leaves 
and  compound  leaves.  If  the  green  matter  of  the  blade 
reaches  around  the  framework  as  far  as  the  midrib,  and 
is  continued  along  it,  however  slightly,  the  leaf  is  simple  ; 
or  if  in  palmate-veined  leaves  the  green  matter  is  contin- 
ued about  the  summit  of  the  petiole,  the  leaf  is  divided  and 
not  compound.  Leaflets  are  often  jointed  to  the  rachis  or 
petiole.  Gather  all  the  compound  leaves  you  can  find, 
point  out  and  name  their  parts,  and  say  whether  they  are 
pinnate  or  palmate.  If  pinnate,  say  how  many  pairs  of 
leaflets  they  have. 

The  leaflets  of  compound  leaves  present  the  same  dif- 
ferences of  margin,  apex,  base,  incision,  and  outline,  as  the 
blades  of  simple  leaves,  and  the  same  terms  are  used  in 
describing  them.  A  scientific  description  of  a  compound 
leaf  would  require  that  the  kind  of  leaf  should  be  named, 
and  its  leaflets  described  as  if  they  were  the  blades  of  sim- 
ple leaves. 

EXERCISE    VI. 
Varieties  of  Compound  Leaves. 

Pinnately-compound  leaves  may  have  their  leaflets  in 
one,  two,  three,  or  many  pairs.  They  may  end  with  an  odd 
leaflet,  as  in  Fig.  46,  when  they  are  said  to  be  unequally 
pinnate,  or  like  Fig.  47,  which  is  said  to  be  abruptly  or 
equally  pinnate.  If  the  rachis  end  in  a  tendril  (Fig.  48)  it 
is  said  to  be  a  cirrous  leaf.  When  they  resemble  Fig.  49, 
they  'are  said  to  be  interruptedly  pinnate,  and  lyrately  pin- 
nate when  they  resemble  Fig.  50.  When  the  leaflets  of  a 
pinnate  leaf  themselves  become  pinnate,  as  seen  in  Fig.  51, 
the  leaf  is  said  to  be  bipinnate.  A  further  continuation  of 


BOTANY. 


FIG.  47- 


FIG.  46. 


FIG.  49. 


FIG. 


FIG.  48. 


FIG.  si. 


THE  LEAF. 


the  process  gives  the  appearance  seen  in  Fig.  52,  which 
is  said  to  be  tripinnate. 

Palmately  compound  leaves  are  said  to  be  binate,  two- 
fingered^  or  bifoliate,  when  two  leaflets  spring  from  a  com- 


FIG.  52. 


FIG. 


mon  point  (Fig.  53) ;  ternate  or  trifoliate  if  they  have  three 
leaflets  similarly  placed  (Fig.  54)  ;    quadrinate,  four-fin- 


FIG.  55. 


FIG.  56. 


gered,  or  quadrifoliate,  when  like   Fig.  55  ;  quinate,  or  five- 
fingered  (Fig.  45)  ;  septenate,   or  seven-fingered  (Fig.  56)  ; 


16  BOTANY. 

and  multifoliate  if  there  are  more  than  seven  leaflets  (Fig. 
57).  When  the  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  are  arranged 
in  a  pedate  manner,  they  are  described  as  pedate  leaves. 
When  the  leaflets  of  palmately-compound  leaves  become 


FIG.  57.  FIG.  58. 

themselves  compound,  the  same  prefixes  are  used  as  in  the 
case  of  pinnately-compound  leaves.  Fig.  58  is  a  biternate 
leaf. 

When  stipules  grow  to  the  petiole,  as  shown  in  Fig.  44, 
they  are  said  to  be  adnate  ;  when  like  Fig.  46,  they  are 
described  as  thorny  ;  when  they  are  large  and  leaf-like,  as 
seen  in  Fig.  48,  they  are  said  to  be  foliar  stipules.  If  they 
grow  around  the  stem,  they  are  said  to  be  sheathing;  and 
when  thin  and  colorless,  they  are  described  as  membra- 
nous. 

Observe,  also,  whether  the  petiole  is  long  or  short,  stiff 
or  limber,  round,  half-round,  channeled,  flattened,  etc.  De- 
scribe the  color  of  the  two  surfaces  of  the  leaves,  and  state 
also  whether  the  surface  is  smooth,  shiny,  hairy,  woolly,  silky, 
or  the  like. 

To  describe  a  leaf  with  scientific  precision  requires 
that  you  should  answer  the  following  questions  :  Is  it  sim- 
ple or  compound  ?  petiolate  or  sessile  ?  stipulate  or  ex- 
stipulate  ?  What  venation,  margin,  and  figure  has  it  ?  If 
compound,  name  the  variety.  Give  the  features  of  both 
petiole  and  stipules  when  they  are  present,  and  mention 


THE  LEAF. 


also  the  color  and  surface  aspect.  Or  these  questions  may 
take  the  form  of  a  schedule,  by  placing  them  in  a  column 
at  the  left  side  of  the  paper,  with  space  at  the  right  for 
giving  the  answers  to  these  questions  in  regard  to  any  leaf 
you  are  describing.  Thus  : 

SCHEDULE  FIFST, 
FOR  SIMPLE  LEAVES. 


Parts  ? 

Venation  ? 

Margin  ? 

Base? 

Apex? 

Lobes  ? 

Shape  ? 

Petiole  ? 

Color  ? 

Surface  ? 

SCHEDULE  SECOND, 
FOR  COMPOUND  LEAVES. 


Parts  ? 

No.  Leaflets  ? 

Kind? 

Variety  ? 

Continue  to  make  written  descriptions  of  all  kinds  of 
leaves,  until  you  are  so  familiar  with  their  features,  and 
the  precise  words  needed  to  describe  them,  that  you  can 
make  an  accurate,  prompt,  and  complete  oral  description 
of  any  specimen  that  comes  to  hand. 


CHAPTER    SECOND. 

ROOTS  AND   STEMS. 


EXERCISE   VII. 
Roots. 

WHEN  you  are  gathering  plants,  you  will  observe  their 
roots.  There  are  two  classes  of  roots  that  are  easily  dis- 
tinguished. Try  to  decide,  in  each  case,  in  which  one  of 
these  classes  the  root  in  hand  should  be  placed.  Figs.  59 
and  60  are  examples  of  these  two  different  classes.  In  Fig. 


FIG.  60. 


FIG.  59. 


60  a  mass  of  fibers  grows  downward  from  the  base  of  the 
stem.  Roots  which  grow  in  this  fashion  are  called  fibrous 
roots.  But  when  you  find  a  root  which  seems  like  a 


ROOTS  AND  STEMS.  19 

continuation  of  the  stem,  as  in  Fig.  59,  it  is  a  tap-root. 
Tap-roots  are  often  branching,  as  in   Fig.  59,  but  many 


FIG.  63. 


FIG.  61. 


FIG.  62. 


common  plants  have  smooth  tap-roots,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
6 1,  which  is  known  as  a  conical  root. 


FIG.  64. 


FIG.  65. 


20 


BOTANY. 


Some  of  the  common  varieties  of  tap-root  are  easily 
recognized.  Fusiform  or  spindle-shaped  roots,  like  Fig. 
62,  and  napiform  or  turnip-shaped  roots,  like  Fig.  63,  are 
familiar  to  every  one. 

In  the  case  of  fibrous  roots,  we  have  seen  (Fig.  60) 
that  the  stem  divides  at  once  at  its  base  into  a  mass  of 
slender  branches  or  rootlets.  These  fibers  often  become 
enlarged,  and,  when  the  swellings  take  the  form  seen  in 


FIG.  66. 


FIG.  67. 


Fig.  64,  the  root  is  said  to  be  tuberculated,  and  each  en- 
largement is  called  a  tubercule.  Sometimes  these  tuber- 
cules  resemble  the  human  hand  (see  Fig.  65),  when  they 
are  said  to  be  palmated  tubercules.  When  a  number  of 
tubercules  arise  from  a  common  point,  the  root  is  said  to 
'^fasciculated  (Fig.  66).  When  the  fibers  have  numerous 
small  swellings  or  nodules  (Fig.  67),  the  root  is  nodulose. 


ROOTS  AND  STEMS.  2l 

EXERCISE  VIII. 
Stems  and  their  Parts. 

Pull  up  any  herb  which  has  a  distinct  stem  and  com- 
pare the  stem  with  the  root.  Herbs  are  plants  having  stems 
that  die  down  to  the  surface  of  the  ground  every  year.  If 
the  root  dies  as  well  as  the  stem,  the  plant  is  called  an 
annual ;  but  if  it  lives  and  sends  up  a  flowering  stem  the 
second  year,  and  then  dies,  it  is  a  biennial  /  while,  if  the 
root  lives  on  from  year  to  year  and  only  the  stem  dies,  the 
plant  is  perennial. 

Observe  the  parts  growing  from  the  stem.  What  is  at 
the  top  ?  at  the  end  of  each  branch  ?  Do  you  find  the  same 
structures  at  the  tips  of  the  roots  ?  Name  all  the  differ- 
ences you  can  find  between  the  stem  and  root.  Com- 
pare an  herb  with  Fig.  59,  where  the  stem  (/)  is  repre- 
sented as  giving  off  leaves  (ff)  in  a  regular  manner. 
Look  at  several  branching  stems,  to  find  if  the  branches 
are  put  forth  regularly.  Is  there  any  regularity  in  the 
growth  of  roots  ?  Observe,  in  Fig.  59,  that  the  angle 
made  by  the  leaf  with  the  stem  contains  a  bud,  b.  What  do 
you  find  in  this  angle  in  living  plants  ?  Botanists  call  this 
angle  a  leaf-axil,  and  its  bud  an  axillary  bud.  Buds  at  the 
free  end  of  stems  and  branches  are  called  terminal  buds. 

The  points  on  a  stem  at  which  leaves  are  given  off  are 
called  nodes,  and  the  spaces  between  the  nodes  are  internodes. 

Point  out  the  nodes,  internodes,  axillary  buds,  and  ter- 
minal bud  of  the  main  stem  (primary  stem)  of  as  many 
plants  as  you  can  gather.  Point  out  the  same  parts  upon 
the  secondary  stems  or  branches. 

EXERCISE   IX. 
Buds. 

The  time  to  study  winter  buds  is  in  early  spring. 
Choose  a  swollen  bud  and  observe  well  its  outer  covering. 


22  BOTANY. 

Is  it  membranous  ?  waxy  ?  gummy  ?  lined  with  down,  wool, 
or  dense  hairs  ?  or  is  it  varnished  on  the  outside  ?  Why 
should  these  parts  of  winter  buds  be  called  protective  cover- 
ings ?  Are  summer-formed  buds  naked  or  protected  ?  Can 
you  find  the  young  leaves  within  these  outer  bud-scales  ? 
The  way  in  which  these  tiny  leaves  are  folded,  rolled,  and 
arranged  in  the  bud  is  called  vernation.  To  study  verna- 
tion, look  for  buds  that  are  just  opening,  where  the  young 
leaves  still  keep  the  shape  they  had  when  packed  in  the 
bud.  If  you  have  a  magnifying-glass,  you  will  find  it  use- 
ful now.  The  modes  of  folding  and  rolling  are  named 
as  follows  :  When  a  leaf  is  folded  so  that  the  apex  comes 
near  the  base,  as  shown  in  the  diagram  (Fig.  68),  it  is  said 
to  be  reclinate,  or  inflexed ;  when  it  is  folded  at  the  mid- 
rib, and  the  margins  of  the  right  and  left  half  come  to- 
gether (Fig.  69),  the  leaf  is  conduplicate  ;  when  the  leaf  is 
plaited  like  a  fan  (Fig.  70),  it  \*  plicate.  Or  a  leaf  may  be 
rolled  from  apex  to  base  (Fig.  71),  when  it  is  said  to  be 
circinate ;  or,  from  one  margin  to  the  other,  in  a  single 


FIG.  68.    FIG.  69.  FIG.  70.  FIG.  71.  FIG.  72. 

coil,  convolute,  as  Fig.  72  ;  or,  the  two  margins  may  both 
be  rolled  inward  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf,  toward 
the  midrib,  involute  (Fig.  74).  When  they  are  rolled  simi- 
larly on  the  under  surface  (Fig.  73),  the  form  is  revoluie. 
Leaves  are  always  arranged  in  the  bud  either  in  a  val- 
vate  or  imbricate  manner.  The  best  way  to  study  their 
arrangement  is  to  cut  off  the  top  of  the  bud  with  a  sharp 
knife  and  look  down  on  the  cut  edges,  which  will  show, 
not  only  whether  the  leaves  are  imbricate  or  valvate,  but 
other  peculiarities  they  may  exhibit. 


ROOTS  AND  STEMS.  23 

The  arrangement  is  valvate  when  the  edges  of  adjacent 
leaves  barely  touch  each  other  (Fig.  75). 

It  is  imbricate  when  the  edges  of  the  leaves  overlap 
each  other  (Figs.  76,  77). 

When  involute  leaves  are  applied  together  in  a  circle, 
without  overlapping  (Fig.  78),  they  are  said  to  be  condupli* 


FIG.  73. 


FIG. 


FIG,  75. 


FIG.  76. 


FIG. 


FIG.  78. 


FIG.  79.          FIG.  80. 


FIG.  81. 


cate.  When  conduplicate  leaves  overlap  each  other  at  the 
base  (Figs.  79,  80),  they  are  called  equitant.  When  a  con- 
volute leaf  incloses  another  which  is  rolled  up  in  a  like 
manner  (Fig.  81),  the  arrangement  is  supervolutc. 


EXERCISE  X. 
Stem  and  Leaves. 

The  point  at  which,  and  the  mode  by  which,  a  leaf  is  at- 
tached to  the  stem  is  called  its  insertion.  The  first  grown 
leaves  (Fig.  82)  are  called  cotyledons  (c  c),  and  the  next, 
primordial  leaves  (Fig.  82,  dd).  Leaves  are  called  radical 
when  they  arise  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  cau- 
line  when  they  grow  from  a  stem  with  developed  internodes. 
The  small  leaves  upon  flower-stalks  are  called  bracts. 

When  a  leaf  is  enlarged  at  its  base  and  clasps  the 
stem,  it  is  amplexicaul,  or  clasping  (Fig.  83).  When  it 
forms  a  complete  sheath,  as  seen  in  Fig.  84,  it  is  sheathing. 
3 


BOTANY. 


FIG.  82. 


FIG.  83. 


FIG.  84. 


FIG.  86. 


FIG.  85. 


FIG.  87. 


FIG.  88. 


FIG.  89. 


ROOTS  AND  STEMS.  25 

A  decurrent  leaf  is  formed  when  the  blade  is  prolonged 
down  the  sides  of  the  stem  (Fig.  85).  When  the  basal 
lobes  of  a  leaf  project  beyond  the  stem  and  unite,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  86,  it  is  perfoliate.  When  opposite  leaves 
unite  by  their  bases,  as  in  Fig.  87,  they  are  called  connate 


FIG.  90.  FIG.  91. 

leaves.  When  only  one  leaf  arises  from  a  node,  and  the 
leaves  grow  alternately  on  different  sides  of  the  stem  (Fig. 
88),  they  are  described  as  alternate.  If  there  are  two  op- 
posite leaves  at  each  node,  and  the  successive  pairs  are 
placed  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  they  are  said  to  de- 
cussate (Fig.  89).  If  there  are  three  or  more  leaves  at  a 
node  (Fig.  90),  they  form  a  whorl /  and  when  all  the  leaves 
of  a  branch  grow  close  together  (Fig.  91),  they  are  said  to 
be  tufted,  or  fascicled. 

EXERCISE   XI. 
Kinds  of  Stems. 

Stems  that  have  a  firm  texture  can  sustain  themselves 
in  -an  upright  position,  but  weak  stems  must  either  trail 
along  the  ground  or  attach  themselves  to  other  plants  or 
objects  for  support.  If  they  trail  on  the  ground,  they  are 
said  to  be  prostrate  (Fig.  94).  If  they  lift  themselves  by 
tendrils  or  other  means,  they  are  described  as  climbing 
(Fig.  92) ;  and  if  they  grow  upward  by  twisting  round  other 
bodies,  as  shown  in  Fig.  93,  they  are  said  to  be  twining. 

The  stem  of  an  herb  is  named  a  caulis ;  that  of  a  tree, 
a  trunk  ;  that  of  grasses,  a  culm,  and  that  of  tree-ferns 


2O 


BOTANY. 


and  palms,  a  caudex.  Among  irregular  stems  the  most 
common  are  runners^  like  Fig.  94,  which  gives  off  from 
the  main  stem  a  prostrate  branch,  a',  that  sends  out 


FIG.  93 


FIG.  94. 


leaves,  r,  and  roots,  /,  so  producing  a  new  plant  which 
extends  itself  in  like  manner.  There  is  another  prostrate 
stem  which  creeps  along  the  ground,  or  partly  beneath  it, 
and  produces  buds  from  its  upper  surface  and  roots  from 

its  lower.    This  form  of  stem  is 
k  I  called  a  rhizome  (Fig.  95),  where 

b  shows  the  remains  of  the  flow- 
ering stem  of  the  present  year, 
b'  terminal  bud,  cc  scars  of  for- 
mer flowering  stems,  r  roots. 


FIG.  95. 


Another    form    of    rhizome    is 


ROOTS  AND  STEMS. 


FIG.  96. 


FIG.  98. 


FIG.  97. 


FIG.  99. 


FIG.  100. 


FIG.  101. 


28 


BOTANY. 


shown  (Fig.  96),  which  grows  wholly  underground,  and  is 
spoken  of  as  a  creeping  root. 

'  Of  underground  stems  the  tuber  (Fig.  97)  is  a  familiar 
example.  The  presence  of  buds,  or  "  eyes,"  as  they  are 
vulgarly  called,  proves  their  stem-like  nature. 

The  bulb  (Figs.  98,  99)  is  a  kind  of  underground  bud 
which  gives  off  roots  from  below  and  a  flowering  stem 
above.  In  both  figures  you  see  the  shortened  stem  a, 
roots  b,  scales  <:,  flowering  stem  d.  Buds  are  formed  in  the 
axils  of  these  scaly  leaves.  This  scaly  bulb  has  no  cover- 
ing, and  is  called  a  naked  bulb,  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
coated  or  tunicated\wNQ  shown  in  section  (Fig.  100),  where 
the  scales  inclose  one  another  in  a  concentric  manner,  and 
have  an  outer  membranous  covering.  The  corm  is  a  solid 
bulb,  which  produces  one  or  more  buds  in  the  form  of 
young  corms  (Fig.  101,  a'"). 

In  answering  the  questions  of  Schedule  Third,  say,  as 
to  the  kind  of  stem,  whether  it  is  annual,  biennial,  or  peren- 
nial ;  whether  it  is  erect,  climbing,  twining,  or  prostrate. 
If  the  latter,  is  it  a  runner  or  creeper  ?  or,  if  an  under- 
ground stem,  is  it  a  rhizome,  tuber,  bulb,  or  corm  ?  Is  the 
leaf-insertion  radical  or  cauline  ?  Is  the  leaf-arrangement 
alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled  ? 

By  turning  to  the   FLORA,  you  will  see  that  all  the 

species  there  described  are 

SCHEDULE  THIRD,  PERTAINING  TO  STEMS.        chiefly    known     from    each 

other  by  the  features  of  leaf 
and  stem  that  you  have 
been  studying ;  and  these 
differences  are  stated  in  the 
precise  terms  you  have  been 
using  in  schedule-work.  Do 
not  go  on  to  study  flowers 
till  all  these  terms  are  fa- 
miliar. 


Kind  of  stem  ? 

Leaf-insertion  ? 

Leaf-arrangement. 

Vernation  ? 

CHAPTER   THIRD. 

THE  INFLORESCENCE   AND   FLOWER, 


EXERCISE   XII. 
Kinds  of  Inflorescence. 

THE  way  flowers  are  placed  upon  plants  is  called  their 
inflorescence.     When  only  one  flower  grows  upon  a  stem, 
the  inflorescence  is  solitary ;  but  if  several  flowers  grow 
from  the  same  stem,  it  is 
clustered.     The   stem   of   a 
solitary  flower  or  of  a  flow- 
er-cluster is  called  a  pedun- 
cle.    The  top  of  the  pedun- 
cle, from  which  several  flow- 
ers start  together,  is  called 
the  receptacle.     A  rounded 
cluster  of  flowers,  sessile  up- 
on the  receptacle,  is  called 
a  head  (Fig.  102). 

When,  instead  of  a  re- 
ceptacle, the  peduncle  is  pro- 
longed, as  shown  in  Figs. 
103,  104,  the  portion  that 
bears  flowers  is  called  the  FIG.  102 

rachis. 

Fig.  103  represents  a  cluster  of  flowers  that  are  sessile 
upon  the  rachis  ;  /  is  the  peduncle  ;  b  l>,  bracts  ;  fl,  flowers. 
Any  cluster  of  flowers  sessile  upon  a  rachis  is  described 
as  a  spike.  But  if  the  flowers  grow  upon  short  stems 


BOTANY. 


FIG.  108. 


FIG.  IOQ. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER. 


of  nearly  equal  length,  as  in  Fig.  104,  it  is  called  a 
raceme. 

The  flower-stems  that  grow  from  a  rachis,  or  from  the 
top  of  a  peduncle,  are  called  pedicels. 

A  spadix  is  a  spike  with  a  thick  rachis  covered  around 
by  a  large  leaf  called  a  spathe  (Fig.  105).  . 

A  spike  with  sessile  bracts  among  its  flowers  is  called 
an  ament  or  catkin.     It  grows  on   trees  and  shrubs,  and 
drops  off  when   mature 
(Fig.  106). 

When  you  find  clus- 
ters of  nearly  sessile 
flowers  in  the  axils  of  op- 
posite leaves,  they  form 
a  glomerule. 

When  from  the  top 
of  the  peduncle  there  is 
given  off  a  number  of 
pedicels  of  nearly  equal 
length,  arranged  like  the 
ribs  of  an  umbrella  (Fig. 
107),  the  cluster  is  an 
umbel. 

When  you  look  only 

at  the  top  of  a  corymb  (Fig.  108)  it  resembles  an  umbel, 
but  its  pedicels  are  of  greatly  unequal  length  (compare 
Figs.  108  and  107). 

A  compound  umbel  has  a  small  umbel,  called  an  um- 
dellet,  upon  each  pedicel  (Fig.  109). 

In  the  same  way,  each  of  the  pedicels  of  a  corymb  may 
bear  a  corymb,  in  which  case  we  have  a  compound  corymb 
(Fig.  no). 

A  compound  raceme  is  formed  of  secondary  racemes  in  a 
similar  manner.  When  spreading,  it  is  called  a  panicle. 


FIG.  no. 


BOTANY. 


Pistil. 


Stamens. 


EXERCISE   XIII. 
The  Parts  of  Flowers. 

We  now  enter  upon  the  study  of  flowers.  There  are  a 
great  many  different  kinds  of  flowers  to  be  examined  and 
compared,  even  in  one  small  neighborhood.  Each  one  of 
the  specimens  you  find  must  be  carefully  observed  and 
described.  An  accurate  description  requires  that  you 
should  study  each  part  by  itself,  and  note  down  concern- 
ing it  all  the  important  particulars  you  can  discover.  But 
before  you  can  do  this  you  must  know  what  parts  a  flower 

consists  of,  and  what  par- 
ticulars about  these  parts 
are  important. 

To  learn  the  names  of 
these  parts,  then,  must  be 
your  first  object.  Com- 
pare real  flowers  with  Fig. 
in,  which  represents  a 
flower  pulled  apart  so  that 
its  main  divisions  may  be 
fully  seen.  Begin  with  the 
outer  leaves  of  a  flower, 
and  compare  them  with 
the  lower  circle  of  leaves 
in  the  diagram,  and  find 
the  name  of  this  circle. 
Do  the  same  for  the  next 
circle,  and  so  on,  to  the 
center  of  your  specimen. 
Repeat  this  process  with  different  flowers  till  you  are  able, 
at  once,  to  point  out  and  name  the  four  divisions  of  com- 
mon flowers. 

The  outer  circle  of  green  flower-leaves  is  named  the 
calyx.  The  inner  circle  of  delicately  colored  flower-leaves 
is  named  the  corolla.  When  both  circles  have  the  same 


Receptacle. 


FIG.  in. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER. 


33 


color,  they  take  the  name  si  perianth  (see  Fig.  in).  Next 
inside  the  corolla  come  the  stamens,  and  within  these  the 
pistil.  If  there  is  but  one  circle  of  flower-leaves  it  is  called 


Sepal. 


Sepal. 


Sepal. 


FIG.  112. 


FIG.  113. 


Sepal. 


Sepal. 


a  calyx,  whatever  its  color.  Point  out  and  name  the  differ- 
ent circles  that  compose  each  of  the  flowers  you  have  gath- 
ered. But  each  of  these  flower-circles  is  made  up  of  parts 
of  the  greatest  importance  in  the  study  of  plants,  and  these 
parts  must  be  found  and  named.  Each  leaf  of  a  calyx  is 
called  a  sepal  (Figs.  112,  113).  Each  leaf  of  a  corolla  is 
called  a  petal.  When  these  circles  form  a  perianth,  its  parts 
are  called  leaves. 

Before  finding  any  more  parts  to  name,  you  may  be- 
gin  to  note  down  and  number  the  parts  already  found. 


FIG.  114. 


FIG.  115. 


Prepare  several  flower -schedules  like  Schedule  Fourth. 
The  first  point  to  be  looked  for  and  written  down  con- 
cerning a  calyx  or  a  corolla  is  the  number  of  sepals  OT 


34 


BOTANY. 


of  petals  that  compose  it,  as  you  see  has  been  done  for 
the  flowers  represented  in  Figs.  114,  115.  When  you  have 
done  this,  pin  the  schedule  to  the  stem  of  the  flower  it 
describes,  so  that  your  observations  can  be  seen  and,  if 
need  be,  corrected  by  your  teacher  or  a  fellow-learner. 


SCHEDULE  FOURTH, 

DESCRIBING   FlG.    114. 


Names  of  Parts. 

No. 

Calyx  ? 

Sepals. 

5 

Corolla  ? 

i 

Petals. 

5 

SCHEDULE  FIFTH, 

DESCRIBING   FlG.    115. 


Names  of  Parts. 

No. 

Perianth  ? 

Leaves. 

6 

SCHEDULE  SIXTH, 

DESCRIBING   FlG.    115. 


Names  of  Parts. 

No. 

Perianth  ? 

Leaves. 

6 

Stamens  ? 

6 

Filament. 

Anther. 

Pistil  ? 

Carpels. 

3 

Style. 

Stigma. 

EXERCISE   XIV. 
Stamens  and  Pistil. 

Prepare  new  flower- schedules,  long  enough  to  make 
room  for  the  names  of  the  parts  of  the  stamens  and 
pistil  of  flowers,  as  shown  in  Schedule  Sixth. 

Begin  the  study  of  these  parts  with  large,  well-devel- 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER.        35 


oped  flowers.  Meadow-lilies  are  good  examples.  Sta- 
mens differ  very  much  in  form  and  proportions  in 
different  species  of  plants,  but  usually  they  consist  of 
three  parts,  shown  in  Fig.  116.  Find  the  filament  and 
anther  in  your  living  specimens.  Observe  whether  any 
of  the  anthers  are  shedding  their  pollen.  As  soon  as  you 
know  just  what  parts  of  stamens  are  meant  by  these 
words,  write  them  down  in  the  third  place  of  your  sched- 
ule under  "  stamens."  Count  the  stamens  (when  there 
are  less  than  twelve)  in  each  of  your  flowers,  and  write 
the  number  opposite,  as  you  see  done  in  the  book.  If  a 
flower  have  more  than  twelve  stamens,  make  the  symbol 
oo,  which  means  many. 

As  soon  as  you  can  point  out  and  name  the  parts  of 
stamens,  begin  the  study  of  the  pistil.    Its  parts  are  shown 

--•Stigma. 


-—Style. 


Ovary. 


FIG.  117. 


FIG.  119. 
Four  Carpels. 


in  Figs.  117,  118,  119,  The  ovary  is  at  the  bottom;  the 
stigma  at  the  top  ;  and  the  style  in  the  middle.  If  you  cut 
across  the  swollen  ovary,  you  will  find  it  full  of  little  round 
bodies  that  will  grow  and  become  seeds.  Watch  the  ovary 
as  flowers  fade  and  disappear ;  look  for  old,  faded  flowers, 
and  in  them  examine  it.  But  you  are  not  to  write  '"  ovary  " 
in  the  schedule,  for  the  ovary  is  made  up  of  parts  which 
you  are  to  find,  if  you  can,  and  count,  and  put  down  their 


36  BOTANY. 

number  in  the  schedule.  These  parts  are  called  carpels 
(Figs.  118,  119).  So,  after  the  word  "pistil"  put  carpels, 
then  style,  and  then  stigma.  The  carpels  shown  in  Figs. 
1 1 8,  119  are  from  old  ripe  ovaries,  and  may  be  easily 
counted.  You  can  count  them  in  Fig.  117,  by  the  grooves 
down  the  side,  showing  where  they  have  grown  together. 
Sometimes  they  are  not  grown  together  at  all,  and  so  can 
be  easily  counted.  If  the  parts  of  the  ovary  are  grown 
smoothly  together,  count  the  styles  ;  and  if  these,  too,  are 
united,  count  the  lobes  of  the  stigma.  Or  you  may  cut 
across  the  ovary,  as  shown  in  Fig.  119,  and  count  the  cham- 
bers or  cells  it  contains,  each  of  which  is  a  carpel.  Count 
the  carpels  in  the  ovary  of  a  lily,  and  compare  the  result 
with  the  figure  giving  the  number  of  carpels  in  Schedule 
Sixth. 

EXERCISE    XV. 
Kinds  of  Calyx  and  Corolla. 

Fig.  1 20  represents  a  calyx  in  which  the  sepals  are  all 
separate  from  each  other,  while  in  Fig.  121  a  flower  is 
shown  in  which  the  sepals  are  all  grown  together.  You 
will  find  flowers  that  differ  in  this  way,  and  many  in 
which  the  sepals  are  partly  joined  and  partly  distinct. 


FIG.  120.— Polysepalous  Calyx.  FIG.  121.— Gamosepalous  Calyx. 

When  the  sepals  of  a  calyx  are  distinct  from  each 
other,  so  that  each  one  can  be  pulled  off  separately,  the 
calyx  is  said  to  be  polysepalous. 

A  gamosepalous  calyx  has  its  sepals  grown  together  by 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER. 


37 


their  edges,   so  that,  if  you  pull   one,   the   whole   calyx 
comes  off. 

When  the  petals  of  a  corolla  are  distinct  from  each 
other,  so  that  one  can  be  pulled  off  without  disturbing  the 
rest,  it  is  a  polypetalous  corolla,  as  shown  in  Fig.  122, 
where  pp  are  the  distinct  petals. 

When  the  petals  of  a  corolla  are 
more  or  less  grown  together,  so  that  if 


FIG.  122. — Pclypetalous  Corolla. 

you  pull  one  the  whole  corolla  comes 
off,  it  is  a  gamopetalous  corolla  (Fig. 

I23)- 

When  the  leaves  of  a  perianth  are 

entirely  separate  from  each  other,  it  is  described  as  poly- 
phyl'lous  ;  while,  if  they  are  grown  together  by  their  edges, 
however  slightly,  they  are  gamophyl' lous. 

Take  time  carefully  to  compare  the  flower-envelopes 
of  your  specimens  with  these  pictures  and  definitions. 
You  can  count  the  petals  of  gamopetalous  corollas,  when 
other  ways  fail,  by  observing  their  marks  of  union.  Be 
cautious  about  calling  a  corolla  polypetalous  until  you  have 
examined  several  specimens  of  the  same  kind  of  flower. 
Above  all  things,  do  not  guess.  If  you  can  not  decide  the 
point,  consult  with  fellow-learners  about  it. 

Another  important  feature  of  flowers  is  their  regularity. 
A  regular  calyx,  corolla,  or  perianth,  has  all  its  parts  of  the 
same  size  and  shape  (Figs.  114,  115). 


38  BOTANY. 

An. Irregular  calyx,  corolla,  or  perianth,  has  some  of  its 
parts  unlike  the  others  in  size  or  form  (Figs.  129,  131). 
The  same  terms  used  to  describe  leaves  are  applied  to 
the  sepals  and  petals  of  flowers.  Sepals  are  said  to  be 
erect  when  turned  up  ;  reflexed,  when  turned  down  ;  con- 
nivent,  when  turned  inward ;  and  divergent,  when  they 
spread  outwafdly.  Separate  the  regular  flowers  of  your 
collection  from  those  that  are  irregular.  Describe  the 
flower-leaves. 

EXERCISE    XVI. 
Kinds  of  Corolla. 

Gather  as  many  different  kinds  of  flowers  as  you  can 
find  before  you  begin  with  this  exercise,  that  you  may 
have  living  examples  of  many  kinds  of  corolla.  Of  course, 
as  your  observation  extends,  you  will,  all  the  while,  be 
finding  new  forms. 

A  petal  is  made  up  of  parts,  as  shown  in  Figs.  124, 
125.  The  limb  is  the  thin,  broad,  upper  part  of  a  petal. 
The  claw  is  the  part  that  is  joined  to  the  receptacle. 
Sometimes  it  is  stem-like.  Look  over  the  flowers  you 
have  gathered,  and  put  by  themselves  polypetalous  ones, 
and  in  another  place  the  gamopetalous  ones.  Again  ex- 
amine the  polypetalous  division,  and  put  the  regular  flow- 
ers together,  leaving  the  irregular  ones  till  these  are 
looked  over. 

Now,  there  are  three  kinds  of  regular  polypetalous  co- 
rollas. The  first  is  like  Fig.  122.  It  has  four  petals  grow- 
ing in  the  shape  of  a  cross,  and  so  is  called  a  cruciform 


—  Limb. 


-Claw. 
--•  v^iaw.  \i 

FIG.  124. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER. 


39 


FIG.  126. 


FIG.  127. 


corolla.  When  a  corolla  has  five  petals,  having  each  a 
long,  slender  claw,  as  shown  in  Fig.  126,0,  and  a  spreading 
limb  (/),  it  is  caryophylld ceous  (Fig.  127). 

A  rosaceous  corolla  is  shown,  Fig.  128.  Here  there 
are  five  petals  with  spreading  limb,  but  the  claw  is  short. 
A  liliaceous  perianth  has  six  leaves,  bending  away,  as  seen 
in  Fig.  115. 

Among  irregular  polypetalous  corollas  the  most  impor- 
tant is  the  papilionaceous  (Fig.  129),  where  c  is  calyx  ;  a, 
wings  ;  car,  keel.  The  large  petal,  called  the  banner  (b),  is 
the  upper  one  next  the  stem ;  the  two  side  ones  (a)  are 
called  wings,  and  the  lower  one  (car)  the  keel,  from  its  boat- 
shape.  Other  forms  of  irregular  polypetalous  corollas  are 
said  to  be  anomalous.  When  you  have  decided  to  which 
of  these  kinds  your  polypetalous  corollas  belong,  turn  to 
the  gamopetalous  specimens  and  separate  them,  the  regu- 
lar from  the  irregular. 

There  are  certain  parts  of  a  gamopetalous  corolla  that 
vary  in  size  and  form  in  different  flowers,  and  that  are 
shown  in  Figs.  130,  131. 

The  union  of  the  petals  forms  the  tube  of  a  gamopeta- 
lous corolla.  Any  portion  beyond  this,  where  the  petals 
are  not  united,  is  the  limb  or  border.  The  opening  into 
the  tube  is  the  throat. 


30TANY. 


,  or  Limb.          Throat.  -  ,  ^ 


FIG.  131. 


Fie.  134. 


FIG.  132. 


FIG.  135. 


FIG.  136. 


The  kinds  of  regular  gamopetalous  corollas  are  tubular 
(Fig.  132),  in  which  the  border  spreads  little  or  none  ; 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER.        41 


urceolate  (Fig.  133)  when  the  tube  is  swollen  in  the  mid- 
dle and  has  a  narrow  opening.  Rotate  (Fig.  134)  repre- 
sents a  rotate  or  wheel-shaped  corolla,  with  short  tube 
and  flat,  spreading  border.  Fig.  135  represents  a  bell- 
shaped,  or  campan'ulate  corolla.  Salver-form  corollas  (Fig. 
136)  have  a  long,  narrow  tube,  with  the  border  at  right 
angles  to  it.  A  funnel-shaped  corolla  resembles  a  funnel 
(Fig.  123). 

In  the  second  column  of  the  flower-schedule  you  have 
given  the  number  of  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  carpels 
of  a  flower,  and  now  another  wide  column  must  be  added 
where  further  observations  may  be  written,  as  shown  in 
Schedule  Seventh,  where  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  described ; 
but  the  stamens  and  pistil  await  more  careful  study. 

SCHEDULE  SEVENTH,  DESCRIBING  FIG.  122. 


Names  of  Parts. 

No. 

Description. 

Calyx  ? 

Polysepalous,  regular. 

Sepals. 

4 

Oval. 

Corolla  ? 

Cruciform. 

Petals. 

4 

Claw,  long.     Limb,  spreading. 

Stamens  ? 

6 

Anther. 

Filament. 

Pollen. 

Pistil  ? 

BOTANY. 


Irregular  gamopetalous  corollas  are  labiate  when  the 
limb  divides  so  as  to  resemble  a  pair  of  lips.  They  are 
of  two  kinds :  personate,  with  the  throat  closed  ;  and  rin- 


a.  Personate.  b.  Ringent. 

FIG.  137. — Labiate  Corollas. 

\ 


FIG.  138. 


FIG.  139. 


FIG.  141. 


gent,  with  the  throat  open  (Fig.  137,  a,  b}.  A  ligulate  or 
strap-shaped  corolla  is  one  that  seems  to  be  formed  by  the 
splitting  of  the  tube  on  one  side  (Fig.  138). 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER. 


43 


Other  forms  of  irregular  gamopetalous  corollas  may  be 
described  as  anomalous. 

A  strange  aspect  is  often  given  to  a  corolla  by  a  crown 
or  corona,  and  by  spurs  and  scales. 

SCALES. — On  the  inner  surface  of  the  petals  of  many 
flowers,  scales,  and  hair-like  processes  of  various  kinds,  are 
often  seen.  Figs.  139,  140  are  examples. 

Sometimes  these  scales  become  more  or  less  united, 
and  form  a  cup-shaped  part,  as  shown  in  Fig.  141.  This 


FIG.  142. 


FIG.  143. 


is  called  a  corona,  and  the  corolla  is  said  to  be  crowned. 
A  petal  may  grow  outward,  so  as  to  form  a  bag  or  sac 
(Fig.  143)  ;  it  is  then  termed  saccate.  Sometimes  this 
growth  is  prolonged  into  a  spur.  All  of  the  petals  in 
Fig.  142  are  seen  to  be  spurred. 

A  nectary  is  a  little  gland  containing  sweet  liquid,  on 
the  claw  of  a  petal. 

EXERCISE   XVII. 
Symmetry  of  Flowers. 

Look  carefully  at  the  pictures  and  explanations  of  this 
exercise.  Count  the  sepals  in  Fig.  144.  Count  the  petals 
and  stamens.  Observe  the  two-lobed  stigma  of  the  pistil, 
which  shows  the  number  of  carpels.  Has  each  of  the 


44 


BOTANY. 


floral  circles  the  same  number  of  parts  ?  Then  it  is  a  sym- 
metrical flower.  Any  flower  that  has  the  same  number  of 
parts  in  each  of  its  circles  is  symmetrical  ;  and  even  if 
some  of  the  circles  have  just  twice,  or  three  or  four  times, 
as  many  as  others,  it  is  still  symmetrical.  Count  the  parts 


FIG.  144. — Binary  Symmetry. 


FIG.  145. — Ternary  Symmetry. 


FIG.  146. — Quaternary  Symmetry. 


FIG.  147. — Quinary  Symmetry. 


in  the  floral  circles  of  Fig.  145.  Is  this  flower  symmetri- 
cal ?  Does  Fig.  146  represent  a  symmetrical  flower?  147? 
These  kinds  of  symmetry  are  described  as  binary,  tern- 
ary, qtiaternary,  and  quinary.  Examine  the  flowers  you 
have  collected  and  discover,  if  you  can,  the  symmetrical 
ones,  naming  the  symmetry  they  show. 


EXERCISE  XVIII. 
Complete  and  Incomplete  Flowers. 

A  complete  flower  consists  of  calyx,  corolla,  stamens,  and 
pistil.  If  any  one  or  more  of  these  flower-circles  is  absent, 
the  flower  is  incomplete. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER.        45 

If  you  have  the  botanical  charts,  look  at  the  magnified 
flowers  represented  on  them,  and  point  out  the  symmetri- 
cal ones.  Find  also  examples  of  complete  and  incomplete 
flowers. 

The  stamens  and  pistil  of  flowers  have  been  called 
essential  organs,  because  seeds  can  not  be  formed  without 
their  presence.  As  the  calyx  and  corolla  cover  and  nour- 
ish these,  they  have  taken  the  name  of  protecting  organs. 

When  the  protecting  organs  are  both  present  in  a  flower, 
it  is  said  to  be  dichlamyd' eous. 

When  there  is  only  a  calyx,  it  is  monochlamyd' eous. 

If  both  calyx  and  corolla  are  absent,  it  is  achlamyd' eous, 
or  naked.  A  perfect  flower  (Fig.  148)  has  both  the  essen- 
tial organs  ;  while,  if  one  of  these  be  absent,  it  is  imperfect 
(Figs.  149,  150)  ;  and,  if  both  are  wanting,  it  is  said  to  be 


FIG.  148.  FIG.  149.  FIG.  150. 

A  Perfect  Flower.  Imperfect  Flowers. 

neutral.  A  staminate  flower  has  no  pistil.  A  pistillate  flower 
has  no  stamens.  Staminate  flowers  (Fig.  149)  are  said  to 
be  sterile,  because  they  do  not  produce  seed.  They  are 
also  spoken  of  as  male  flowers.  Pistillate  flowers  are  said 
to  be  fertile,  because  they  may  bear  seed.  They  are  also 
called  female  flowers  (Fig.  150). 

A  perfect  flower  is  indicated  thus,  £  . 

A  staminate,  sterile,  or  male  flower,  thus,  $ . 

A  pistillate,  fertile,  or  female  flower,  thus,  $  . 


BOTANY. 


When  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  grow  upon 
the  same  plant  (Fig.  151),  it  is  said  to  be  monoecious. 

When  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  grow  upon  sep- 
arate plants  (Figs.  153  and  154),  such  plants  are  said  to  be 


FIG.  3152. — Pistillate  Flower, 
from  Catkin  (Fig.  153). 


FIG.  151. — A  Monoecious  Planf. 


FIG.  153.— Female  Catkin  of  a  Dioecious 
Plant. 


di&cious.  Fig.  152  represents  a  pistillate  flower  from  the 
female  catkin  (Fig.  153).  Fig.  155  represents  a  staminate 
flower  from  the  male  catkin  (Fig.  154).  These  catkins 
grow  upon  different  trees ;  so  the  willow  from  which  they 
were  taken  is  dioecious. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER. 


47 


When  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  flowers  are  all 
found  upon  the  same  plant,  it  is  polygamous. 

When  you  have  filled  out  a  schedule  with  the  descrip- 
tion of  a  flower,  ask  yourself  the  following  questions  about 
it,  and  answer  them,  if  you  can,  in  writing,  at  the  back  of 
the  schedule  : 

Is  this  flower  symmetrical  or  unsymmetrical  ?  Is  it 
complete  or  incomplete  ?  Is  it  dichlamydeous,  monochla- 


FIG.  155. 

Staminate  Flower,  from 
Catkin  (Fig.  154). 


FIG.  154, 
Male  Catkin  of  a  Dioecious  Plant. 


FIG.  156. 


mydeous,  or  achlamydeous  ?  Is  it  perfect  or  imperfect  ? 
Did  it  grow  upon  a  monoecious,  dioecious,  or  polygamous 
plant  ? 

EXERCISE  XIX. 
Form  of  the  Receptacle  and  Insertion  of  Floral  Organs. 

INSERTION. — In  botanical  language,  organs  are  said  to 
be  inserted  at  the  place  from  which  they  seem  to  grow. 
For  instance,  in  Fig.  156  it  will  be  seen  that  the  pistil  is 
inserted  upon,  or  seems  to  grow  from,  the  receptacle  ;  the 
stamens  are  inserted  upon  the  corolla  ;  the  corolla  is  in- 
4 


48 


BOTANY. 


serted  upon  the  receptacle,  and  the  calyx  also  is  inserted 
upon  the  receptacle. 

Look  at  the  magnified  flowers  shown  in  section  on 
Chart  i,  and  point  out  the  receptacle  in  each  case.  Are 
all  these  receptacles  alike  in  form  ?  State,  in  regard  to 
each  flower,  where  the  pistil  is  inserted  ;  where  the  sta- 
mens ;  where  the  corolla  ;  and  where  the  calyx.  Which 
floral  whorl  in  each  flower  occupies  most  space  upon  the 
receptacle  ?  Are  these  flowers  perfect  ?  Are  they  com- 
plete ?  Are  they  symmetrical  ? 

Repeat  these  observations  upon  the  magnified  flowers 
shown  in  section  in  Chart  2  ;  in  Charts  3,  4,  5,  6. 

Make  a  longitudinal  section  of  each  of  your  living 
flowers,  and  look  for  the  insertion  of  the  floral  organs.  If 
you  sometimes  fail  to  discover  it,  do  not  be  discouraged. 
It  will  not,  of  course,  be  as  clearly  visible  as  it  is  shown 
to  be  on  the  chart.  Try  again.  Make  frequent  attempts, 
as  failure  is  often  due  to  lack  of  experience. 

EXERCISE   XX. 
Polyandrous  Stamens. 

We  now  return  to  the  study  of  the  flower  at  the  point 
where  it  was  left  in  Schedule  Seventh. 

The  third  column  of  this  schedule,  you  remember,  is 
the  place  where  you  wrote  whether  the  parts  of  floral 
whorls  are  grown  together  or  not.  You  have  studied  the 
calyx  and  corolla  to  learn  whether  their  parts  are  grown 
together.  If  the  sepals  are  not  grown  together,  you  say 
the  calyx  is  polysepalous  ;  and,  if  they  are  grown  together, 
you  say  it  is  gamosepalous.  So,  also,  when  the  petals  of  the 
corolla  are  distinct,  you  say  the  corolla  is  polypetalous  ;  and, 
when  grown  together,  gamopetalous. 

Gather  all  the  flowers  you  can  find,  and  observe  the 
stamens  to  see  if  they  are  grown  together.  Put  aside  all 
that  are  in  the  least  grown  together. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER. 


49 


Now  look  at  the  flowers  with  distinct  stamens,  and  put 
by  themselves  all  that  have  more  than  twelve. 

A  flower  with  more  than  twelve  distinct  stamens  is  said 
to  have  its  stamens  indefinite. 

They  are  definite  when  there  is  a  fixed  number  not 
above  twelve. 

Separate  those  with  indefinite  stamens,  and  label  them 
polyandrous  (from poly,  many,  and  andria,  stamens),  which 
means  many  distinct  stamens. 

Now  examine  the  flowers  with  definite  stamens,  and 
label  each  one  with  the  name  that,  in  the  following  table, 


FIG.  157. 
Didynamous  Stamens. 


FIG.  158. 
Tetradynamous  Stamens. 


is  placed  opposite  its  number  of  stamens.     The  Greek 
numeral  prefix  denotes  the  number  of  distinct  stamens  : 


Mon-androus — one  stamen. 
Di-androus — two  stamens. 
Tri-androus— three  stamens. 
Tetr-androus — four  stamens. 
Pent-androus — five  stamens. 
Hex-androus — six  stamens. 


Hept-androus — seven  stamens. 
Oct-androus — eight  stamens. 
Enne-androus — nine  stamens. 
Dec-androus — ten  stamens. 
Dodec-androus  —  twelve    sta- 
mens. 


Poly-androus — more  than  twelve. 


BOTANY. 


Like  the  word  polyandrous,  these  terms  apply  only  to 
distinct  stamens  ;  at  the  same  time  they  have  the  impor- 
tant advantage  of  giving  the  precise  number. 

But,  if  a  tetrandrous  flower  has  two  stamens  long  and 
two  short  (Fig.  157),  it  is  said  to  be  didynamous  j  and,  if 
an  hexandrous  flower  has  four  stamens  long,  and  two 
short  (Fig.  158),  it  is  said  to  be  tetradynamous. 

These  words,  applied  to  the  stamens  of  a  flower,  give 
at  the  same  time  their  number,  the  fact  that  they  are  dis- 
tinct, and  the  proportion  of  long  to  short  ones. 

Can  you  find  upon  the  charts  any  flowers  with  tetra- 
dynamous stamens  ?  Have  any  of  them  didynamous  sta- 
mens? 

EXERCISE    XXL 
The  Growing  together  of  Stamens. 

Having  disposed  of  all  your  flowers  with  distinct  sta- 
mens, next  examine  those  with  united  stamens. 

First  observe  whether  they  have  grown  together  by 
their  filaments,  or  by  their  anthers.  All 
those  having  their  anthers  united,  wheth- 
er into  a  tube,  around  the  pistil,  or  in  any 
other  way,  may  be  put  together  and  la- 
beled syngenesious  (Figs.  160  and  161). 


FIG.  159. 
Syngenesious  Stamens. 


FIG.  160.  FIG.  161. 

Synganesious  Stamens.        Syngenesious  Stamens. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER.        51 

Fig.  159  shows  this  tube  laid  open.  Those  that  have 
grown  together  by  their  filaments  have  to  be  further  studied. 
Are  all  the  filaments  grown  together  in  one  bundle  ?  If  so, 
the  stamens  are  monadelphous  (Fig.  162). 


FIG.  162. 
Monadelphous  Stamens. 


FIG.  163. 
Diadelphous  Stamens. 


FIG.  164. 
Tri-  or  Polyadelphous  Stamens. 


FIG.  165. — Polyadelphous 


Are  they  grown  together  in  two  bundles  ?  Then  they 
are  diadelphous  (Fig.  163). 

Are  they  in  three  or  more  bundles  ?  Then  we  say  they 
are  polyadelphous  (Figs.  164  and  165).  Fig.  164  has  one 
bundle  cut  away. 

The  number  and  length  of  the  hard  words  in  this  exer- 
cise may  discourage  pupils,  but  by  use  they  will  become 
familiar,  and  they  will  then  greatly  help  the  process  of 
description. 


52  BOTANY. 

Collect  all  the  plants  in  the  neighborhood,  from  garden, 
road-side,  fields,  and  woods,  and,  in  describing  their  sta- 
mens, you  will  become  well  acquainted  with  all  the  neces- 
sary terms. 

EXERCISE    XXII. 
The  Growing  together  of  Carpels. 

You  have  been  accustomed  to  counting  the  carpels  of 
flowers,  and  you  are  now  to  find  whether  or  not  they  are 
grown  together. 

All  such  as  are  not  grown  to- 
gether at  all  you  may  label  apocar- 
pous (Fig.  1 66). 

Those  that  are  grown  together, 
whether  slightly  at  the  base  of  the 
ovary  or  through  the  whole  length 
FlG  l66>  of   the  pistil,  you   label  syncarpous 

Apocarpous  Pistil.  (FigS.   167,   l68). 

Find  all  the  apocarpous  ovaries 
pictured  upon  the  charts.  All  the  syncarpous  ones. 

Find  also  the  apocarpous  ovaries  in  your  collection  of 
flowers.  The  syncarpous  ones. 

For  this  exercise,  faded  flowers,  and  even  those  that 
have  lost  their  floral  leaves,  will  serve  better  than  such  as 
are  fresh. 

COHESION. — In  botany  this  word  is  used  for  the  grow- 
ing together  of  parts  with  their  fellows,  as  of  petals  with 
petals,  carpels  with  carpels.  Figs.  173  and  177  illustrate 
this. 

Professor  Henslow,  the  author  of  the  flower-schedule 
we  are  using,  places  the  word  cohesion  above  the  third 
column,  and  devotes  it  to  observations  upon  the  cohesion 
of  parts  in  flowers. 

Fig.  169  represents  half  a  buttercup.  It  has  been 
sliced  down  through  the  middle,  making  what  is  called  a 
vertical  section  of  the  flower,  that  you  may  see  the  struct- 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER. 


53 


lire  of  the  stamens  and  pistil.  This  flower  is  used  here 
because  of  its  simplicity,  its  parts  being  all  quite  distinct 
from  each  other.  It  is  without  cohesion,  and,  in  describ- 


FIG.  167. 
Syncarpous  Pistil. 


FIG.  168. 
Syncarpous  Pistil. 


ing  it,  you  have  to  use    terms  which  apply  to  distinct 
stamens  and  carpels. 

The  learner  will,  of  course,  provide  himself  with  a  real 
flower,  and  fill  out  a  schedule  from  his  own  examination 
of  it.  The  buttercup  is  easily  found,  for  it  grows  almost 
everywhere,  and  blossoms  throughout  the  summer.  I  must 


FIG.  169. 

insist  that  the  pupil  be  not  content  with  simply  looking 
over  the  description  in  the  book.  The  example  is  given, 
not  as  a  substitute  for  the  pupil's  own  effort,  but  as  a 


54 


BOTANY. 


means  of  testing  his  observations  ;  of  letting  him  know 
whether  his  own  way  of  carrying  out  the  schedule  descrip- 
tion is  the  correct  one.  Any  lack  of  confidence  he  may 
feel  in  beginning  a  new  process  will  disappear  when  he 
sees  that  his  observations  and  statements  agree  with  the 
printed  ones.  A  schedule  or  two  thus  employed,  when  he 
is  beginning  to  use  new  terms,  will  assist  him  in  gaining 
self-reliance. 

Schedule    Eighth,  describing   Fig.  169,  gives  this  ar- 
rangement : 

SCHEDULE  EIGHTH. 


Organs. 

No. 

Cohesion. 

Calyx  ? 
Sepals. 

5 

Polysepalous. 

Corolla  ? 
Petals. 

5 

Polypetalous. 

Stamens  ? 

00 

Polyandrous. 

Pistil  ? 
Carpels. 

00 

Apocarpous. 

Questions  upon  the  Buttercup  {Fig.  169)  and  Schedule. 

Is  there  cohesion  in  the  calyx  ? 

What  word  in  the  schedule  expresses  this  ? 

Is  there  cohesion  in  the  corolla  ? 

How  is  this  stated  in  the  schedule  ? 

Are  the  stamens  definite  or  indefinite  ? 

Are  they  grown  to  each  other  ? 

What  word  in  the  schedule  answers  this  question  ? 

Dp  the  carpels  cohere  ? 

How  is  this  expressed  ? 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER. 


55 


Questions  reviewing  the  subject  of  Cohesion  in  the  Parts  of 
a  Flower. 

What  is  meant  by  cohesion  in  botany  ? 

How  do  you  describe  a  calyx  with  no  cohesion  (Fig. 


FIG.  170. 
Polysepalous,  no  cohesion. 


FIG.  171. 
Gamosepalous,  coherent. 


170)?     A  corolla  (Fig.  172)?     Stamens  (Exercise  XX)? 
Pistil  (Fig.  176)? 

When  the  sepals  are  coherent,  how  do  you  describe  the 
calyx  (Fig.  171)  ?     The  corolla  (Fig.  173)  ? 


FIG.  172. 
Polypetalous,  no  cohesion. 


FIG.  173. — Gamopetalous,  coherent. 


When  stamens  cohere  by  their  anthers,  what  word  do 
you  use  in  describing  them  (Figs.  159,  160,  161)  ? 

When,  by  their  filaments  in  one  bundle,  what  word  is 
used  (Fig.  162)  ? 


BOTANY. 


In  two  bundles  (Fig.  163)  ? 

In  three  or  more  bundles  (Figs.  164  and  165)  ? 

How  do  you  describe  a  coherent  pistil  (Fig.  177)  ? 


FIG.  175. 
Triadelphous,  Stamens  coherent. 


FIG.  174. — Polyandrous, 
Stamens  not  coherent. 


FIG.  176. 
Apocarpous,  no  cohesion. 


FlG.  177. — Syncarpous,  coherent. 


There  are  a  few  common  flowers  found  everywhere  in 
the  country,  in  which  there  is  no  cohesion  ;  but,  in  most 

flowers,  the  parts  of  some 
of  the  floral  circles  will  be 
found  more  or  less  united. 
Figs.  178,  179,  and  180 
represent  the  flower  of  the 
Saint  -  John's  -  wort.      Fig. 
179  is  a  vertical  section  of 
the  flower,  and  Fig.  180  one 
Fic.~i78.  of  the  bundles  of  stamens. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER.        57 


FIG.  179. 


Schedule    Ninth,    describing  Fig.  178,  is  an  example 
where  cohesion  of  stamens  and  pistil  is  described. 


SCHEDULE  NINTH. 


Organs. 

No. 

Cohesion. 

Calyx  ? 
Sepals. 

5 

Polysepalous. 

Corolla  ? 
Petals. 

5 

Polypetalous. 

Stamens  ? 

CO 

Tri-  or  Polyadelphous. 

Pistil  ? 
Carpels. 

3 

Syncarpous. 

By  turning  to  page  63  you  will  see 
that  another  column  is  there  added  to 
the  schedule.  After  three  more  exer- 
cises, which  introduce  new  observa- 
tions and  new  terms,  this  addition  be- 
comes necessary.  Your  attention  is 
called  to  it  now,  to  give  urgency  to 
the  advice  that  you  make  diligent  use 


FIG.  180. 


5g  BOTANY. 

of  the  present  schedule  in  describing  all  kinds  and  degrees 
of  cohesion  in  all  sorts  of  flowers.  If  you  do  this,  when 
the  time  comes  to  add  this  fourth  column,  your  mind  will 
be  free  to  attend  to  the  new  features  that  belong  to  it. 
The  terms  expressing  cohesion  being  familiar,  there  will 
be  no  confusion  of  thought,  and  you  will  enter  upon  the 
new  observations  with  ease  and  pleasure. 

EXERCISE   XXIII. 
Union  of  Floral  Whorls  with  each  other— Calyx  and  Pistil. 

In  your  study  of  pistils,  did  you  always  find  the  calyx 
at  the  base  of  the  ovary  ? 

Have  you  ever  seen  upon  the  apex  of  ripened  fruit  the 
withered  calyx,  or  the  scar  left  by  its  fall  ? 

Point  out  upon  the  charts  all  the  cases  where  the  calyx 
is  below  the  ovary. 


FIG.  181. 

Inferior  Calyx. 
Superior  Ovary. 


FIG.  182.  FIG.  183. 

Superior  Calyx.— Inferior  Ovary. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER.         59 

Point  to  those  where  the  calyx  is  above  it. 

Is  the  calyx  in  all  the  pictures  upon  the  chart  either  at 
the  base  or  at  the  apex  of  the  ovary  ? 

For  this  exercise  select  flowers  that  have  their  parts  so 
well  developed  that  you  can  see  distinctly  where  each 
organ  is  inserted.  Take,  for  example,  the  morning-glory, 
and  observe  whether  the  calyx  arises  below  the  ovary  or 
not.  If  you  find  it  is  inserted  below  the  ovary,  label  it 
calyx  below,  or  inferior  (Fig.  181),  and  lay  it  aside.  If 
the  calyx  is  inserted  above  the  ovary,  label  it  calyx  above, 
or  superior  (Fig.  182).  Of  course,  if  the  calyx  is  below 
the  ovary,  or  inferior,  the  ovary  will  be  above  the  calyx, 
or  superior  ;  and,  when  the  calyx  is  superior,  the  ovary  will 
be  inferior. 

Examine  all  your  flowers  in  the  same  way,  giving  each 
its  proper  label.     If  some  specimens  have  the  calyx  in- 
serted neither  at  the  bottom  nor  at  the 
top  of  the  ovary,  but  somewhere  along 
its  side  (Fig.  184),  you  describe  these  as 
having  the  calyx  half  inferior,  and  the 
ovary  half  superior.     These  words,  in- 
ferior and  superior,  came  into  use  before 
the  facts  about  this  matter  were  under- 
stood.     We  now  know  that  when  the 
calyx  seems  to  be  inserted  at  the  top  of  ,     CalyXi  haif  inferior, 
the  ovary,  it  is  really  inserted  on  the  re-       Ovary,  half  superior. 
ceptacle,  and  has  its  tube  grown  to  the 
ovary.     The  true  expression  is  "calyx  adherent  to  ovary," 
in  place  of  calyx  superior ;  and  "  calyx  free  from  ovary," 
in  place  of  calyx  inferior.     But  the  words  superior  and 
inferior  are  in  general  use,  and  so  are  retained  in  schedule 
description. 


6o 


BOTANY. 


EXERCISE    XXIV. 

The  Union  of  Floral  Whorls  with  each  other. 
There  is,  perhaps,  no  part  of  the  study  of  plant-forms 
that  will  tax  your  patience  as  much  as  the  subject  of  this 
exercise. 

Try  first  to  determine  the  insertion  of  the  corolla. 
Compare  the  arrangement  of   parts  in  each  of  your 

flowers  with  that 
shown  in  Fig.  185, 
and,  when  you  find 
the  corolla  insert- 
ed below  the  ova- 
ry, and  free  from 
the  calyx,  label  the 
specimen  corolla, 
hypogynous. 

Examine  the 
remainder  of  your 
flowers,  and,  when 
you  find  one  with 
the  corolla  insert- 
ed, as  shown  in  Fig.  186,  say  corolla  upon  the  calyx,  or 
perigynous. 

How  is  the  corolla  inserted  in  Fig.  187?  Point  out 
upon  the  charts  instances  where  the  corolla  has  a  similar 
insertion. 

Look  at  the  flowers  not  yet  described,  and,  if  you  find 
cases  where  the  corolla  is  inserted  upon  the  ovary,  describe 
them  as  epigynous,  from <?//',  upon,  and gynia,  pistil  (Fig.  1-87). 
If  not  quite  certain  about  these  characters  in  your 
specimens,  write  your  label  with  a  mark  of  interrogation, 
to  show  doubt.  Do  not  be  discouraged  if  these  points  of 
structure  remain  for  some  time  troublesome  ones  to  dis- 
cover. Try  to  find  them  out,  and,  if  you  succeed,  it  is 
well ;  but  if  you  fail,  your  labor  will  not  be  lost. 


FIG.  185.— Corolla,  hypogynous. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER.        6 1 

As  some  flowers  upon  the  same  plant  are  more  per- 
fectly developed  than  others,  you  should  gather  several  of 
each  kind,  and  examine  them  all,  to  find  the  best  exam- 
ples of  the  structure  you  are  studying. 


FIG.  186. — Corolla,  perigynous. 

FIG.  187. — Corolla,  epigynous. 

Look  at  the  flowers  in  Chart  i,  and  observe  in  each 
case  whether  the  corolla  arises  from  the  receptacle,  and 
whether  the  calyx  is  free  from  the  corolla. 

Find  upon  the  other  charts  all  the  cases  where  the  corol- 
la is  inserted  under  the  ovary,  and  is  free  from  the  calyx. 

Observe  the  flowers  on  Chart  2.  Where  is  the  corolla 
inserted  in  these  figures  ?  Can  you  find  upon  the  other 
charts  any  pictures  of  flowers  where  the  corolla  has  a  simi- 
lar insertion  ? 

EXERCISE   XXV. 
Union  of  Floral  Whorls  with  each  other — Stamens. 

If  the  stamens  have  the  same  insertion  as  the  corolla, 
use  the  same  words  to  describe  them.  For  instance,  in 
Fig.  1 88  the  stamens  are  hypogynous ;  in  Fig.  189,  perigy- 
nous; in  Fig.  190,  epigynous. 

When  you  find  them  arising  from  the  corolla,  as  seen 
in  Fig.  191,  they  are  said  to  be  epipetalous. 

Sometimes  they  are  consolidated  witji  the  pistil,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  192  ;  then  they  are  gynandrous,  or  upon  the  pistil. 


62 


BOTANY. 


Observe  the  flowers  upon  the  chart  in  this  respect. 

Examine  all  the  flowers  you  can  find,  and  label  them 
by  the  insertion  of  the  stamens  ;  as,  stamens  under  the 
ovary,  or  hypogynous  ;  stamens  upon  the  calyx,  or  perigy- 
nous  ;  stamens  upon  the  ovary,  or  epigynous  ;  stamens  upon 
the  corolla,  or  epipetalous ;  stamens  consolidated  with  the 
pistil,  or  gynandrous. 

Adhesion  in  botany  means  the  growing  together  of  dif- 
ferent floral  whorls,  while  cohesion,  as  you  have  seen,  means 
the  growing  together  of  the  parts  of  the  same  whorl. 

The  word  free  is  used  to  express  absence  of  adhesion, 
and  the  word  distinct,  absence  of  cohesion. 


FIG.  188.— Stamens,  hypogynous.  FIG.  189.— Stamens,  perigynous 


FIG.  IQI.  FIG.  192. 

Epipetalous  Stamens.  Gynandrous  Pistil. 


FIG.  190.— Stamens,  epignyous. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER. 


In  Fig.  193  there  is  neither  cohesion  nor  adhesion. 
Not  only  are  the  sepals  and  petals  distinct  from  each  other, 
not  only  is  each  stamen  and  each  carpel  distinct,  but  the 
whorl  of  sepals  is  inserted  upon  the  receptacle,  and  is  free 


FIG.  193. 
Parts,  distinct. 
Organs,  free. 


FIG.  194. 


from  the  whorls  within  it.  The  corolla  is  inserted  upon 
the  receptacle,  and  is  also  free.  The  stamens  and  pistil 
are  also  inserted  upon  the  receptacle,  and  are  likewise 
free. 

The  last  column  of  Schedule  Tenth,  describing  Fig. 
194,  is  for  the  record  of  observations  on  adhesion. 

SCHEDULE  TENTH. 


Organs. 

No. 

Cohesion. 

Adhesion. 

Calyx  ? 
Sepals. 

5 

Polysepalous. 

Inferior. 

Corolla? 
Petals. 

5 

Polypetalous. 

Hypogynous. 

Stamens  ? 

00 

Polyadelphous. 

Hypogynous. 

Pistil  ? 
Carpels. 

oo 

Apocarpous. 

Superior. 

64 


BOTANY. 


Questions  upon  the  Buttercup  (fig-  1 94)  and  its  Schedule. 
Is  the  calyx  free  or  adherent  ? 
How  is  this  expressed  in  the  schedule  ? 
Where  is  the  corolla  inserted  ? 
How  is  this  stated  in  the  schedule  ? 
Are  the  stamens  free  or  adherent  ? 
Where  are  they  inserted  ? 
How  is  this  expressed  in  the  schedule  ? 
Is  the  pistil  free  or  adherent  ? 
How  is  this  written  in  the  schedule  ? 
This   is   the   complete    flower -schedule    of    Professor 
Henslow,  which  was  used  by  his  classes  both  at  Cam- 
bridge University  and  at  his  parish  school  at  Hitcham. 
Complaints  have  been  made  that  it  is  difficult.     Pupils 
who  commence  its  use  before  they  fully  understand  the 
features  of  plants  to  which  it  calls  attention  will,  no  doubt, 
get  confused  when  they  attempt  to  fill  up  the  blanks  one 
after  another,  but  those  who  have  examined  a  variety  of 
flowers,   in  connection  with  the 
foregoing   pages,   will    have    no 
such  trouble. 

The  presence  or  absence  of 
cohesion  and  adhesion  in  flowers 
is  of  great  importance  in  deter- 
mining the  relationships  of  plants, 
and  scholars  can  not  do  better 
than  continue  the  use  of  this 
schedule  throughout  the  sum- 
mer season,  along  with  the  mak- 
ing of  an  herbarium.  Always 
write  from  your  own  observation. 
Never  give  a  word  of  description  unless  it  be  of  something 
your  own  eyes  have  seen,  and  that  you  could  point  out  to 
any  one  who  might  contradict  you.  We  give  some  further 
examples  of  the  use  of  the  schedule  in  flowers  of  very  un- 
like structure. 


FIG.  195. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER.        65 


Find  living  flowers  like  those  here  described,  and  fill 
out  schedules  of  them  yourself.  Be  careful  not  to  copy 
statements  from  the  book.  Depend  upon  your  own  judg- 
ment. 

Fig.  195  represents  a  flower  of  cow-parsnip.  That  of 
the  carrot,  or  any  umbelliferous  plant,  will  do  as  well. 

SCHEDULE  ELEVENTH,  DESCRIBING  FIG.  195. 


Organs. 

No. 

Cohesion. 

Adhesion. 

Calyx  ? 
Sepals. 

5 

Gamosepalous. 

Superior. 

Corolla  ? 
Petals. 

5 

Polypetalous. 

Epigynous. 

Stamens  ? 

5 

Pentandrous. 

Epigynous. 

Pistil  ? 
Carpels. 

2 

Syncarpous. 

Inferior. 

FIG.  196. 


66 


BOTANY. 


Fig.  196  shows  a  vertical  section  of  the  flower  of  daffo- 
dil. It  is  common  enough  in  gardens  ;  but,  if  there  are 
pupils  who  can  get  neither  this  flower,  nor  the  jonquil,  nor 
the  snow-drop,  they  can  certainly  find  a  lily  of  some  kind, 
wild  or  cultivated,  and  observe  the  features  in  which  it  is 
unlike  this  picture. 

SCHEDULE  TWELFTH,  FOR  FIG    196. 


Organs. 

No. 

Cohesion. 

Adhesion. 

Perianth  ? 
Leaves. 

6 

Gamophyllous. 
Crowned. 

Superior. 

Stamens  ? 

6 

Hexandrous. 

Perigynous. 

Pistil  ? 
Carpels. 

3 

Syncarpous. 

Inferior. 

Fig.  197  is  a  blossom  of  wild  geranium.  Fig.  198  shows 
its  stamens  and  pistil.  The  flower  of  the  garden  geranium 
will  serve  in  its  place,  if  it  can  be  more  easily  obtained. 

SCHEDULE  THIRTEENTH,  FOR  FIG.  197. 


Organs. 

No. 

Cohesion. 

Adhesion. 

Calyx  ? 

Sepals. 

5 

Polysepalous. 

Inferior. 

Corolla  ? 
Petals. 

5 

Polypetalous. 

Hypogynous. 

Stamens  ? 

10 

Decandrous. 

Hypogynous. 

Pistil  ? 

Carpels. 

5 

Syncarpous. 

Superior. 

THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER. 


67 


FIG 


FIG.  198. 


EXERCISE   XXVI. 
The  Receptacle. 

The  peculiarities  of  plants  pointed  out  in  this  exercise 
are  not  very  common.  But  pupils  who  are  using  the 
flower-schedule,  and  collecting  all  the  plants  they  can 
find,  will  be  sure  to  meet  with  examples  of  them  sooner 
or  later.  This  exercise  should,  therefore,  be  carefully 


FIG.  199. — Convex  Receptacle. 


FIG.  200. — Receptacle, 
greatly  enlarged. 


read  and  borne  in  mind,  so  that  when  the  things  it  de- 
scribes are  met  with  they  will  be  recognized. 

You  have  seen  the  receptacle  forming  a  swelling  like 
that  of  Fig.  199,  and  gradually  expanding  into  a  structure 
like  Fig.  200.  Sometimes  the  receptacle  is  prolonged  be* 


68 


BOTANY. 


tween  the  carpels,  and  coheres  with  their  styles,  which 
separate  from  it  at  maturity,  as  seen  in  Figs.  201  and  202. 


FIG.  201. 


FlG.    202. 


FIG.  203.— Cup- 
shaped  Receptacle. 


It  sometimes  appears  as  a  cup-shaped  depression  (Fig. 
203),  in  which  the  pistil  is  almost  concealed,  and  again  as 
shown  in  Fig.  204. 


FIG.  204.— Elevated  Fleshy  Receptacle. 


FIG.  205. — a.  Anthophore. 


When  the  receptacle  becomes  elongated,  so  that  one 
circle  of  floral  organs  is  separated  from  another  by  a  stalk- 
like  internode ;  the  circle  thus  raised  is  said  to  be  stipitale, 


THE  INFLORESCENCE  AND  FLOWER.        69 


and  the  stalk  supporting  it  is 
called  a  stipe.  In  Figs.  205 
and  206  the  stamens,  pistil, 
and  corolla  are  stipitate,  and 
the  stalk  which  bears  them 
is  the  stipe. 

When  the  stipe  supports 
corolla,  stamens,  and  pistil,  it 
is  called  an  anthophore  (Fig. 
205).  When  it  supports  only 
stamens  and  pistil,  it  is  known 
as  \kzgonophore  (Fig.  206,  a). 


FIG.  206. — a.  Gonophore. 


EXERCISE   XXVII. 
Appendages  of  the  Receptacle. 

Examine  the  receptacle  in  the  magnified  flowers  upon 
Charts  i,  2,  3,  and  4. 

Carefully  observe  the  space  between  the  calyx  and 
ovary  in  the  following  figures.  You  see  a  sort  of  fleshy 


FIG.  207. 

Hypogynous 

Disk. 


FIG.  208. 

Hypogynous 

Disk. 


FIG.  209. — Hypogynous  Disk. 


rim  around  the  pistil,  which  is  called  a  disk.  It  takes  on 
very  different  shapes  in  different  plants.  In  Figs.  207  and 
208  it  is  merelv  a  raised  cushion  ;  in  Fig.  209  it  is  seen 


BOTANY. 


partly  inclosing  the  ovary.      In  Figs.   210  and   211   the 
disk  is  seen  surrounding  the  ovary;    while  in  Figs.  212 


FIG.  210.— Perigynous  Disk. 


FIG.  212.  FIG.  213. 

Epigynous  Disk.  Epigynous  Disk. 


FIG.  211. — Perigynous  Disk. 


FIG.  214. 


FIG.  218. 


FIG.  216. 


FIG.  217. 


THE  INFLORESCENCE    AND  FLOWER.        j\ 

and  213  it  is  shown  above  the  ovary,  and  at  the  base  of 
the  style. 

The  little  glands  upon  the  receptacle  are  known  as 
nectaries.  They  contain  sweet  fluids,  and  are  found  among 
the  stamens  (Figs.  214,  215)  or  at  the  base  of  the  pistil, 
forming  a  part  of  the  disk  (Figs.  216,  217,  218). 

Turn  to  pages  186  to  191,  and  observe  that  the  orders 
of  flowering  plants  are  divided  into  the  following  groups, 
according  to  the  characters  of  cohesion  and  adhesion  they 
exhibit  : 

1.  Inferior  Polypetalous  Exogens.* 

2.  Discifloral  Polypetalous  Exogens. 

3.  Superior  Polypetalous  Exogens. 

4.  Superior  Monopetalous  Exogens. 

5.  Inferior    Monopetalous     Exogens    with     Regular 
Flowers. 

6.  Inferior    Monopetalous    Exogens    with    Irregular 
Flowers. 

7.  Apetalous  Exogens  with  Perfect  Flowers. 

8.  Apetalous  Exogens  with  Imperfect  Flowers. 

9.  Superior  Endogens. f 

10.  Inferior  Endogens. 

11.  Gymnosperms.J 

*  Outside-growers.  Stems  that  grow  by  an  annual  addition  of  a 
ring  of  wood  outside  the  previous  wood,  and  hence  they  are  called 
Exogens  (from  two  Greek  words  signifying  outside  growers}.  All  the 
trees  and  large  shrubs  of  temperate  and  cold  climates  are  exogenous  in 
their  growth.  Multitudes  of  herbaceous  plants  are  also  classed  as  exo- 
gens. They  may  be  known  by  their  venation.  All  plants  with  net- 
veined  leaves  are  exogens.  The  seeds  of  exogenous  plants  contain  a 
two-leaved  embryo  (see  Ex.  X),  and  are  hence  called  dicotyledonous 
plants. 

f  Inside-growers.  Stems  that  grow  by  the  addition  of  new  wood 
directed  toward  their  interior.  All  plants  with  parallel-veined  leaves 
are  endogens.  Their  seeds  also  contain  a  one-leaved  embryo,  whence 
the  name  monocotyledonous  plants. 

\  See  page  161. 
5 


CHAPTER   FOURTH. 

COMPARING  AND   CLASSIFYING  PLANTS. 


EXERCISE    XXVIII. 
Plant  Characters  and  Affinities. 

You  are  now  to  take  a  step  forward  in  the  study  oi 
plants.  Having  acquired  considerable  knowledge  of  their 
parts  by  direct  observation,  you  will  begin  to  compare 
them— to  note  the  resemblances  and  differences  of  whole 
plants,  and,  by  these  resemblances,  to  arrange  or  group 
them  in  a  systematic  way.  This  is  classification 


COMPARING  AND   CLASSIFYING  PLANTS. 


73 


You  have  been  classifying  the  parts  of  plants  ever  since 
you  commenced  observing  them.  For  instance,  those  with 
parallel-veined  leaves  have  been  classed  by  themselves, 
and  those  with  flowers  in  umbels  have  been  classed  to- 
gether, and  kept  distinct  from  such  as  blossom  in  heads 
and  panicles ;  but  your  groupings  have  thus  far  been  made 
upon  single  features  of  plants.  Now,  however,  you  know 
their  parts  so  well  that  you  can  begin  to  compare  whole 
plants  with  each  other. 

If,  for  example,  you  have  put  into  one  group  all  square- 
stemmed  plants,  simply  because  they  have  square  stems,  it 
is  time  to  consider  whether  these  plants  are  alike  in  other 
respects.  "  Oh,  yes,"  some  of  you  will  say  ;  "  they  have 
opposite  leaves."  Well,  look  at  their  inflorescence  ;  do 
they  all  agree  in  that  ?  Is  it  always  axillary  ?  Are  the 
flowers  similar  in  all  the  square-stemmed  plants  you  know? 
When  you  have  answered  these  questions,  you  will  under- 
stand what  I  mean  by  studying  plants  as  wholes. 

Provide  yourself  with  the  following  plants  :  The  but- 
tercup (which  is  found  almost  everywhere),  the  wild  col- 
umbine, and  the  poppy.  If  the  columbine  is  not  to  be 
found,  get  monk's-hood,  or  larkspur,  or  anemone,  and  pro- 
ceed with  them  in  the  way  pointed  out  for  the  columbine. 
If  the  poppy  can  not  be  found,  you  might  substitute  blood- 
root  or  celandine.  Having  got  the  plants,  proceed  accord- 
ing to  the  plan  laid  down,  and  do  not  accept  the  statements 
or  conclusions  of  the  book,  unless,  on  comparing  them  with 
your  own  plants,  you  see  that  they  are  true. 

There  are  two  botanical  expressions  of  which,  at  the 
outset,  you  should  learn  the  meaning.  One  of  these  is  the 
characters  of  plants,  and  the  other  the  affinities  of  plants. 
And,  first,  what  is  meant  by  plant-characters  ? 

If  you  will  describe  a  buttercup,  I  think  we  can  easily 
find  just  what  is  meant. 

You  say,  "  CALYX,  sepals,  5,  polysepalous,  inferior  ; 
COROLLA,  petals,  5,  polypetalous,  hypogynous  ;  STAMENS, 


74  BOTANY. 

many,  hypogynous ;  PISTIL,  carpels,  many,  apocarpous, 
superior.  It  has  simple,  exstipulate,  alternate  divided 
leaves ;  petiole  spreading  at  base  ;  stem,  erect ;  flowers,  in 
a  loose  cluster  ;  juice,  watery,  acrid." 

Now,  this  is  a  description  of  a  particular  buttercup, 
and  yet  it  applies  to  all  buttercups.  Are  all  buttercups, 
therefore,  exactly  alike  ?  By  no  means.  They  differ  in 
size,  shape,  thriftiness,  number  of  blossoms,  etc.  ;  but,  in 
our  botanical  description,  we  do  not  record  these  indi- 
vidual peculiarities. 

Well,  the  points  of  form  and  structure  in  which  all 
buttercups  agree — that  is,  their  permanent  features — are 
called  by  botanists  the  characters  of  the  buttercup.  All 
such  unchanging  features  of  plants  are  plant-characters.  A 
plant  is  an  assemblage  of  characters,  and  the  description 
of  a  plant  is  but  a  list  of  its  characters. 

Now,  it  is  by  comparing  groups  of  characters  that  we 
reach  the  idea  of  affinities.  If,  as  we  have  seen,  each  plant 
bears  a  fixed  group  of  characters,  the  resemblance  of  one 
plant  to  another  is  only  the  resemblance  of  one  group  of 
characters  to  another.  Let  us  make  such  a  comparison 
between  the  buttercup  and  the  columbine. 

Do  not  rely  upon  the  descriptions  in  the  book,  but 
make  similar  tables  yourself. 


BUTTERCUP. — Flower. 
Calyx. — Sepals,  5,  polysepalous, 
inferior. 

Corolla. — Petals,  5,  polypeta- 
lous,  hypogynous,  obcordate, 
yellow. 

Stamens. —  oo,  hypogynous. 

Pistil. — Carpels,  oo,  apocar- 
pous, superior. 


CCLUMBINE.  —Flower. 

Calyx. — Sepals,  5,  polysepalous, 
inferior,  colored  like  the  pet- 
als. 

Corolla.— Petals,  5,  polypeta- 
lous,  hypogynous,  spurred, 
red. 

Stamens. —  oo,  hypogynous. 

Pistil. — Carpels,  5,  apocarpous, 
superior. 


Comparing  the  above  lists,  you  see  agreements  and 
differences.     The  calyx  and  corolla  of  one  plant  agree 


COMPARING  AND   CLASSIFYING  PLANTS.      75 

with  those  of  the  other  in  number  of  parts  and  in  the 
position  of  parts.  They  differ  only  in  color  and  outline. 
The  stamens  of  one  are  like  those  of  the  other  in  being 
numerous  and  hypogynous.  The  pistils  agree  in  structure, 
but  differ  in  the  number  of  carpels.  If  you  compare  the 
leaves,  stems,  inflorescence,  etc.,  you  also  get  a  list  of  their 
resemblances  and  differences.  This  is  comparing  plants 
by  the  groups  of  characters  they  present. 

These  resemblances  of  character  among  plants  are  called 
their  affinities. 

The  degree  of  affinity  between  plants  depends  upon 
two  circumstances  :  First,  upon  the  kind  of  characters  in 
which  they  agree  ;  and,  second,  upon  the  number  of  char- 
acters in  which  they  agree. 

The  characters  of  plants  differ  in  importance.  Color, 
size,  and  odor,  being  usually  more  variable  than  position 
and  number,  they  are  said  to  be  less  important  than  these. 
The  characters  of  the  leaf,  for  the  same  reason,  are  not 
usually  as  important  as  those  of  the  flower.  In  the  be- 
ginning of  study,  you  may  assume  that  those  plants  have 
the  strongest  affinities  that  resemble  each  other  most  in 
the  characters  recorded  in  the  cohesion  and  adhesion  col- 
umns of  the  schedule. 

To  make  this  plainer,  compare  the  poppy  and  buttercup, 
as,  before,  you  compared  the  columbine  and  buttercup. 


BUTTERCUP. 

Calyx. — Sepals,  5,  polysepalous, 
inferior. 

Corolla. — Petals,  5,  polypeta- 
lous,  hypogynous. 

Stamens. — Polyandrous,  hypo- 
gynous. 

Pistil. — Carpels,  many,  apo- 
carpous, superior. 

Leaves. — Net-veined,  divided. 

Juice. — Watery. 


POPPY. 

Calyx.— Sepals,  2,  polysepalous, 
inferior. 

Corolla. — Petals,  4,  polypeta- 
lous,  hypogynous. 

Stamens. — Polyandrous,  hypo- 
gynous. 

Pistil. — Carpels,  many,  syn- 
carpous,  superior. 

Leaves. — Net-veined,  divided. 

Juice. — Milky. 


76  BOTANY. 

To  find  which  has  the  strongest  affinity  for  the  butter- 
cup, the  columbine  or  the  poppy,  all  that  is  necessary,  at 
present,  is,  to  ascertain  which  of  them  is  nearest  like  the 
buttercup  in  respect  to  cohesion  and  adhesion  of  the  parts 
of  the  flower.  , 

On  examination,  you  see  that  the  columbine,  like  the 
buttercup,  is  perfectly  destitute  of  cohesion,  while  in  the 
poppy  you  have  a  coherent,  or  syncarpous,  pistil.  This 
settles  the  question.  The  affinity  of  the  columbine  for 
the  buttercup  is  greater  than  the  affinity  of  the  poppy  for 
the  buttercup. 

If  you  compare  their  leaves,  you  will  find  those  of  the 
poppy  more  like  buttercup-leaves  than  are  those  of  the 
columbine,  but  differences  in  leaf-structure  do  not  usu- 
ally signify  as  much  in  classification  as  differences  in  the 
pistil. 

Compare,  in  the  same  way,  the  hollyhock  and  the 
Saint-John's-wort  with  mallows,  and  decide  which  has  the 
strongest  affinity  for  the  mallows. 

Compare  the  flower  of  the  locust  and  of  the  geranium 
with  that  of  the  pea  or  bean. 

I  mention  these  plants,  not  because  they  are  useful 
above  all  others  for  your  purpose,  but  to  start  you  in  the 
work.  It  really  matters  little  what  plants  you  take,  if  you 
only  carefully  compare  the  group  of  characters  of  each 
one  with  that  of  the  others,  and  endeavor  to  discover  the 
affinities  they  present. 

EXERCISE    XXIX. 
How  to  begin  Classification. 

If  you  have  made  the  comparisons  pointed  out  in  Ex. 
XXVIII,  you  are  prepared  for  an  explanation  of  the  plan 
by  which  you  are  to  begin  to  classify  plants.  As  we  made 
use  of  the  buttercup  and  columbine  to  learn  the  meaning 
of  affinity  in  botany,  a  little  further  statement  about  them 


COMPARING  AND   CLASSIFYING  PLANTS.      77 

will,  perhaps,  be  helpful  before  we  pass  to  the  regular  work 
of  the  exercise. 

The  buttercup  thrives  best  in  low,  damp  places.  It  is 
like  frogs  in  this  respect ;  and,  because  of  this,  it  is  named 
after  them.  Its  botanical  name  is  Ranunculus,  from  Rana, 
a  frog.  The  Ranunculus  has  certain  characters  with  which 
you  are  familiar.  Now,  when  you  find  other  plants  which 
are  very  much  like  it,  that  is,  which  present  nearly  the 
same  group  of  characters,  particularly  those  of  cohesion 
and  adhesion,  you  class  them  with  it,  you  say  they  belong 
with  the  buttercup  ;  or,  in  more  botanical  language,  they 
belong  to  the  Ranunculaceae.  In  some  regions  this  plant, 
from  the  form  of  its  leaf,  is  called  the  Crowfoot,  and 
plants  closely  resembling  it  are  said,  therefore,  to  belong 
to  the  Crowfoot  family.  Now,  the  resemblance  of  the 
columbine  to  the  buttercup  entitles  it  to  belong  to  the 
Ranunculaceae.  The  monk's-hood  and  larkspur  also  be- 
long to  the  same  family,  and  this  will  give  you  some  idea 
of  the  degree  of  similarity  that  should  exist  between  mem- 
bers of  one  family. 

Our  object  in  the  present  exercise  is,  to  fix  upon  a 
method  by  which  to  begin  the  work  of  classifying  plants, 
by  comparing  the  groups  of  characters  they  present,  and 
putting  together  those  that  are  most  alike. 

Get  a  pocket  note-book.  Write  in  it,  boldly  and  plain- 
ly, the  flower-schedules  of  the  following  plants  :  Butter- 
cup, shepherd's -purse,  mustard  or  radish,  catchfly,  mal- 
lows, Saint-John's-wort,  clover,  pea  or  bean,  wild  rose, 
strawberry,  geranium,  violet,  morning-glory. 

Now,  why  have  we  put  these  particular  schedules  into 
the  note-book  ?  Compare  them  with  each  other.  Do  you 
not  see  that  the  statements  in  the  cohesion  and  adhesion 
columns  are  widely  unlike  ?  This  is  why  we  have  chosen 
them.  They  are  so  many  different  examples  of  the  make- 
up of  flowers,  and  you  have  simply  to  compare  each  flower 
you  describe  with  one  and  another  of  these  examples,  to 


78  BOTANY. 

see  which  it  most  resembles.  If  unlike  them  all,  then  set 
up  your  new  acquaintance  as  another  example,  and  see 
if  you  can  find  any  similar  plants  in  the  course  of  the 
summer.  So,  do  not  confine  yourself  to  comparisons  be- 
tween your  specimens  and  the  patterns  in  your  note-book. 
Compare  them  freely  with  each  other,  and  you  will  soon 
have  many  little  collections  of  plants  bearing  very  strong 
resemblances  to  each  other. 

Your  thought  will  be  something  like  this  :  While  you 
are  observing  and  describing  a  plant,  you  will  ask  your- 
self, "  Have  I  ever  before  described  one  like  this  in  the 
matters  of  cohesion  and  adhesion  ?  "  If  you  can  think  of 
none,  you  will  try  to  recall  those  nearest  like  it.  By  pur- 
suing this  plan,  you  will  be  surprised  to  find  how  quickly 
many  of  the  plants  of  a  region,  that  were  never  before 
thought  of  as  at  all  alike,  fall  into  company  on  the  ground 
of  these  deeper  resemblances  which  your  studies  have  led 
you  to  discover. 

The  reason  why  you  are  set  systematically  to  classify- 
ing plants  now,  and  have  not  been  asked  to  do  it  before, 
is,  that  among  the  characters  of  plants  that  belong  to  roots, 
leaves,  stems,  etc.,  there  are  none  that  are  so  uniform 
throughout  large  numbers  of  different  plants  as  these  feat- 
ures of  cohesion  and  adhesion  in  flowers.  Since  you  be- 
gan to  observe  plants,  you  have  not  been  taught  to  notice 
any  points  of  structure  that  would  serve  so  well  for  unit- 
ing plants  into  groups,  the  members  of  which  are  truly  and 
somewhat  nearly  related  to  each  other. 

But  the  grounds  on  which  you  are  to  begin  to  classify 
plants,  although  important,  and,  in  many  cases,  quite  suffi- 
cient, are  not  the  only  ones  on  which  classification  is  based. 
Though  they  may  sometimes  be  found  too  narrow,  yet  you 
must  begin  somewhere,  and  to  make  your  beginning  as 
free  as  possible  from  complexities,  you  start  with  the  feat- 
ures named  in  the  flower-schedule.  In  working  with  this, 
much  of  your  experience  will  be  clear  and  satisfactory, 


COMPARING  AND   CLASSIFYING  PLANTS.      ;9 

but  you  may  meet  with  difficulties.  By-and-by,  however, 
the  subject  will  be  resumed,  and,  if  you  have  sometimes 
been  confused  and  puzzled  in  classifying  by  the  flower- 
schedule  alone,  new  ideas  will  be  all  the  more  welcome. 

Students  who  have  the  botanical  charts  will  find  them 
very  helpful  in  the  work  of  classification.  Upon  these 
charts  there  are  pictured  in  the  colors  of  Nature  some 
forty  pattern-plants,  magnified,  and  shown  in  section,  so 
that  their  structure  is  easily  seen.  These  plants  have  been 
selected  because  the  differences  they  present  are  just  those 
broad  contrasts  that  separate  groups  of  plants  in  Nature. 
At  this  stage  of  your  study,  while  your  thoughts  are  con- 
fined to  the  features  of  the  flower-schedule,  the  first,  sec- 
ond, third,  and  fifth  charts  present  plants  of  all  varieties 
in  these  respects.  Their  great  value  lies  in  the  distinct- 
ness of  the  idea  they  give  as  to  how  pattern-plants  are 
constructed. 

The  work  of  classification  being  now  entered  upon,  it 
will  be  resumed,  from  time  to  time,  with  further  explana- 
tions as  we  proceed,  particularly  when  we  come  to  study 
such  groups  of  plants  as  the  grains  and  grasses,  the  cone- 
bearing  plants,  the  Composite,  familiarly  known  as  com- 
pound flowers,  the  Umbelliferae,  etc.  These  striking  natu- 
ral orders  will  introduce  us  to  new  principles  in  judging 
of  affinities,  and  pupils  who  are  specially  fond  of  this  part 
of  the  study,  and  are  apt  in  tracing  resemblances,  will  do 
well  to  look  over  the  chapters  upon  these  plants  without 
waiting  to  reach  them  in  the  course  of  regular  study. 

There  is  often,  among  both  teachers  and  pupils,  an 
aversion  to  skipping  about.  The  idea  of  thoroughness 
with  them  seems  to  imply  moving  steadily  on  from  page 
to  page  of  a  book,  without  ever  deviating  from  its  order. 
But  in  such  a  science  as  botany  it  is  not  necessary  to  pro- 
ceed in  this  way.  The  subject  can  not  be  marked  off 
sharply  into  parts  that  must  be  learned  in  a  certain  order. 
Of  course,  plant-characters  must  be  known  before  they 


80  BOTANY. 

can  be  used  in  classification  ;  but,  when  a  few  are  known, 
they  may  be  at  once  put  to  service.  A  pupil  can  not  do 
better  than  to  acquaint  himself  with  the  group  of  crucifer- 
ous plants  as  soon  as  the  special  characters  that  belong  to 
this  group  are  familiar.  Any  group  of  plants  may  be  clas- 
sified as  soon  as  the  characters  upon  which  it  is  founded 
are  fairly  known.  To  get  a  knowledge  of  classification 
requires  much  time,  and  its  study  should,  therefore,  be 
commenced  at  the  earliest  possible  moment. 

There  is  another  reason  for  skipping  about,  which  will 
be  at  once  appreciated.  It  is  this  :  Plants  have  their  time 
to  flower,  and  their  flowers  must  be  studied  at  that  time. 
For  example  :  the  Coniferae  blossom  in  spring,  and  spring 
is  the  time  to  study  them.  Stamens  may  be  found  through- 
out the  entire  season,  and  so  may  be  studied  at  any  time. 
It  would  be  folly,  therefore,  to  let  the  period  pass  in  which 
the  Coniferse  might  be  studied,  because  you  "  hadn't  come 
to  them  "  in  the  book,  and  pursue  the  study  of  stamens 
because  they  are  next  in  order.  Again,  the  characters  of 
orchids  are  illustrated  by  a  plant  which  has  its  season,  and 
the  time  to  study  orchids  is  when  this  plant  makes  its  ap- 
pearance. 


CHAPTER   FIFTH. 

THE  MINUTE  STUDY  OF  THE  ESSENTIAL  ORGANS 
OF  PLANTS, 


1 


or  Cell. 


EXERCISE  XXX. 
Parts  of  Stamens. 

IN  Fig.  219  you  see  the  parts  of  a  well-formed  stamen. 
The  ANTHER-LOBE  is  the  cell  which  holds  the  pollen  (Fig. 
219).     CONNECTIVE,  a  continuation  of  the  filament  which 
unites  the  two  lobes  of  the  an- 
ther.      It   is  Often  inCOnSpicUOUS  [{  \-   Connective. 

or  absent,  but  is  sometimes  easi-    Anther 

.  Anther-     __£•[      _JU._.  Anther-Lobe, 

ly  seen  (Fig.  219).    VALVES,  the      Lobe-  '' 
sides  of  an  anther-lobe. 

LINE  OR  POINT  OF  DEHIS- 
CENCE. — The  opening  through 
which  the  pollen  escapes. 

Do  you  see  in  your  specimen  FIG 

a  groove  down  the  middle  of  the 

anther  on  one  of  its  sides  ?  Is  there  anything  like  a  ridge 
on  the  other  side  of  the  anther,  opposite  the  groove  ?  Can 
you  divide  the  anther  at  this  place  without  coming  upon 
the  pollen  ?  What  name  is  given  to  this  part  of  the  anther 
in  Fig.  219  ?  What  are  the  two  halves  it  connects  called  ? 

Look  at  your  living  anther  for  the  line  along  each  lobe, 
called  the  line  of  dehiscence. 

It  may  help  the  learner  in  forming  a  distinct  idea  of 
these  different  parts  of  the  anther,  to  know  that  the  sta- 


82 


BOTANY. 


men  is  looked  upon  by  botanists  as  a  sort  of  leaf,  the  fila- 
ment answering  to  the  petiole,  and  the  anther  to  the  blade 
The  connective  corresponds  to  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  and 
the  line  of  dehiscence  to  its  margin,  each  lobe  being  half 
of  a  leaf-blade,  and  the  valves  of  an  anther  corresponding 
to  the  upper  and  under  sides  of  a  leaf. 

Examine  the  anthers  of  as  many  different  flowers  as 
possible,  and  try  to  find  the  cells,  connective,  line  of  dehis- 
cence, valves.  Do  not  be  disappointed  or  discouraged  if, 
in  many  cases,  you  fail  to  distinguish  some  of  the  parts. 

Gather  flowers  with  large,  perfect  stamens,  which  have 
not  shed  their  pollen,  and  compare  them  with  Fig.  219. 

Look  at  the  magnified  stamens  on  the  charts,  and  find, 
if  you  can,  the  parts  of  the  anther  named  in  this  exercise. 

EXERCISE    XXXI. 
Number  and  Shape  of  Anther-Lobes. 
An  anther-lobe  is  said  to  be  EMARGINATE  when  the 
summit,  or   base,  of  the   anther-cell  extends  upward  or 
downward,  a  little  beyond  the  connective  (Fig.  226). 

NUMBER  OF  ANTHER-LOBES. 


FIG.  220. 
One-celled  Anther. 


FIG.  221. 
Two-celled  Anther. 


FIG.  222. 
Four-celled  Anther. 


Label  each  flower  of  your  collection  with  the  number 
and  shape  of  the  anther-cells  of  its  stamens. 


THE  ESSENTIAL   ORGANS  OF  PLANTS.       83 

SHAPE  OF  ANTHER-LOBES. 


FIG.  225. 

Kidney-shaped 

Anther. 


FIG.  227. 
Sinuous  Anthers. 


FIG.  224. 
Oblong  Anthers. 


FIG.  223. 

Arro  w-sh  aped 

Anther. 


FIG.  226. 
Emarginate  Anthers. 


Find  upon  the  charts  one-celled  anthers,  two-celled 
anthers,  four-celled  anthers. 

EXERCISE    XXXII. 
Dehiscence  of  the  Anther. 

VERTICAL  OR  LONGITUDINAL  DEHISCENCE.  —  When 
the  anther  opens  by  a  slit  along  its  length  to  emit  the  pol- 
len (Fig.  228). 

TRANSVERSE. — When  the  line  of  dehiscence  is  across 
the  anther  (Fig.  229). 

POROUS. — When  the  anthers  emit  the  pollen  through 
little  pores  (Fig.  230). 

VALVULAR. — When  a  portion  of  the  anther  is  lifted  up 
to  emit  the  pollen  (Figs.  231  and  232). 

What  modes  of  dehiscence  of  anther-cells  are  shown 
upon  the  charts?  In  describing  the  stamens,  name  the 
kind  of  dehiscence  the  anther  exhibits. 


84 


BOTANY. 


FIG.  228.  FIG,  229. 

Vertical,          Transverse, 
or  Longi- 
tudinal. 


FIG.  232, 
Valvular. 


EXERCISE    XXXIII. 
Introrse  and  Extrorse  Anthers. 

The  projecting  side  of  the  anther-cell  is  called  its  face, 
and  the  opposite  side  its  back,  whether  the  valves  are  un- 
equal or  not. 

When  the  valves  of  the  anther  are  of  equal  size,  the 
dehiscence  will  occur  laterally  (Fig.  235)  ;  but,  if  one  valve 
be  wider  than  the  other,  it  will  throw  the  line  of  dehiscence 


FIG.  233.— Face. 


FIG.  234.— Back. 


FIG.  235. — Lateral 
Dehiscence. 


nearer  to  the  connective  on  one  side  than  on  the  other. 
These  narrowed  valves  are  usually  on  the  face  or  project- 
ing side  of  the  anther-cell  (Fig.  233). 


THE   ESSENTIAL   ORGANS  OF  PLANTS.      85 


It  is  on  the  other  side  that  the  connective  is  usually 
visible,  if  seen  at  all,  and  that  the  filament  is  in  most  cases 
attached  (Fig.  234). 


FIG.  236. — Introrse  Anthers. 


Facing  the  Corolla. 

FIG.  237.  FIG.  238. 

Extrorse  Anthers.      Extrorse  Anthers. 


Anthers  are  INTRORSE  when  the  line  of  dehiscence,  or 
face  of  the  anther,  is  toward  the  pistil  (Fig.  236). 

Anthers  are  EXTRORSE  when  the  line  of  dehiscence,  or 
face  of  the  anther,  is  turned  toward  the  corolla  (Figs.  237 
and  238). 

Look  over  the  charts  for  examples  of  extrorse  and 
introrse  anthers.  Observe  this  feature  when  you  study 
flowers. 

EXERCISE    XXXIV. 
Attachment  of  Filament  to  Anther. 

INNATE. — Anthers  are  innate,  or  basifixed,  when  the  fila- 
>nt  runs  directly  into  the  base  of  the  connective  (Figs. 
239,  240,  and  244). 

ADNATE. — Anthers  are  adnate,  or  dorsifixed,  when  the 
filament  runs  up  the  back  of  the  anther,  joining  the  con- 
nective in  such  a  way  that  the  anther  is  hung  in  front  of 
it  (Figs.  241  and  242). 

VERSATILE. — If  the  filament  is  attached  by  a  slender 
apex  to  the  middle  of  the  anther,  the  ends  of  which  swing 


86 


BOTANY. 


freely  up  and  down,  the  attachment  is  said  to  be  versatile 
(Fig.  243). 

The  modes  of  attachment,  pictured  and  named  above, 


FIG.  239. — Innate. 


shade  into  each  other,  so  that,  in  practice,  it  is  often  diffi- 
cult to  determine  them.     The  versatile  passes  into  the  ad- 


FIG.  244. 
Basifixed. 


FIG.  245. 
Dorsifixed. 


FIG.  246. 
Apsifixed. 


FIG.  243. — Versatile. 


nate,  and  the  adnate  into  the  innate,  and  a  nice  exercise 
of  judgment  is  sometimes  needed  in  describing  this  feature 
of  flowers. 


THE  ESSENTIAL   ORGANS  OF  PLANTS.       87 

Find  these  several  modes  of  attachment  on  the  charts. 
Determine  and  describe  the  mode  of  attachment  in  each 
of  your  living  specimens. 

EXERCISE   XXXV. 
.Forms  of  Filaments. 

FILIFORM  filaments  are  thread-like,  as  the  name  de- 
notes, but  strong  enough  to  support  the  anther  (Fig. 

239)- 

SUBULATE  filaments  taper  like  an  awl  (Fig.  247). 

CAPILLARY  filaments  are  hair-like,  and  too  slender  to 
support  the  anther  (Fig.  248). 

DILATED  filaments  are  flattened  out  like  Fig.  249. 

PETALOID  filaments  resemble  petals  in  form,  and  bear 
the  anther  at  the  summit,  as  seen  in  Figs.  250  and  251. 


FIG.  247. 
Subulate. 


FIG.  248, 
Capillary 


FIG.  249. 
Dilated. 


FIG.  253. 
Bidentate. 


BIDENTATE,  or  BICUSPID,  filaments  are  toothed  at  the 
summit  or  at  the  base,  as  seen  in  Figs.  252  and  253. 

Find  examples  of  the  several  kinds  of  filaments  upon 
the  charts.  Describe  the  different  forms  of  filaments  in 
your  collection  of  plants. 


88 


BOTANY. 


EXERCISE    XXXVI. 
Structure  and  Forms  of  Pollen. 

The  pollen-grain  is  generally  composed  of  two  mem- 
branes, or  coats,  filled  with  a  thick  liquid  substance  con- 
taining minute  grains,  which  is  its  essential  portion.  The 
outer  coat  is  frequently  marked  with  bands,  lines,  and 


FIG. 


FIG.  255. 


FIG.  256. 


grooves,  or  covered  with  bristling  points  (Fig.  254).  The 
inner  coat  is  very  thin,  and  swells  when  wet.  If  you 
moisten  pollen-grains,  you  may  often  see,  with  a  micro- 
scope, the  expanded  inner  coat  protruding  through  open- 
ings in  the  outer  coat. 

EXTINE. — The  outer  coat  of  a  pollen-grain,  usually 
with  openings,  or  very  thin  in  certain  places  (Figs.  254 
and  255). 


-  Fovilla. 


Intine 


Exline. 


FIG.  257. 


FIG.  258.— Pollinia. 


FIG.  260. 


INTINE. — The  inner  coat  of  a  pollen-grain,  very  thin, 
tough,  and  elastic,  often  seen  protruding  through  holes  in 
the  extine  (Figs.  255  and  256). 


THE  ESSENTIAL   ORGANS  OF  PLANTS.       89 

FOVILLA.  —  The  rich  protoplasmic  liquid  contained 
within  the  intine  (Fig.  257). 

POLLINIA. — Pollen-grains  cohering  in  masses.  In  Fig. 
258  they  are  in  pairs,  and  are  furnished  with  stalk-like 
processes ;  but  in  some  plants  they  are  single,  and  without 
a  stalk. 

Pollen-grains  display  a  great  variety  of  shapes.  Besides 
the  round  and  oblong  (Figs.  259  and  260),  you  will  find 
them  angular,  lobed,  and  joined  together  in  various  ways 
(compound  pollen)  by  threes,  fours,  and  even  larger  num- 
bers. 

Look  at  the  various  forms  of  pollen  pictured  upon  the 
charts. 

Examine  the  pollen  of  flowers  with  your  magnifying- 
glass,  and  note  the  shape  of  the  grains,  and  the  kind  of 
surface  they  present.  Observe  the  moistened  pollen  of 
various  plants  under  the  microscope. 


EXERCISE   XXXVII. 
Forms  of  Connective. 

APPENDICULAR. — When  the  connective,  ex- 
tending above  or  below  the  anther,  takes  the 
form  of  a  feather,  or  a  lengthened  point,  or 


FIG.  261.    FIG.  262.        FIG.  263. 
Appendicular. 


FIG.  264.        FIG.  265. 
Connective,  widened. 


9o 


BOTANY. 


a  fleshy  mass,  or  spur-like  appendages,  or  stipules  (Figs. 
261,  262,  and  263),  it  is  said  to  be  appendicular. 

When  one  lobe  of  an  anther  is  abortive,  or  suppressed, 
the  anther  is  said  to  be  dimidiate.  Fig.  266  represents  a 
dimidiate  anther  and  a  connective  developed  into  arms, 
so  that  the  lobes  are  entirely  disconnected. 

Observe  the  abortive  anther-lobe  of  Fig.  266.  The 
entire  stamen,  as  well  as  each  of  its  parts,  is  liable 

to    suppression,    abortion, 

Anther  jj  or  imperfect  development. 

The    symmetry    of    flow- 
ers is  often  destroyed  in 
f.. — connective,     this  way.     In  some  plants 
the   non  -  development    of 
organs  that  exist  in  the  ru- 
-Fiiament.       dimentary  state  is  a  con- 
stant character,  and  should 
be  regarded  in  describing 

FIG.  266.— Dimidiate. 

them. 

Observe  the  figures  on  the  chart  which  illustrate  these 
forms  of  connective.  Look  over  the  flowers  of  your  col- 
lections, and  in  future  describe  the  form  of  connective 
when  you  can  distinguish  it. 

EXERCISE    XXXVIII. 
General  Features  of  Stamens. 

EXSERTED. — Stamens  are  said  to  be  exserted  when  they 
extend  beyond  the  corolla  (Fig.  267). 

INCLUDED. — When  the  stamens  are  not  as  long  as  the 
corolla,  they  are  said  to  be  included  (Fig.  268). 

The  entire  whorl  of  stamens  is  called  the  andrcecium. 

When  the  filament  is  wanting,  the  anther  is  described  as 
sessile. 

When  the  anther  is  wanting,  the  stamen  is  said  to  be 
sterile. 


THE  ESSENTIAL    ORGANS  OF  PLANTS. 


91 


FIG.  268. 

Converging  stamens  are  said  to  be 
connivent. 

In  observing  and  describing  sta- 
FIG.  267.  mens,  the  following  questions  will  be 

found  useful  by  calling  attention  to 
the  several  characters  pointed  out  in  the  present  chap- 
ter : 

Parts  ?     Number  of  anther-lobes  ?     Shape  of   anther- 
lobes  ?     Attachment  of   filament   and  anther?      Facing? 


Form  of  filament  ?     Form  of  pollen  ? 
ive  ?     General  features. 


Form  of  connect- 


CHAPTER   SIXTH. 

THE  PISTIL. 


EXERCISE    XXXIX. 
Kinds  of  Style  and  Stigma. 


FIG.  273.— Trifid. 


FIG.  270. 
Sessile  and  Lateral.      FIG.  271.— Bifid.     FIG.  272.— Tiifid. 


FIG.  276, 

Lobsd. 
FIG.  274.— Scrolled  FIG.  275.— GLbosa. 

NAME  the  kinds  of  stigma  shown  on  the  chart. 


THE  PISTIL. 


93 


EXERCISE    XL. 
Form  and  Position  of  Style 


FIG.  277. 
Sigmoid. 


FIG.  278. 
Lateral. 


FIG.  279. 
Basal. 


FIG.  280. 
Terminal. 


The  shapes  of  styles  may  be  named  by  the  same  words 
as  the  shapes  of  filaments. 

Observe,  in  faded  flowers  and  young  fruit,  whether  the 
styles  are  persistent  or  deciduous. 

EXERCISE   XLI. 
Pistil,  Ovary,  Fruit. 

It  will  be  convenient  to  apply  the  following  names  to 
certain  distinctions  among  pistils  with  which  pupils  are 
now  familiar  : 

A  COMPOUND  PISTIL  (Fig.  281)  consists  of  several 
united  carpels — is  syncarpous. 


FIG.  281. 
A  Compound  Pistil. 


FIG.  282. 
A  Simple  Pistil. 


A  SIMPLE  PISTIL  (Fig.  282)  consists  of  only  a  single 
carpel,  and  is,  of  course,  apocarpous. 


94 


BOTANY. 


FIG.  283. 
Multiple  Pistil. 


FIG.  284. 
Multiple  Pistil. 


A  MULTIPLE  PISTIL  (Figs.  283  and 
284)  consists  of  several  distinct  carpels — 
is  also  apocarpous. 

Pluck  from  the  pea  or  bean  vine  pods 
of  different  ages  and  com- 
pare them.  The  soft, 
small  bodies  in  the  young 
pods  are  called  ovules. 
The  ripe,  full-grown  con- 
tents of  the  mature  pod 
are  seeds.  Pod  and  con- 
tents form  the  fruit.  The 
fruit  of  a  plant  is  its  rip- 
ened ovary.  Find  the 
ovules  of  unripe  apples, 

tomatoes,  cucumbers,  etc.     Count  the  carpels  in  all  the 
ovaries  you  examine. 

Look  among  dry  pea  or  bean  pods  for  those  that 
have  begun  to  open.  Examine  the  edges  of  the  separate 
parts. 

DEHIS'CENCE  is  the  self-opening  of  an  ovary  at  ma- 
turity. 

A  SUTURE  is  the  line  along  which  dehiscence  occurs 
(Figs.  31.7,  319). 

VENTRAL  SUTURE  —  the  inner  suture  of  a  carpel 
looking  toward  the  center  of  the  flower.  In  the  pea  and 
bean  it  is  the  suture  along  which  the  ovules  are  attached 
(Fig.  314). 

DORSAL  SUTURE — the  outer  suture.  Besides  dehiscent 
ovaries,  which  open  of  themselves,  find  indehiscent  ones. 

DISSEP'IMENTS— the  partitions  between  the  cells  of  syn- 
carpous  ovaries  (Figs.  291-318). 

PARIETES — the  walls  of  the  ovary. 
Axis — the  central  part  of   an  ovary.     In    compound 
ovaries  it  is  where  the  ventral  sutures  join  together.    Find 
the  axis  in  Figs.  291-318. 


THE  PISTIL.  95 

VALVES — the  parts  into  which  carpels  separate  by  de- 
hiscence  (Fig.  319). 

PLACENTA — the  cord  along  the  ventral  suture  to  which 
ovules  are  attached. 

Point  out  and  name  the  various  kinds  of  pistil  shown 
upon  the  charts. 

EXERCISE    XLII. 
The  Structure  of  Ovaries. 

Whether  a  pistil  is  simple,  multiple,  or  compound,  each 
carpel  may  be  looked  upon  as  a  single  leaf.  The  simple 
pistil  of  the  pea,  for  instance,  may  be  regarded  as  the 
blade  of  a  leaf  folded  at  the  midrib,  so  that  its  inner  por- 
tion answers  to  the  upper  face  of  a  leaf,  and  its  outer  por- 
tion to  the  under  face.  Its  dorsal  suture  will  correspond 
to  the  midrib,  and  its  ventral  suture  to  the  margin  of  the 
leaf. 

To  make  this  plainer,  take  any  strong  oblong  leaf  (Fig. 
285),  and  fashion  it  into  a  carpel,  like  the  pea-pod,  taking 
the  upper  part  of  the  leaf  for  the  inner  part  of  the  carpel. 
Fold  in  the  margins  slightly  to  represent  the  placentae 
(Fig.  286).  If  the  fold  will  not  stay  in  place,  take  a  stitch 
or  two  along  it  with  a  needle  and  thread.  Now  fold  it 
together  at  the  midrib  (Fig.  287),  and  compare  it  with  a 
pea-pod.  Find  the  valves  ;  the  dorsal  and  ventral  por- 
tions ;  the  stigma ;  the  base. 

Gather  old,  faded  pea-blossoms,  in  which  the  ovary  is 
somewhat  enlarged,  and  observe  that  the  ventral  suture  is 
turned  inward  ;  that  is,  it  lies  along  the  central  line,  or 
axis,  of  the  flower.  It  is  along  this  axis,  then,  that  the 
double  placentas  are  formed.  Observe  the  position  of  the 
dorsal  suture,  or  back  of  the  pod.  It  is  important  to  bear 
in  mind  that,  in  the  case  of  the  simple  pistil,  the  ovules 
are  attached  centrally  along  the  axis  of  the  flower. 

Roughly  to  imitate  a  multiple  pistil,  you  have  only  to 
bind  together,  by  their  petioles,  several  leaf-blades  that 
6 


90 


BOTANY. 


have  been  converted  into  carpels,  as  above.  Observe  the 
placentation  of  any  multiple  pistil,  and  you  will  invariably 
find  that  the  placenta  of  each  carpel  is  central  in  the  same 
way  that,  in  the  artificial  one,  you  have  made  the  margins 
of  your  carpellary  leaves  turn  inward,  and  the  midribs 
outward. 

After  thus  preparing  simple  and  multiple  pistils  from 
foliage  leaves,  let  us  try  to  construct  a  compound  pistil 
from  leaf-blades.  If  we  can  do  this,  it  will  give  us  a  clear 
understanding  of  the  structure  of  syncarpous  ovaries. 

Form,  from  foliage  leaves,  an  artificial  ovary  of  three 
coherent  carpels.  A  three-celled  compound  pistil  consists 


FIG.  285. 


FIG.  286. 


FIG.  287. 


of  three  carpellary  leaves  grown  together.  It  is  as  if,  by 
pressing  together  the  carpels  of  your  multiple  pistil,  they 
should  unite  by  their  sides.  To  make  an  artificial  com- 
pound pistil,  then,  you  have  only  to  select  three  large,  sym- 
metrical foliage  leaves,  and  pin  or  stitch  them  together  in 
such  a  way  that  their  margins  will  meet  in  the  center,  and 
their  under  surfaces  will  form  its  outer  wall.  If  you  can 


THE  PISTIL. 


97 


not  get  leaves  of  firm  texture  that  will  hold  a  pin  or  a 
stitch  without  tearing,  try  lining  them  with  some  thin  cloth 
or  paper.  Fold  each  of  the  leaves  at  the  midrib,  with  the 
upper  surface  inward,  as  seen  in  Fig.  288.  Fasten  the  left 
half  of  one  leaf-blade  to  the  right  half  of  another,  so  that 


FIG.  289. 


FIG.  288. 


the  united  portions  will  form  a  double  wall  between  the 
cells,  and  the  six  edges  will  meet  together  at  the  center,  as 
represented  in  Fig.  289. 

Your  aim  being  simply  to  understand  how,  and  from 
what,  each  part  of  a  compound  pistil  is  formed,  you  need 
not  care  for  the  clumsiness  or  shapelessness  of  your  manu- 
factured ovary. 

Point  out  its  cells.  Its  dissepiments.  Explain  why 
they  are  double.  Point  out  the  dorsal  and  ventral  suture 
of  each  carpel  of  your  syncarpous  structure.  Where 
should  you  look  for  ovules  in  this  pistil  ? 

Prepare  a  compound  ovary  by  joining  three  leaves  at 
their  margins,  as  seen  in  Fig.  290.  In  what  part  of  an 
ovary  so  formed  are  the  leaf-margins  ?  In  what  part  of 
the  ovary  would  you  look  for  the  ovules  ?  The  theory 
that  the  pistils  are  made  from  leaves  is  important,  because 


98 


BOTANY. 


it  gives  clear  ideas  of  the  varied  and  complex  characters 
of  ovaries ;  and  these  characters  are  of  the  greatest  value 
in  classification. 

EXERCISE   XLIII. 
Placentation. 

After  studying  the  structure  of  ovaries,  as  explained 
in  Ex.  XLII,  the  following  definitions  will  be  easily  un- 
derstood : 

PLACENTATION.  —  The  arrangement  of  placentas  is 
called  placentation. 

To  determine  the  mode  of  placentation  of  a  plant, 
slice  its  ovary  across,  and  compare  its  appearance  with  the 


FIG.  291. 


FIG.  292. 


FIG.  293. 


FIG.  294. 


following  figures.  The  formation  and  arrangement  of  pla- 
centae are  so  various,  that  we  have  given  an  unusual  num- 
ber of  drawings  to  illustrate  the  definitions. 


FIG.  296. 
FIG.  295. 

AXILLARY    PLACENTATION.  —  When    the    ovules    are 
found  along  the  central  line,  or  axis  of  the  pistil,  the  pla- 


THE  PISTIL. 


99 


centation  is  called  axillary,  or  axile  (Figs.  291,  292,  293, 
294,  295). 

FREE-CENTRAL  PLACENTATION. — When  the  dissepi- 
ments, or  double  partitions  between  the  cells,  are  absent, 
leaving  the  placentae  and  ovules  at  the  center,  and  all  the 


FIG.  300. 


FIG.  299. 


FIG.  298. 


FIG.  302. 


FIG.  301. 


cells  opening  into  one  chamber,  the  placentation  is  said  to 
\>z  free-central  (Figs.  296,  297,  298,  299). 

PARIETAL  PLACENTATION  is  seen  when  the  placentae 
are  attached  to  the  walls,  or  projections  from  the  walls,  of 
the  ovary,  as  is  illustrated  in  Figs.  300-307. 


FIG.  303. 


FIG.  304. 


FIG.  305. 


FIG.  306. 


FALSE  DISSEPIMENTS. — It  will  be  well  to  know  that,  in 
many  ovaries,  there  are  partitions  not  formed  in  the  way 
described  in  Ex.  XLII.  The  following  are  instances  of 
what  are  known  as  false  dissepiments  : 

Observe  in  Fig.  308  a  partition  going  inward  from  the 


100  BOTANY. 

dorsal  suture,  and  nearly  reaching  the  center  of  the  seed- 
vessel. 

Fig.  309  shows  a  similar  false  partition  not  quite  so 
much  extended. 

Fig.  310  is  a  section  across  the  middle  of  an  ovary,  and 
Fig.  311  is  a  section  across  the  upper  part  of  the  same 


FIG.  307.  FIG.  308.  FIG.  309. 

ovary.  The  partitions  that  appear  in  one  and  are  not  seen 
in  the  other  must  be  false — they  can  not  be  formed  by 
the  sides  of  adjacent  carpels. 

In  Fig.  312  the  placentae  are  parietal,  but  a  membrane 
is  formed,  reaching  across  the  ovary,  and  forming  a  false 


FIG.  310.  FIG.  311.  FIG.  312. 

dissepiment.  These  false  dissepiments,  you  see,  are  de- 
veloped, in  some  cases,  from  the  dorsal  suture  ;  in  others, 
from  the  placentae. 

It  may  sometimes  be  difficult  to  decide  between  true 
and  false  dissepiments  ;  but,  as  your  knowledge  of  plants 


THE  PISTIL. 


IOI 


increases,  the  different  members  of  the  same  group  will 
often  be  found  to  afford  transitional  characters  that  make 
evident  what  otherwise  would  be  uncertain. 

Observe  and  name  all  the  forms  of  placentae  seen  upon 
the  charts. 

EXERCISE   XLIV. 
Modes  of  Dehiscence. 

To  understand  the  modes  of  dehiscence  pictured  in 
this  exercise,  you  have  only  to  prepare  a  three-celled  com- 
pound ovary,  as  directed  in  Ex.  XLII,  observing  the  place 
of  the  dorsal  and  ventral  sutures,  the  relations  of  the  valves, 
and  that  the  partitions  are  double. 

REGULAR  OR  VALVULAR  DEHISCENCE  occurs  when  the 
ovary  separates  into  the  regular  pieces  called  valves. 

Dehiscence  is  SEPTICIDAL  when  the  ovary  splits 
through  the  partitions,  each  dissepiment  separating  into 
its  two  layers,  one  belonging  to  each  carpel  (Figs.  313, 
314,  and  315), 

Dehiscence  is  LOCULICIDAL  when  the  splitting  opens 
into  the  cells  by  the  dorsal  suture,  as  seen  in  the  dia- 


FIG.  313. 


FIG.  314. 


FIG.  315. 


gram  316  and  in  Fig.  317,  which  represents  the  ovary 
of  a  violet,  where  the  carpels  flatten  out  as  soon  as  they 
are  released  from  each  other. 


102 


BOTANY. 


Dehiscence  is  SEPTIFRAGAL  where  the  valves  fall 
away,  leaving  the  dissepiments  behind  attached  to  the 
axis  (Figs.  318  and  319). 


FIG.  316. 


FIG.  317. 


FIG.  318. 


IRREGULAR    DEHISCENCE. — Seeds  are  sometimes  dis- 
charged  through   chinks,    or   pores    (porous   dehiscence) 
(Fig.  320),  or  the  ovary  may  burst  in  some  part  irregularly. 
Name  the  modes  of  dehiscence  given  on  the  charts. 

Now  compare  the 
capsules  in  your  collec- 
tion with  the  figures 
and  definitions  given  in 
this  exercise,  and  deter- 


FlG. 


319- 


FIG. 


mine,  if  you  can,  the  mode  of  dehiscence  of  each  of  them. 

How  would  you  produce  loculicidal  dehiscence  in  the 
compound  ovary  you  have  made  with  leaves,  as  directed 
in  the  opening  of  this  exercise  ? 

How  septicidal  ?     How  septifragal  ? 


THE  PISTIL. 


103 


EXERCISE   XLV. 
Direction  of  Ovules  and  Seeds. 

Ovules  have  a  horizontal  direction  when  they  are  nei- 
ther turned  upward  nor  downward,  as  in  Figs.  321  and  322. 

They  are  ascending  when 
rising  obliquely  upward, 
as  in  Fig.  323. 

Ovules  are  said  to  be 


^ 


FIG.  321. 


FIG.  322. 


erect  when  rising  upright  from  the  base  of  the  cell  (Fig. 
324).     They  are  suspended  when  hanging  perpendicularly 


FIG. 


FIG.  326. 


from  the  summit  of  the  cell  (Fig.  325).     They  are 
/<?#iwhen  hanging  from  near  the  top  (Fig.  326). 

Find  examples  of  ovules  having  different  directions  in 
the  magnified  ovaries  upon  the  charts. 


104 


BOTANY. 


EXERCISE   XLVI. 
Parts  of  the  Ovule. 


FIG.  327.— Growth  of  Ovule  of  Celandine. — a.  Nucleus,     b.  First-formed  covering: 
c.  Second  covering,     d.  Funiculus,  very  greatly  enlarged,     e.  Base  of  Ovule. 

BASE  OF  OVULE. — The  little   stem  of  an  ovule — the 
funiculus — has  two  points  of  attachment,  one  to  the  ovule 
and  the  other  to  the  placentae.    Now,  the  base  of  the  ovule 
is  at  the  point  where  it  is  attached  to  the  funiculus,  and 
not  at  the  point  where  the  funiculus  is 
attached  to  the  placentae. 

APEX. — The  apex  of  the  ovule  is 
opposite  to  the  base. 

PRIMINE. — The   outer   covering    of 
the  ovule — seen  at  b,  Fig.  327. 

SECUNDINE. — The  inner  covering  of 
the  ovule — c,  Fig.  327. 

NUCLEUS. — The    substance    writhin 
the  coverings — a,  Fig.  327. 

RHAPHE. — The  connection  between 
the  base  of  the  nucleus  and  the  base  of 
the  ovule.  This  is  shown  in  Fig.  328 
by  the  fine,  irregular  lines  representing 
tissue  and  connecting  the  base  of  the 
nucleus  with  the  base  of  the  ovule. 
The  opening  in  the  coats  of  an  ovule  or 
seed.  In  Fig.  328  the  micropyle  is  shown  at  the  top  of 
the  ovule. 

CHALAZA. — The  place  where  the  coats  and  nucleus 
grow  together.  In  Fig.  328  it  can  not  be  distinguished 
from  the  rhaphe. 


FIG.  328.  — Section  of 
the  Ovule  of  Pelar- 
gonium before  fer- 
tilization. (Magni- 
fied.) 


MICROPYLE.- 


THE  PISTIL.  105 

HILUM. — The  scar  left  by  the  separation  of  a  seed 
from  its  placenta. 

It  is  not  supposed  that  pupils  will  find  all  these  parts 
of  the  ovule  in  plants.  Some  of  them  are  usually  discern- 
ible, and  they  may  all  be  understood  in  their  proper  rela- 
tions by  studying  the  diagrams. 

EXERCISE    XLVIL 
Kinds  of  Ovule. 

The  STRAIGHT,  or  ORTHOTROPOUS  OVULE,  has  the 
base  of  the  nucleus  and  the  base  of  the  ovule  in  the  same 
position,  while  the  micropyle  is  at  the  apex  (Fig.  329). 

Micropyle- 


Hilumand     %^»  Chalaza._JS«gf  HB*--  MLropyle. 
Chalaza— -^^ 

FIG.  329.  FIG.  330. 

Straight,  or  Orthotropous.  Curved,  or  Campylotropous. 

In  the  CURVED,  or  CAMPYLOTROPOUS  OVULE,  the  mi- 
cropyle, or  apex,  is  bent  over  close  to  the  base  (Fig.  330). 

In  the  INVERTED,  or  ANATROPOUS  OVULE,  the  funicu- 
lus  lengthens,  and  bends  round,  growing  fast  to  the  coat, 


RhaPhe--i  • mm  I.  ^1-Micropyle. 


ChalaZa.___^||f  __._  Micropyle.  Rhaphe  '*      >^~ 

FIG.  331-  FIG.  332. 

Inverted,  or  Anatropous.  Half-inverted,  or  Amphitropous. 

until  the  base  of  the  nucleus  is  at  the  apex  of  the  ovule 
(Fig.  33i). 

In  the  HALF-INVERTED,  or  AMPHITROPOUS  OVULE,  the 
funiculus  only  lengthens  till  the  ovule  turns  a  quarter  of 
the  way  over,  as  in  Fig.  332. 


106  BOTANY. 

In  describing  the  pistil  of  flowers,  answer  the  follow- 
ing questions:  What  is  the  form  and  position  of  the  stig- 
ma ?  Of  the  style  ?  Is  the  pistil  simple  or  compound  ? 
What  is  its  placentation  ?  Its  dehiscence  ?  What  is  the 
direction  of  the  ovules  ?  Can  you  determine  the  kind  of 
ovule  ? 

EXERCISE   XLVIII. 
The  Composition  of  Fruit. 

FRUIT. — The  ripened  ovary,  with  its  contents,  is  the 
fruit  of  plants.  Whatever  adheres  to  the  ovary  also  be- 
comes part  of  the  fruit. 

In  studying  fruit,  observe  with  care  what  parts,  be- 
sides the  pistil,  have  been  concerned  in  its  formation.  In 
describing  flowers,  you  note  whether  the  pistil  is  inferior 
or  superior  ;  is  there  any  reason  to  suppose  that  inferior 
fruit  would  be  most  likely  to  have  other  parts  of  the  flower 
besides  the  pistil  united  with  it  ?  Did  you  observe  the 
flowers  of  the  cherry,  plum,  or  peach  trees,  and  those  of 
apple  and  pear  trees  when  they  were  in  blossom  ?  and  if 
so,  will  you  compare  your  recollection  of  them  with  the 
appearances  presented  by  their  fruit  ?  If  you  have  for- 
gotten their  structure,  perhaps  you  have  kept  a  descrip- 
tion of  them,  and  can  refresh  your  memory. 

Observe  the  ripe  fruit  of  the  cherry.  Look  at  the  top 
of  the  peduncle  for  scars  left  by  the  parts  of  the  fallen 
flower.  Look  for  a  dot  at  the  top  of  the  fruit,  showing 
the  place  of  the  style.  Has  anything  but  the  pistil  en- 
tered into  the  formation  of  this  fruit  ?  Observe  the  plum, 
peach,  grape,  currant,  etc.,  and  see  if  they  are  like  the 
cherry  in  these  respects. 

Now  examine  an  apple  or  pear.  What  do  you  find  at 
the  top  of  the  fruit,  opposite  the  peduncle  ?  It  must  be 
the  remains  of  the  calyx-limb,  the  tube  of  which  you  saw 
united  to  the  pistil  when  you  studied  it  in  flowering-time. 
Of  what,  then,  does  the  fruit  consist  ?  Divide  an  apple  or 


THE  PISTIL.  107 

pear,  as  shown  in  Fig.  333.     Find  the  parts  shown  in  this 

diagram.     The  remains  of  the  flower  are  seen  at  C.     The 

calyx-tube,    grown    fleshy    and 

succulent,   is    marked  T.     The 

outer   border   of    the   ovary   is 

seen  at  E.     From  what  part  of 

the  flower  is  the  eatable  portion 

of  a  pear  or  apple  developed? 

To  repeat  our  former  question, 

would   the   fruit  of  a   superior 

pistil  be  more  likely  than  that 

of  an  inferior  pistil  to  consist 

o'f  the  ovary  alone  ? 

I  have  illustrated  the  composition  of  fruit  with  apples 
and  cherries  because  they  are  so  common  ;  but  these  ob- 
servations may,  and  should  be,  repeated  upon  every  vari- 
ety of  fruit  that  can  be  found. 

Trace  the  formation  of  each  of  the  fruits  pictured  upon 
the  charts,  and  point  out  those  that  consist  of  the  pistil 
alone,  and  those  which  do  not.  In  the  latter  case,  name 
the  parts  that  are  consolidated  with  the  pistil  in  the  fruit. 

When  fruit  is  formed  from  the  pistil  alone,  the  wall  of 
the  ovary  is  called  a  pericarp  (from/m,  around). 

Gather  specimens  of  every  kind  of  fruit  that  grows 
within  reach.  In  late  summer  or  early  autumn,  the  fruit 
of  garden,  field,  and  forest,  if  carefully,  collected,  will  give 
you  a  large  and  various  assortment.  For  example  :  you 
may  have  at  the  same  time  cucumbers,  melons,  beans,  peas, 
grapes,  apples,  pears,  elder  and  pokeweed  berries,  chest- 
nuts, walnuts,  pumpkins,  etc.,  and  the  less  conspicuous 
seed-vessels  of  mullein,  Saint-John's-wort,  lettuce,  radish, 
cabbage,  etc.,  etc.  Earlier  in  the  season  the  list  will  be  dif- 
ferent, and  it  will  vary  somewhat  with  the  locality,  but, 
wherever  collected,  and  whatever  its  components,  be  sure 
to  gather  every  kind  that  can  be  had. 

Look  over  your  collection,  and  separate  the  superior 


I08  BOTANY. 

from  the  inferior  fruits.  Observe  the  structure  of  those 
formed  from  inferior  pistils,  and  point  out  the  pericarp  in 
those  formed  from  superior  pistils. 

Preserve,  for  further  study,  the  specimens  you  have 
gathered. 

EXERCISE   XLIX. 
Parts  of  the  Pericarp. 

EPICARP. — When  the  walls  of  a  pericarp  are  formed  of 
two  or  more  layers  of  different  texture,  as  in  the  peach, 
plum,  or  cherry,  the  outer  one  (the  skin,  in  the  case  of 
these  fruits)  is  called  the  epicarp. 

ENDOCARP. — The  stony  case  around 
the  seed  of  the  peach,  plum,  or  cherry, 
is   called   the   endocarp.     But   the   en- 
docarp   of  fruits  is  not  always  stony. 
Whatever  its  texture,  the  inner  layer 
of  a  pericarp  is  named  the  endocarp. 
MESOCARP.  —  Sometimes,    between 
FIG.  334.  the  outer  and   inner  parts  of  a  peri- 

carp, there  is  found  a  third  layer  of 
different  aspect,  like  the  pulp  of  a  peach.  This  third  layer 
is  called  the  mesocarp.  The  distinction  between  the  epi- 
carp and  mesocarp  is  often  very,  slight,  and  then  both  to- 
gether are  called  the  epicarp. 

In  Fig.  334,  e  is  the  endocarp,  s  the  mesocarp,  and  g 
the  epicarp. 

In  Fig.  333,  E  is  the  epicarp,  N  the  endocarp,  and  S 
the  seeds.  At  N  is  shown  a  slight  development  of  the 
mesocarp.  Point  out  these  parts  in  an  apple  and  a  peach. 
Point  out  the  parts  of  the  pericarp  in  the  different  fruits 
pictured  upon  the  charts. 

Classify  your  collection  of  fruits  by  the  structure  of 
the  pericarp.  Put  by  themselves  all  those  that  have  but 
one  layer  in  the  pericarp.  Put  those  with  two  layers— an 
epicarp  and  endocarp— by  themselves,  leaving  those  with 


THE  PISTIL. 


109 


three  layers — epicarp,  mesocarp,  and  endocarp.  Describe 
the  layers  that  make  up  the  fruit  ;  that  is,  sayVhether,  in 
each  case,  the  layer  is  pulpy,  woody,  stony,  membranous, 
leathery,  etc. 

Preserve  your  collection  for  further  study,  and 
add  to  it  all  you  can  get. 

EXERCISE   L. 
The  Classification  of  Fruit. 

Look  over  your  collection  and  separate  the  dehiscent 
from  the  indehiscent  fruits.  The  indehiscent  group  may 
now  be  further  separated  into  juicy  fruits  and  dry  fruits. 
Compare  your  specimens  of  juicy  fruit,  one  by  one,  with 
the  following  pictures  and  definitions  of  fruits.  The  first 
picture  is  that  of  a  berry  ;  so  you  may  first  find  the  berries 
of  your  collection.  To  determine  whether  a  particular 
fruit  is  a  berry  or  not,  cut  it  across,  and  see  if  it  agrees  in 
structure  with  Fig.  335,  and  the  requirements  of  the  defi- 
nition. Never  mind  whether  your  conclusion  accords 
with  common  speech  or  not ;  whether  a  strawberry  turns 
out  to  be  a  berry  or  not;  but  follow  the  definition 
wherever  it  leads. 

Indehiscent  Juicy  Fruits. 

BERRY. — A  thin-skinned,  indehiscent,  fleshy  fruit,  hav- 
ing the  seeds  imbedded  in  the  pulpy  mass  (Figs.  335.  336). 


FIG.  335.  FIG.  336. 


HESPERIDIUM. — A  kind  of  berry  with  a  leathery  rind 
(Fig.  337).     (Example,  lemon  and  orange.) 


no 


BOTANY. 


PEPO. — The  pepo  is  an  indehiscent,  fleshy  fruit,  with 
seeds  borne  on  parietal  placentae,  and  with  the  epicarp 

more  or  less  thickened  and 
hardened.  (Example,  squash.) 
POME  is  the  term  applied 
to  a  fleshy,  indehiscent,  sev- 
eral-celled fruit,  with  a  leath- 
ery, or  cartilaginous,  endocarp, 
inclosed  by  the  calyx-tube. 
Figs.  338  and  339  are  trans- 
verse and  vertical  sections  of 
a  pome.  (Example,  apple  and 

FIG.  337-  Pear') 


N 


\ 

1 


FIG.  338. 


FIG.  339. 


FIG.  340. 


DRUPE  (example,  peach  or 
cherry)  is  a  pulpy,  indehiscent, 
one-celled,  one  or  two  seeded 
fruit,  with  a  succulent  or  fibrous 
epicarp,  and  hard,  stony,  dis- 
tinct endocarp  (Figs.  340  and 


If  you  have  blackberries, 
raspberries,  and  the  like,  among 
your  fruits,  compare  one  of  the  FlG  341> 

little    cells    of    which    they   are 

formed  with  this  definition  of  a  drupe.  To  one  or  other 
of  these  classes  vou  should  be  able  to  refer  any  form  of 
indehiscent  juicy  fruit. 


THE  PISTIL.  Ill 

Indehiscent  Dry  Fruits. 

Select  from  among  your  dry,  indehiscent  fruits  all  those 
that  resemble  Figs.  342,  343,  344,  and  345,  and  that  are 
usually  miscalled  seeds.  You  will  find  upon  many  of 
them  such  appendages  as  hairs,  teeth,  plumes,  bristles,  etc. 

An  ACHENIUM  is  a  dry,  indehiscent,  one-seeded  fruit, 


FIG.  342. 
Vertical  Sec- 
tion of  Carpel 
of  Buttercun. 


FIG.  343. 


3.5. 


with  a  separable  pericarp,  tipped  with  the  remains  of  the 
style  (Fig.  342).  (The  dark-colored,  seed-like  bodies  on 
the  outside  of  a  strawberry  are  achenia.) 

UTRICLE. — By  this  term  is  understood  a  kind  of  ache- 
nium,  with  a  thin,  bladdery  pericarp  which  is  sometimes 
dehiscent. 

CARYOPSIS. — A  dry,  indehiscent,  one-celled,  one-seed- 
ed fruit,  with  the  pericarp  adherent  to  the  seed,  as  seen  in 
wheat,  barley,  oats,  maize,  etc.  (Fig.  345). 

CREMOCARP. — Pendent  achenia  (Fig.  344).  (See  Ex. 
LXVI.) 

CYPSELA. — Still  another  variety  of  achenium,  with  an 
adherent  calyx-tube,  as  in  compositae  (Fig.  343). 

NUT. — A  hard,  one-celled,  one-seeded,  indehiscent 
fruit,  produced  from  a  several-celled  ovary,  in  which  the 
cells  have  been  obliterated,  and  all  but  one  of  the  ovules 


I  12 


BOTANY. 


have  disappeared  during  growth.  It  is  often  inclosed  in 
an  involucre,  called  a  cupule  (Fig.  346),  or  it  has  bracts  at 
the  base. 


FIG.  346. 


FIG.  347. 


SAMARA,  or  KEY-FRUIT  (example,  the  elm). — A  dry, 
indehiscent  fruit,  growing  single  or  in  pairs,  with  a  winged 
apex,  or  margin  (Fig.  347). 

Dehiscent  Fruits. 

Any  dry,  dehiscent  fruit,  whether  simple  or 
compound,  may  properly  be  called  a  pod. 
FOLLICLE. — A  pod  of  a  single  carpel,  with  no 
apparent  dorsal  suture,  and  dehis- 
cing by  the  ventral  suture  (Fig. 
283).     You  will  seldom   find  an 


FIG.  349. 


FIG.  348. 


FIG.  350. 


FIG.  351. 


ovary  consisting  of  but  one  follicle  ;  but  it  is  a  common 
kind  of  carpel  in  multiple  pistils.     Observe  the  ripe  ovary 


THE  PISTIL. 


FIG. 


353- 


FIG.  352. 


of  columbine  or  paeonia.  Each  car- 
pel is  a  follicle,  and  you  may  find 
them  slightly  coherent  at  the  base, 
as  if  forming  a  transition  between  the  apocarpous  and 
syncarpous  pistil. 

LEGUME. — A  pod  of  a  single  carpel,  with  dorsal  and 
ventral  sutures,  and  dehiscing  by  both  or  either,  as  the  pea 
and  bean  pod.  It  assumes  many  different  forms. 

One  of  these,  the  LOMENT,  is  a  sort  of  legume  with 
transverse  joints  between  the  seeds,  and  falling  to  pieces 
at  these  joints  (Fig.  348). 

Another  variety,  the  SILIQUE,  is  a  two-valved,  slender 
pod,  with  a  false  dissepiment,  from  which  the  valves  sep- 
arate in  dehiscence.  It  has  two  parietal  placentae  (Fig. 

349)- 

SILICLE. — A  short,  broad  silique  (Fig.  350). 

PYXIS. — A  pod  which  dehisces  by  the  falling  off  of  a 
sort  of  lid  (Fig.  351). 

CAPSULE. — The  pod  of  a  compound  pistil ;  the  dry, 
dehiscent  fruit  of  syncarpous  pistils  (Figs.  352  and  353). 
The  pieces  into  which  a  capsule  falls  at  dehiscence  are 
called  valves,  the  same  as  in  one-carpeled  fruit. 

Those  fruits  that  consist  of  achenia  on  a  dry  recepta- 
cle, as  the  sunflower,  or  on  an  enlarged,  pulpy  receptacle, 
as  the  strawberry,  or  those  which  consist  of  small  drupes 


114 


BOTANY. 


on  a  dry,  spongy  receptacle,  crowded  almost  into  one  mass, 
as  the  blackberry,  are  aggregate  fruits.  They  are  sometimes 
called  etario. 

Accessory,  or  anthocarpous  fruits,  are  such  as  consist 
of  other  parts  of  the  flower  only  apparently  joined  with  the 
ovary. 

MULTIPLE,  COLLECTIVE,  or  CONFLUENT  FRUITS,  are 
formed  by  the  union  of  many  separate  flowers  into  one 
mass  (Figs.  354  and  355), 

The   sorosis  is  a  kind  of  multiple  fruit,  to  which  the 


•  354- 


FIG.  355. 


pineapple  (Fig.  354)  belongs.  The  fig  is  a  multiple  fruit 
of  the  kind  known  as  syconus,  while  strobilus  is  the  name 
given  to  the  multiple  fruit  of  trees  of  the  pine  family  (Fig. 

355)- 

EXERCISE   LI. 

The  Seed.— Its  Form  and  Surface. 

The  forms  of  seeds  vary  very  much.  They  may  be 
globular,  ovoid,  reniform,  oblong,  cylindrical,  top-shaped, 
angular,  etc.  Some  seeds  are  small  and  fine,  like  sawdust; 
others  are  flattened  and  bordered,  as  seen  in  Fig.  356. 


THE  PISTIL.  115 

The  surfaces  of  seeds  may  be  smooth,  striated,  ribbed, 
furrowed,  netted,  and  tubercular,  as  shown  in  the  follow- 
ing figures  : 

Seeds  are  said  to  be  definite  when  few  and  constant  in 
number  ;  indefinite  when  numerous  and  variable. 


FIG.  359. 
Ribbed. 


FIG.  360. 

Netted. 


FIG.  361. 
Tuberculous. 


FIG.  362. 
Furrowed. 


Seeds  are  solitary  when  single  in  the  ovary,  or  in  a  cell 
of  the  ovary. 

The  albumen  of  seeds  is  the  mass  of  tissue  in  which 
the  embryo  is  imbedded.  It  is  said  to  be  mealy  when  it 
may  be  readily  broken  down  into  a  starchy  powder  ;  oily, 
when  loaded  with  oil ;  mucilaginous,  when  tough,  swelling 
up  readily  in  water  ;  and  horny ,  when  hard,  and  more  or 
less  elastic. 

EXERCISE   LII. 
Parts  of  the  Seed. 

Prepare  for  the  study  of  the  parts  of  seeds  by  planting 
all  the  kinds  of  seeds  that  you  can  get  that  are  large 
enough  for  easy  examination. 

The  seeds  of  the  pumpkin,  squash,  four-o'clock,  bean, 
pea,  apple,  Indian  corn,  oats,  and  barley,  are  good  exam- 


Ii6  BOTANY. 

pies  for  the  purpose.  Plant  two  or  three  dozens  of  each 
sort,  one  inch  deep,  in  a  box  of  soil  or  sawdust,  which 
must  be  kept  warm  and  moist.  Put  the  different  kinds  in 
rows  by  themselves,  and  mark  each  row,  so  that,  when  you 
want  any  particular  one,  you  can  get  it  without  mistake. 

When  your  seeds  have  soaked  for  a  day  or  two  in  the 
wet  earth,  take  a  bean  from  the  box  and  compare  it  with 
one  that  has  not  been  planted. 

How  has  it  changed  in  appearance  ? 

Cut  it  in  two  and  see  whether,  like  a  piece  of  chalk,  it 
looks  alike  outside  and  inside,  or  whether  the  parts  are 
unlike. 

Has  it  a  skin  or  shell  that  you  can  loosen  ? 

Take  a  second  bean  from  the  box,  cut  carefully  around 
it,  and  try  to  peel  off  the  outer  part. 

SEED-COAT,  OR  INTEG'UMENT.  —  The  skin  or  shell 
around  the  outside  of  a  seed. 

BODY,  KERNEL,  OR  NU'CLEUS. — The  substance  within 
the  seed-coat. 

Compare  your  specimen  with  Fig.  363. 


Body. 


FIG.  363. 

Can  you  separate  the  seed-coat  from  the  body  of  the 
bean  as  it  is  seen  to  be  separated  in  the  picture  ? 

Now  take  a  pea  from  your  box  and  see  if  it  is  made 
up  of  parts. 

Has  it  a  seed-coat  ?  Is  there  a  kernel  or  body  within 
the  seed-coat  ? 

Try  a  pumpkin-seed.  Compare  the  coat  of  a  pump- 
kin-seed with  that  of  the  pea  or  bean. 


THE  PISTIL. 


117 


Are  they  alike  in  thickness  ?  in  hardness  ?  in  color  ? 
in  transparency  ?  Name  all  the  differences  you  see  be- 
tween them. 

In  the  same  way,  take  up  and  examine,  one  after  an- 
other, seeds  from  each  of  the  rows.  Find  their  parts,  and 
compare  the  parts  of  one  kind  of  seed  with  those  of  an- 
other kind. 

If  you  are  not  able  at  first  readily  to  separate  a  seed 
into  distinct  portions,  do  not  hastily  conclude  that  it  is 
without  them.  Let  it  lie  in  its  warm,  wet  bed  a  while 
longer,  and  then  try  again. 

EXERCISE   LIII. 
Parts  of  the  Body,  or  Kernel. 

When  you  have  carefully  examined  all  the  kinds  of 
seeds  you  planted  to  find  the  parts  that  make  them  up,  you 
will  be  ready  to  study  one  of  these  parts  by  itself.  After 


FIG.  364.  FIG.  365.  FIG.  366. 

Albumen.     Embryo.  Embryo. 

taking  off  the  skin  or  coat  of  a  seed,  look  closely  at  the 
body  of  it.  Begin  with  a  well-soaked  seed  of  Indian  corn. 

Compare  it  with  Fig.  364. 

Is  your  seed  narrower  at  one  end  than  the  other  ? 
Are  the  two  sides  of  it  alike  ?  Is  there  a  little  pointed  or 
rounded  figure  to  be  seen  on  one  side  ? 

Remove  the  skin  and  look  carefully  at  the  figured  side 
of  your  specimen.  Can  you  see  a  thick,  lumpy  body  like 
the  one  marked  a  in  the  picture  ? 

Try,  with  a  dull  knife  or  the  finger-nail,  to  pry  this 
lump  out  of  its  bed.  If  the  seed  is  soaked  to  its  center. 


BOTANY. 


you  can  easily  do  this.  Look  carefully  at  the  hole  it  leaves. 
Is  not  its  surface  smooth  ?  Do  you  see  any  spot  where 
the  lump  seems  to  have  been  grown  to  the  other  part,  and 
to  have  broken  away  when  you  took  it  out  ? 

Compare  the  parts  you  have  got  with  Figs.  365,  366. 

EM'BRYO. — The  young  plant  contained  in  a  seed. 

ALBU'MEN,  EN'DOSPERM. — The  material  in  which  the 
embryo  is  imbedded. 

What  names  are  given  to  the  two  parts  of  the  body  of 
a  seed  of  Indian  corn  ? 

Which  is  the  embryo  in  your  specimen  ?  Which  is  the 
albumen  ? 

Now  examine  the  kernel  of  a  pea  or  bean.  Can  you 
separate  this  into  two  parts  without  breaking  it  some- 
where ? 

Compare  it  with  the  parts  of  Indian  corn. 

What  name  is  given  to  the  entire  kernel  ?  What  part, 
found  in  the  Indian  corn,  is  missing  here  ? 


FIG.  367. 


FIG.  368. 


FIG.  369. 


FIG.  370. 


Look  at  the  body  of  a  seed  of  four-o'clock 
and  see  how  many  and  what  parts  it  has. 
Look  also  at  the  body  of  a  pumpkin-seed. 

Examine  the  kernel  of  each  of  the  kinds  of 
seed  you  have  planted,  and  observe  which  consist  of  em- 
bryo alone,  and  which  are  part  embryo  and  part  albumen. 

ALBUMINOUS  SEEDS  are  those  which  have  albumen. 

EXALBUMINOUS  SEEDS  are   those  in  which  the  body 
consists  of  the  embryo  alone. 

The  relations  of  embryo  to  albumen  in  various  seeds 


THE  PISTIL. 


are  here  shown.  But  they  may  be  better  seen  upon  the 
charts.  Your  own  observation,  however,  will  supply  you 
with  much  information  upon  this  subject. 


EXERCISE   LIV. 
Parts  of  the  Embryo. 

Take  out  of  the  soil  a  bean  which  has  begun  to  sprout. 
Remove  the  seed-coat,  and  let  the  parts  of  the  embryo 
separate,  as  seen  in  Figs.  371  and  373. 

COTYLE'DON. — The  bulky  first  leaf  or  leaves  of  the 
embryo — more  or  less  formed  before  the  growth  of  the 
seed  begins. 

RAD'ICLE. — The  lower,  or  root  end,  of  the  embryo. 

PLU'MULE. — The  first — the  terminal  bud — the  upper 
end  of  the  embryo. 

GERMINATION. — The  beginning  of  growth  in  a  seed. 

Read  the  names  of  the  parts  of  the  embryo  given  in 


Plumule. 


Cotyledon' 

''Cotyledon. 

Radicle.  Plumule. 

FIG.  372. 


Cotyledon. 


Plumule. 


Radicle. 


FIG.  373. 


FIG.  374. 


Figs-  372  and  373.  Look  at  the  definitions  of  these  words. 
Compare  your  specimen  with  the  figures,  and  point  out  its 
cotyledons  ;  its  radicle  ;  its  plumule.  Handle  your  em- 

7 


120  BOTANY. 

bryo  with  care,  for  it  breaks  easily.    Has  its  radicle  begun 
to  put  forth  roots  ? 

Take  from  your  box  a  vigorous  seed  of  Indian  corn  in 
which  the  roots  have  begun  to  grow,  and  compare  it  with 
Fig.  374- 

Separate  the  embryo  and  albumen,  and,  if  it  has  grown 
as  much  as  the  one  pictured  above,  you  may  easily  find 
the  cotyledon,  the  plumule,  and  the  radicle. 

When  you  are  sure  that  you  have  found  the  radicle  or 
root-end  of  your  embryo,  that  you  know  which  part  is 
cotyledon,  and  which  plumule,  take  another  seed  of  the 

same  kind,  but  less  grown — one 
plui?ule-  where  the  root-end  of  the  em- 

bryo has  scarcely  begun  to  swell 
— and  see  if  you  can  find  the 


Cotyledon.    |  Jll  SM Plumule. 

Radicie....™lf  Fig.  375  represents  such  an 

FIG.  375.  embryo  with  the  parts  shown. 

Point  out  and  name  the  parts 

of  the  embryo  of  an  apple-seed;  of  a  pumpkin-seed;  and 
of  each  of  your  specimens  successively,  as  in  former  exer- 
cises. Which  of  your  seeds  has  the  largest  plumule  before 
growth  begins  ?  Have  you  any  in  which  the  embryo  has 
at  first  no  plumule  at  all  ? 

Have  you   failed  to  find  cotyledons  in    any  embryo 
looked  at?* 


*  If  these  experiments  with  seeds  are  made  as  early  as  April,  in 
this  climate,  the  children  who  have  made  them  will  be  ready  for  more 
extended  observations  when  planting  in  the  garden  begins.  Most 
garden-seeds  are  too  small  to  be  separated  into  parts  by  young  chil- 
dren. But,  when  growth  begins,  their  parts  enlarge,  and  a  child,  who 
has  before  studied  larger  seeds,  will  be  able  to  identify  the  radicle, 
cotyledons,  and  plumule,  without  difficulty.  In  the  kitchen-garden,  a 
universal  appendage  of  country-houses,  the  sprouting  of  the  radish, 
onion,  beet,  parsnip,  lettuce,  tomato,  carrot,  cabbage,  cucumber,  etc., 
will  furnish  an  excellent  continuation  of  the  study  of  seeds. 


THE  PISTIL. 


121 


EXERCISE   LV. 
Monocotyledons  and  Dicotyledons. 

A  MONOCOTYLED'ONOUS  embryo  has  one  cotyledon  or 
seed-leaf  (Fig.  376). 

A  DICOTYLED'ONOUS  embryo  has  two  cotyledons  or 
seed-leaves  (Fig.  377). 

These  are  long,  hard  words,  hard  to  pronounce  and 
hard  to  spell.  But  they  are  very  necessary  words  in  de- 
scribing seeds. 

Go  over  the  seeds  you  have  planted,  and  point  out  the 
dicotyledons.  Find  the  two  thick  leaves  that  were  packed 
within  the  seed-coat  when  the  seed  ripened. 

Are  any  of  your  seeds  monocotyledonous  ?   If  so,  which  ? 

Figs.  376  and  377  were  drawn  from  plants  that  had 
grown  a  little.  When  your  seeds  have  also  grown  a  little, 


Cotyledon.  — 


Cotyledon. 


FIG.  376. 


FIG.  377. 


compare  them  one  after  another  with  these  pictures. 
Look  at  your  young  bean-plant.  Find  the  first  node 
above  the  cotyledons.  How  many  leaves  are  growing 
there  ?  how  many  at  the  first  node  of  the  corn-stem  ?  how 
many  in  each  of  your  growing  seeds  ? 


122  BOTANY. 

Observe  whether  the  cotyledons  in  all  cases  rise  into  the 
light  and  air.  Observe  whether  all  cotyledons  are  shaped 
alike,  and  also  whether  they  resemble  the  true  leaves  of 
the  plant.* 

EXERCISE    LVI. 
Position  of  the  Embryo  in  Seeds. 

You  are  now  familiar  with  the  different  aspects  of  the 
embryo  in  many  different  seeds.  You  have  seen  it  large 
and  small,  straight  and  curved,  outside  the  albumen  and 
imbedded  within  it ;  sometimes  with  flat  cotyledons,  and 
sometimes  with  cotyledons  folded  or  coiled  in  various 
ways  and  degrees.  We  are  now  to  observe  its  relation  to 
the  parts  of  the  seed. 

In  studying  ovules,  you  found  the  hilum  and  the  micro- 
pyle,  and  you  may  find  the  same  parts  in  the  seeds  that 
were  once  ovules.  The  hilum  of  seeds  is  usually  obvious 
enough,  and  the  micropyle  may  be  easily  found.  You  have 
only  to  soak  the  seed  till  its  coats  are  distended  with 
water,  and,  on  squeezing,  the  micropyle  is  made  apparent 
by  the  escape  of  water  at  that  point.  The  place  of  the 
micropyle  is  important,  because  the  radicle  of  the  embryo 
always  points  toward  it,  and,  in  sprouting,  issues  through 
it,  and  the  relation  of  the  micropyle  to  the  hilum  deter- 
mines the  attitude  of  the  embryo.  Seeds  are  straight,  half 
inverted,  inverted,  and  curved,  the  same  as  ovules,  and 

*  A  word  of  caution  may  not  here  be  amiss.  There  is  danger  that 
the  sympathy  of  teachers  with  bright  and  interested  pupils  will  lead 
them  to  tell  in  advance  what  children  can  find  out  for  themselves  by 
continued  observation.  The  relation  between  number  of  cotyledons 
and  venation  is  an  instance  of  such  temptation.  By-and-by,  when  the 
leaves  of  his  growing  plants  are  well  developed,  the  pupil  might  be  put 
in  the  way  of  discovery,  by  asking  him  to  make  a  list  of  his  monoco- 
tyledons, and  to  give  their  venation  in  each  case.  Let  him  do  the 
same  with  his  dicotyledons.  He  will  now  see  a  perfect  uniformity  of 
relation  in  a  few  cases,  and  will  be  curious  to  know  if  it  is  everywhere 
constant.  He  will  thus  arrive  at  the  induction  by  his  own  observation. 


THE  PISTIL. 


I23 


the  same  terms  are  used  to  express  these  facts  in  regard 
to  them.  In  a  straight  or  orthotropous  seed,  the  micro- 
pyle  being  at  the  apex,  you  find  an  inverted  embryo,  like 
Fig.  378.  In  this  case  the  embryo  is  said  to  be  antitropal, 
or  reversed. 


FIG.  379. 


FIG,  378. 


FIG.  382. 


FIG.  381. 


If  the  micropyle  be  turned  to  one  side,  the  embryo 
will  be  oblique,  as  seen  in  Fig.  380.  In  this  case  the  em- 
bryo is  said  to  be  heterotropal.  Fig.  379  represents  the 
seed  which  is  shown  in  section  in  Fig.  380. 

If  the  seed  be  inverted,  or  antitropous,  the  embryo  will 
be  erect,  as  shown  in  Fig.  381.  Here  the  embryo  is  said 
to  be  orthotropal. 

When  a  seed  is  curved  upon  itself  so  as  to  bring  the 
orifice  next  the  hilum,  or  point  of  attachment  (campylo- 
tropous  seed),  you  may  find  the  embryo  presenting  the 
appearance  shown  in  Fig.  382. 

When  the  embryo  is  in  the  center  of  the  albumen  (Fig. 
381),  it  is  said  to  be  axial  j  and  when  not  in  the  center,  it 
is  said  to  be  .excentric. 

There  are  two  modes  of  folding  to  which  the  embryo 
is  subject,  which  occur  uniformly  in  certain  groups  of 
plants.  They  are  cotyledons  decumbent — that  is,  with  the 
radicle  folded  against  their  edges  ;  and  cotyledons  incum- 
bent, having  the  radicle  folded  against  the  back  of  one  of 
them. 


CHAPTER   SEVENTH. 


FLORAL  SYMMETRY,  PHYLLOTAXY,  PREFOLIATION, 
CYMOSE  INFLORESCENCE,  ETC. 


EXERCISE   LVII. 
Numerical  Plan  of  Flowers. 

WHEN,  in  examining  a  flower,  you  count  the  parts  of 
its  calyx  and  corolla,  the  stamens  and  the  carpels,  and  find 

that  some  particular  number  oc- 
curs again  and  again ;  and  when, 
in  case  of  deviation,  you  fre- 
quently find  multiples  of  this 
number,  the  plan  of  the  flower 
is  said  to  be  based  upon  it.  For 
instance,  the  plan  of  the  flower 
represented  in  Fig.  383  is  based 
on  the  number  three.  The  plan 
of  the  flower  represented  in  Fig. 
384  is  based  on  the  number  four, 

and  that  of  Fig.  385   upon  the  number  five.     In  other 
words,  in  Fig.  383,  three,  or  its  multiple,  six,  is  the  con- 


FIG.  383. 


FIG.  384- 


FIG.  385. 


FLORAL   SYMMETRY. 


125 


stant  number  ;  in  Fig.  384,  four  is  the  prevailing  number ; 
while  in  Fig.  385  it  is  five. 

What  numbers  have  occurred  oftenest  in  your  written 
descriptions  of  flowers  ?  When  you  describe  a  flower, 
observe  always  what  figures  you  use  in  numbering  its 
parts,  and  decide  what  number  the  plan  of  the  flower  is 
based  upon. 

EXERCISE   LVIII. 

Alternation  of  Parts  in  Flowers. 

Figs.  387  and  388  represent  the  stamens  and  pistil  of 
the  flower  shown  in  Fig.  386.  Does  this  picture  represent 
a  perfect  flower  ?  Does  it  repre- 
sent a  complete  flower?  a  regu- 
lar flower  ?  a  symmetrical  flower  ? 
Fig.  389  is  a  cross-section  of  this 
flower,  given  to  illustrate  the  re- 
lation of  the  parts  to  each  other. 
Observe  that  the  petals  alternate 
with  the  sepals;  that  is,  they  stand 
opposite  to  the  openings  between 
the  sepals.  In  the  same  way  the 
stamens  alternate  with  the  petals, 


FIG.  386. 


FIG.  387. 


FIG.  388. 


and  the  carpels  with  the  stamens.     This  regular  alterna- 
tion of  parts  is  spoken  of  as  a  symmetrical  arrangement 


126 


BOTANY. 


of  the  flower.     Fig.  392  is  the  cross-section  of  Fig.  390, 
and  Fig.  391  gives  a  vertical  section  of  the  same  flower. 


FIG.  389. 


FIG.  390. 


Are  its  parts  arranged  symmetrically  ?  that  is,  is  the  alter- 
nation perfect  ? 

You  see  that  flowers  present  symmetry  of  arrangement 
as  well  as  symmetry  of  numbers,  and  it  is  important  that 
you  should  observe  them  in  this  respect.  Determine  what 


FIG.  391. 


FIG. 


parts  of  the  flower  you  are  studying  alternate  symmetri- 
cally, and  where  the  symmetry  fails.  You  will  often  find 
these  observations  valuable  in  classification. 

EXERCISE   LIX. 
Leaf-Arrangement.— Phyllotaxis. 

To  study  leaf-arrangement,  get  straight  leafy  stems,  or 
shoots,  a  foot  or  more  in  length,  such  as  are  shown  in 
Figs-  393  and  394,  from  any  vigorous  tree,  shrub,  or  herb. 


PHYLLOTAXY. 


127 


First  separate  the  specimens  having  opposite  and  verti- 
cillate  leaves  from  those  with  alternate  leaves. 

Observe  that  the  successive  pairs  of  leaves  in  opposite- 
leaved  plants  are  placed  at  right  angles  to  each  other, 


FIG.  393. 

each  leaf  of  the  upper  pair  being  placed  over  a  space  left 
by  the  lower  pair.  They  are  hence  called  decussate  leaves. 
In  the  same  way  the  whorls  of  leaves  in  verticillate-leaved 
stems  are  so  placed  that  they  alternate  with  each  other. 

Observe  the  arrangement  of  leaves  in  the  stems  of 
grasses,  and  in  stems  with  equitant  leaves. 

Put  by  themselves  all  the  stems  in  which  the  leaves 
are  neither  decussate  nor  whorled. 

Examine  them,    one  after  the  other,   thus  :    Take  a 


128 


BOTANY. 


small  string,  and,  holding  one  end  of  it  just  below  one  of 
the  lower  leaves  of  your  specimen,  carry  it  up  and  around 
the  stem  (Fig.  395),  so  that  it  shall  pass  just  under  each 
successive  leaf.  Proceed  in  this  way  till  you  reach  a  leaf 
standing  directly  over  the  one  you  started  with.  Your 
string  now  includes  what  is  called  a  leaf-cycle  ;  that  is, 


FIG. 


394- 


the  distance  in  a  spiral  line  around  the  stem,  from  one 
leaf  to  another  placed  exactly  above  it. 

Holding  the  string  in  place,  observe,  first,  how  many 
times  it  has  wound  around  the  stem  ;  and,  second,  how 


PHYLLOTAXY. 


I29 


many  leaves  it  passes  on  its  way.  If,  in  passing  from  the 
first  leaf  to  the  one  directly  over  it,  the  string  makes  but 
one  circuit  around  the  stem,  and  the  third  leaf  is  over  the 
first,  so  that  the  cycle  includes  but  two  leaves,  the  fourth 
leaf  being  over  the  second,  and  so  on,  you  have  an  ar- 
rangement like  that  seen  in  Fig.  393.  The  leaves  in  this 
example  are  seen  to  form  two  rows  along  the  side  of  the 
stem,  which  are  separated  by  half  its  diameter. 

This  is  the  distichous,  two-ranked,  or  \  arrangement. 

If,  in  passing  from  one  leaf  to  another  directly  above 
it,  the  string  goes  but  once  round  the  stem,  and  the 
fourth  leaf  is  over  the  first,  giving  a  cycle  of  three  leaves, 
the  arrangement  is  like  that  shown  in  Figs.  394  and  395. 
There  are  three  perpendicular 
rows  of  leaves  along  the  stem, 
separated  from  each  other  by  -J 
its  circumference. 

This  is  the  tristichous,  three- 
ranked,  or  -J  arrangement. 

Again,  the  string  may  pass 
twice  around  the  stem  before  it 
reaches  the  leaf  placed  just  over 
the  first,  which,  on  counting, 
proves  to  be  the  sixth  (Fig. 
397).  There  are  five  longitudi- 
nal rows  along  the  stem,  sepa- 
rated from  each  other  by  f  its 
circumference. 

This  is  the  pentastichous, 
quincuncial,  or  f  arrangement.  FlG-  395-  FIG.  396. 

Observe  that  the  numerator 

in  the  foregoing  fractions  gives  the  number  of  times  the 
string  winds  around  the  stem  in  completing  a  cycle, 
while  the  denominator  gives  the  number  of  leaves  in  the 
cycle. 

This  fraction  is  sometimes  called  the  angle  of  diver- 


s 


130  BOTANY. 

gence  of  the  leaves.  In  Fig.  393  the  angle  of  divergence 
is  I  the  circumference  of  the  stem  ;  in  Fig.  394  it  is  -J-,  and 
in  Fig.  396  it  is  f  its  circumference. 

In  studying  some  of  your  specimens,  the  string  may 
pass  three  times  round  the  stem  in  its  spiral  course  before 
you  come  to  a  leaf  placed  over  the  first,  and  this  leaf  may 
be  the  ninth  in  the  upward  succession,  eight  leaves  being 
required  to  complete  the  cycle.  Here  you  have  eight  per- 


FIG.  397. 

pendicular  rows  of  leaves,  with  an  angular  divergence  of 
f  the  circumference  of  the  stem  ;  it  is,  therefore,  called 
the  f  arrangement. 

In  some  plants  the  leaf-cycle  includes  five  turns  of  the 
spiral  and  thirteen  leaves,  so  that  the  fourteenth  is  placed 


PHYLLOTAXY.  131 

over  tiie  first.  This  is  the  -^  arrangement.  There  are 
also  the  -/f,  the  £f  arrangements,  and  so  on.  But  these 
more  complex  modes  are  only  found  where  leaves  grow  in 
rosettes,  as  the  house-leek,  or  in  the  case  of  crowded  radi- 
cal leaves,  or  in  the  scales  of  cones.  In  these  cases  the 
vertical  rows  are  not  distinguishable,  and  the  order  has  to 
be  made  out  by  processes  of  reasoning  rather  than  by  sim- 
ple observation. 

There  is  a  curious  feature  of  the  fractions  expressing 
the  angular  divergence  of  leaves.  Observe  that  any  one 
of  the  fractions  of  the  series  is  the  sum  of  the  two  pre- 
ceding simpler  ones.  For  example,  the  angles  of  diver- 
gence in  Figs.  393  and  394  are  ^  and  -J.  Adding  these 
numerators  and  these  denominators,  we  have  -f,  the  pen- 
tastichous,  or  next  more  complex  arrangement.  By  add- 
ing in  the  same  way  J  and  f,  we  get  f,  while  f  and  f  give 
y5^-,  and  so  on. 

The  J,  -J,  and  f  modes  of  arrangement  are  so  definite 
and  simple  as  to  be  easily  discovered  ;  but  it  is  not  worth 
while,  ordinarily,  to  continue  the  study  of  a  specimen  if  it 
does  not  belong  to  one  of  these  modes.  A  slight  twisting 
of  the  stem,  a  considerable  lengthening  of  internodes,  or 
theii  absence  altogether,  renders  observation  difficult,  and 
the  decision  uncertain.  So,  when  commencing  the  study 
of  leaf-arrangement,  take  care  to  select  the  straightest  and 
thriftiest  stems  for  the  purpose. 

Examine  the  arrangement  of  bracts,  and  see  if  they 
follow  the  same  order  as  leaves. 

Observe  whether  the  spirals  take  the  same  direction  in 
branches  as  in  the  parent  stem.  When  they  do,  they  are 
called  homodromous ;  but  when  they  turn  in  opposite  di- 
rections, they  are  said  to  be  heterodromous. 

Give  the  numbers  of  the  leaves  in  each  perpendicular 
series  in  your  specimen  showing  the  \  arrangement  (Fig. 

393). 

In  the  £  arrangement,  what  leaf  stands  over  the  first  ? 


I32  BOTANY. 

over  the  second  ?  the  third  ?  the  fourth  ?  the  fifth  ?  Give 
the  series  of  numbers  that  belong  to  the  leaves  of  each 
row. 

The  name  applied  by  botanists  to  these  modes  of  leaf- 
arrangement  \spkyllotaxU, 

EXERCISE   LX. 

Arrangement  of  Floral  Leaves  in  the   Bud.— ^Estivation,  or 
Prefloration. 

In  most  common  flowers,  the  floral  circles,  calyx,  co- 
rolla, etc.,  appear  quite  distinct ;  but  have  you  never  ob- 
served cases  in  which  it  was  doubtful  where  the  calyx 
ended  and  the  corolla  began  ?  or,  where  the  corolla  ended 
and  the  calyx  began  ?  or,  even,  where  the  bracts  ended 
and  the  calyx  began  ?  Have  you  never  seen  sepals  with 
the  color  and  delicacy  of  petals,  and  in  the  same  flower 
some  sepals  that  were  green,  and  some  more  or  less  like 
petals?  or,  the  same  sepal  green  without  an'd  petal-like 
within?  Have  you  not  seen  the  involucre  made  up  of 
colored  bracts,  which  looked  like  a  corolla  ?  Have  you 
not  sometimes  met  with  flowers  in  which  you  could  see  the 
gradual  transition  from  petals  to  stamens?  or  in  which 
some  of  the  stamens  or  carpels  were  changed  to  green 
foliage-leaves  ?  Have  you  ever  known  of  single  flowers 
becoming  double  by  cultivation,  and  of  stamens  and  car- 
pels replaced  by  petals  ?  Did  you  ever  see  a  leafy  shoot 
growing  out  from  the  center  of  a  flower,  or  of  a  flower- 
bud?  These  appearances  are  not  uncommon,  and  may 
be  easily  observed  if  you  are  watchful. 

It  is  from  these  singular  aspects  of  plants,  joined  with 
the  study  of  their  development,  that  botanists  have  come 
to  regard  flowers  as  altered  branches,  and  floral  leaves  as 
changed  foliage-leaves.  They  speak  of  carpels  as  carpel- 
lary  leaves,  stamens  as  staminal  leaves,  petals  as  corolla- 
leaves,  and  the  sepals  as  calyx-leaves. 


PREFLORATION.  133 

If  this  be  so,  the  laws  of  arrangement  of  floral  leaves 
ought  to  agree  with  the  phyllotaxy  of  foliage-leaves.  Bot- 
anists say  that  they  do  so  agree,  and  the  place  where  this 
agreement  is  best  seen  is  in  the  flower-bud.  The  arrange- 
ment of  floral  leaves  is  an  important  help  in  determining 
the  affinities  of  plants. 

To  observe  this  arrangement,  make  a  horizontal  sec- 
tion of  a  bud  just  before  it  opens.  Be  careful  to  make 
the  section  in  the  upper  part  of  the  bud,  where  the  petals 


FIG.  398.  FIG.  399.  FIG.  400. 


and  sepals  are  most  easily 'seen.  Observe  with  a  magni- 
fying-glass  the  disposition  of  parts,  and  compare  your  ex- 
amples with  the  modes  of  arrangement  here  pictured  and 
named. 

In  VALVULAR  prsefloration  there  is  no  overlapping  of 
parts.  The  edges  of  the  sepals  and  petals  just  meet,  and 
the  flower  is  almost  always  regular  (Fig.  398). 

INDUPLICATE  is  a  form  of  valvate  aestivation,  in  which 
the  edges  are  turned  slightly  inward,  or  touch  by  their 
external  face  (Fig.  399). 

REDUPLICATE  is  a  form  of  valvate  aestivation,  in  which 
the  edges  turn  slightly  outward,  or  touch  by  their  internal 
face  (Fig.  400). 

In  the  CONTORTED  arrangement,  each  leaf  overlaps  its 
neighbor,  and  the  parts  seem  twisted  together  (Fig.  401). 
It  becomes  CONVOLUTE  when  each  sepal  or  petal  wholly 
covers  those  within  it. 

In  IMBRICATE  aestivation,  the  parts  of  a  floral  circle, 
usually  five,  are  placed  as  seen  in  Fig.  402.  The  first  leaf 


134 


BOTANY. 


is  external,  the  fifth  internal,  and  the  intermediate  ones 
successively  overlap  each  other. 


¥lG.  404. 


FIG.  405. 


FIG.  406. 


The  QUINCUNCIAL  arrangement  is  seen   in  Fig,  403. 
There  are  two  exterior  leaves,  two  interior,  and  one  inter- 
mediate. 

The  VEXILLARY  ar- 
rangement    (Fig.  404) 
is  a  form  of  the  quin- 
cuncial,  where  one  of 
the  petals,  that  ought 
to  be  internal,  has,  by 
rapid   growth,  become 
larger  than  the  others, 
and  external  to  them,  so  as  to  cover 
them  in. 

In  the  COCHLEAR  arrangement,  inequality  of  develop- 
ment has  produced  the  order  seen  in  Fig.  405. 

We  are  reminded  of  the  DECUSSATE  arrangement  of 


FIG.  407. 


FIG.  408. 


CYMOSE  INFLORESCENCE.  135 

foliage-leaves  by  the  position  of  the  floral  leaves  shown  in 
Fig.  406. 

The  SUPERVOLUTE  arrangement  is  the  name  given  to 
the  folding  of  the  gamosepalous  calyx,  or  the  gamopetal- 
ous  corolla  (Fig.  407).  Observe  whether  the  overlapping 
is  from  right  to  left,  or  from  left  to  right,  as  you  stand 
before  the  flower.  Observe,  also,  whether  the  mode  of 
arrangement  is  the  same  in  the  calyx  and  corolla. 

The  plaiting  of  a  gamopetalous  corolla  is  shown  in 
Fig.  408. 

EXERCISE   LXI. 
Cymose,  or  Definite  Inflorescence. 

It  often  requires  much  skill  and  patience  to  determine 
whether  a  particular  panicle,  corymb,  raceme,  or  head,  is 
definite  or  indefinite. 

The  buttercup,  wild  columbine,  rose,  and  cinquefoil, 
are  common  examples  of  cymose  inflorescence  among 
alternate-leaved  plants,  while  Saint- John's-wort,  chickweed, 
sedum  or  live-forever,  dog-wood,  elder,  hydrangea,  are 
opposite-leaved  examples.  Get  as  many  of  these  as  you 
can,  and  begin  the  study  with  the  inflorescence  of  an 
alternate-leaved  plant.  Compare  it  with  Fig.  409.  In  this 
plant  each  shoot  terminates  in  a  flower,  and  the  growth  is 
continued  by  means  of  branches.  Here  the  main  or 
primary  stem  (A,  A)  terminates  with  a  flower  which  must, 
of  course,  be  the  oldest  of  the  cluster.  The  branches 
(B,  B,  B)  continue  the  growth,  blossom,  and  cease  to 
lengthen.  From  these  branches  proceed  others  (C,  C), 
and  so  on. 

Such  a  loose,  irregular,  definite  inflorescence  is  called 
a  cyme ;  but,  when  the  number  of  branches  is  greatly  in- 
creased, and  the  peduncles  acquire  such  lengths  as  to  give 
a  peculiar  outline,  the  cluster  receives  a  more  special 
name.  Fig.  410  represents  the  cymose  inflorescence  of  an 
opposite-leaved  plant.  The  main  or  primary  stem  termi- 


136 


BOTANY. 


B 


nates  in  a  flower  between  two  branches.     These  branches, 
or  secondary  stems,  also  terminate  in  flowers,  each  one  of 

which  is  situated  be- 
tween branches  of 
the  third  order,  and 
so  on. 

In  this  way  is 
formed  a  forked  or 
dichotomouscyme.  If, 
in  place  of  two,  we 
have  three  branch- 
es, forming  a  sort 
of  whorl  around 
the  primary  stem,, 
and  each  of  these 
branches  has  anoth- 
er whorl  of  three 
tertiary  branches, 
and  so  on,  we  get  a 
trichotomous  cyme. 
When  the  branching 
is  carried  forward, 
as  seen  in  Fig.  411, 
the  cyme  becomes 
FIG.  409.  globose.  When  the 

central  flower  is  sup- 
pressed, the  process  of  development  is  not  easily  traced. 

Suppose  that,  at  each  stage  of  the  branching,  one  of 
the  divisions  is  regularly  suppressed,  as  shown  in  Fig.  412, 
where  the  dotted  lines  take  the  place  of  the  absent 
branches,  the  cyme  is  apparently  changed  into  a  one-sided 
raceme,  and  the  flowers  seem  to  expand  in  the  same  way 
as  in  the  indefinite  raceme.  In  opposite-leaved  plants 
bearing  this  kind  of  inflorescence,  the  leaf  or  bract  op- 
posite the  flower  shows  that  the  raceme  is  definite  ;  but 
when,  as  in  Fig.  413,  there  is  no  such  bract,  it  is  not  easy 


CYMOSE  INFLORESCENCE. 


137 


to  decide  whether  the   cluster   is   definite   or   indefinite. 

However,  the  one-sided  mode  of  branching  gives  the  stem 

a  coiled  appearance,  which  is 
characteristic  of  the  false  or 
cymose  raceme,  described  £s 
scorpioid — curved  like  the  tail 
of  a  scorpion. 


FIG.  410. 


FIG.  411. 


You  may  know  a  cymose  umbel  by  observing  that  its 
oldest  flowers  are  in  the  center  of  the  cluster  (Fig.  414), 
with  buds,  on  short  peduncles,  sur- 
rounding them. 

A  FASCICLE  (Fig.  415)  is  a  cymose 
cluster  of  nearly  sessile  flowers. 


FIG.  412. 


FIG.  413. 


A  GLOMERULE  is  a  cymose  cluster  of  sessile  flowers  in 
the  axil  of  a  leaf. 


138 


BOTANY. 


What  is  known  as  compound  inflorescence  occurs  when 
the  flower-clusters  of  a  plant  develop  in  one  way,  and  the 
plant  itself  develops  in  another  way.  This  state  of  things 
is  often  met  with.  Compare  the 
development  of  the  sunflower 
with  that  of  catnip  and  hoar- 
hound  in  this  respect. 


FIG. 


FIG.  415. 


The  indefinite  mode  of  growth  is  sometimes  spoken  of 
as  centripetal,  because  the  flowers  open  first  at  the  circum- 
ference ;  while  definite  forms  are  said  to  be  centrifugal, 
because  here  the  flowers  open  at  the  center  first. 


CHAPTER   EIGHTH. 

THE   COMPOSITE. 


EXERCISE   LXII. 
Parts  of  Flower-Heads. 


To  illustrate  this 
chapter,  gather  all 
the  plants  you  can 
find  that  have  the 
inflorescence  in  a 
dense  head.  The 
dandelion,  thistle, 
aster,  marigold,  sun- 
flower, daisy,  dahlia, 
burdock,  mayweed, 
bachelor's  -  button, 
boneset  or  thorough- 
wort,  golden  -  rod, 
lettuce,  saffron,  cud- 
weed or  everlast- 
ing, wormwood,  tan- 
sy, yarrow,  feverfew, 
camomile,  ragweed, 
tickseed,  elecam- 
pane, are  familiar 
examples  of  such 
plants.  For  your 
first  observations  se- 


Florets 


Involucre  of 
Bracts 


FIG.  416. 


140 


BOTANY. 


lect  some  flower-head  in  which  the  parts  are  well  devel- 
oped, as  the  marigold,   thistle,   or   dandelion.     Fig.   416 
shows  a  thistle-head,  with 
lines  pointing  to  its  princi-  Florets. 

pal  divisions. 

Fig.  417  represents  a 
marigold,  in  which  the  same 
parts  are  shown.  In  Fig. 
418  we  look  down  upon  the 


top  of  the  flower-head, 
and  observe  that  it  pre- 
sents unlikeness  of  as- 
pect, which  is  still  more 
FIG.  418.  plainly  shown  in  section 

in  Fig.  419. 

The  parts  pointed  out  in  these  pictures  may  be  thus 
denned  : 

INVOLUCRE. — The  outer  green  circle  of  a  flower-head, 
often  mistaken  for  a  calyx. 


THE  COMPOSITE. 


141 


SCALES. — The  bracts  forming  the  involucre  of  a  flower- 
head. 

FLORETS. — The  flowers  of  a  flower-head. 

RAY  FLORETS. — The  outer  petal-like  florets  of  a  flower- 
head. 

DISK  FLORETS. — The  inner  florets  of  a  flower-head. 

Observe  the  bract  at  the  base  of  the  floret  in  Fig.  421. 
Observe  the  chaffy,  bract-like  bodies  growing  among  the 
florets  in  Fig.  420.  Examine  your 
specimens,  and  see  if,  in  any  case, 


FIG.  420. 


FIG.  421. 


FIG.  422. 


you  find  such  things  growing  out  of  the  receptacle  among 
the  florets.  These  chaffy  bodies  are  known  as  pale<z. 
When  they  are  wanting,  the  receptacle  is  said  to  be  naked. 
Separate  the  naked  from  the  chaffy  flower-heads  of  your 
collection. 

In  Fig.  422  you  see  the  convex  receptacle  at  a.  Ob- 
serve the  different  forms  presented  by  the  receptacle  in 
the  last  four  figures.  Strip  away  the  florets  from  your 
flower-heads,  and  compare  them  in  this  respect.  Are  any 
conical  in  shape  ?  Are  any  columnar  ?  Are  any  pitted  or 
honey-combed?  In  Fig.  422  is  shown  half  the  involucre 
of  a  marigold.  Compare  the  involucres  of  your  collection. 
They  may  be  hemispherical,  conical,  inversely  conical, 
squarrose,  oblong,  cup-shaped,  etc.  Their  scales  may  be 


142 


BOTANY. 


many  or  few  ;  narrow  or  broad  ;  in  one  or  several  rows  ; 
loosely  or  closely  imbricate  ;  chaffy,  spinous,  or  soft ;  re- 
flexed,  colored,  etc. 

EXERCISE   LXIII. 
The  Florets. 

Let  us  now  examine,  with  some  care,  the  structure  of 
florets.      The   flower-head   here   dissected  is  that  of  the 
marigold.     If  you  can  not  get  this  plant,  take  the  sun- 
flower, or  daisy,  or  dande- 
lion, or  thistle,  or  any  other 
flower-heads  you  happen  to 
have.     Of  course,  it  is  de- 
sirable,   at    the    outset    of 
study,    to    get   the    largest 
florets  you  can  find. 

Fig.  423  represents  a  sec- 
tion of  the  marigold  :  a,  the 
ray  florets ;  b,  the  disk  flo- 
rets ;  c,  the  involucre ;  d, 
the  receptacle ;  and  e,  the 
peduncle. 

Fig.  424  shows  one  of 
the  ray  florets,  with  its  strap-shaped  corolla,  d  the  limb, 
and  c  the  tube.  At  e  is  seen  the  forked  stigma  of  the  pis- 
til ;  a  is  the  ovary,  and  b  the  limb  of  the  calyx.  Compare 
this  picture,  or,  what  is  better,  a  living  example,  with  one 
of  the  florets  of  a  dandelion,  and  carefully  note  the  differ- 
ences of  structure  they  present. 

Fig.  425  represents  a  disk  floret :  a,  the  ovary  ;  b,  the 
limb  of  the  calyx  ;  and  c,  the  tubular  corolla.  Compare 
this  floret  with  those  of  the  thistle,  or  any  tubular  florets 
in  your  collection. 

In  looking  for  the  limb  of  the  calyx  in  your  specimens, 
you  have  found  very  various  and  peculiar  appearances. 
This  part  of  florets,  from  its  singularity,  has  received  the 


THE  COMPOSITE 


special  name  of  pap- 
pus. In  some,  you 
observe,  it  does  not 
exist  at  all,  the  ad- 
herent tube  of  the 
calyx  forming  an  in- 
distinguishable part 
of  the  ovary ;  in  such 
cases  the  limb  is 
said  to  be  obsolete. 
Again,  it  is  a  mere 
rim,  or  border; 
sometimes  it  is  cup- 
shaped,  or  bristly, 
or  composed  of 
teeth,  scales,  awns, 
or  beards. 


C' 


FIG.  424. 


FIG.  425. 


In  the  dandelion  (Fig.  426)  and  the  thistle  it  is  silky. 
The  cause  of  this  singular  condition  of  the  calyx-limb  may 

be  that  it  is  starved  and  stunt- 
ed while  growing,  by  the  con- 
stant pressure  of 
the  florets  against 


FIG.  426.  FIG.  428.  FIG.  427. 

each  other.  In  the  case  of  the  dandelion,  while  the  seed 
is  maturing,  the  tube  of  the  calyx  is  prolonged  above  the 
ovary  into  a  kind  of  stalk,  and  the  pappus  is  said  to  be 
stipitate  (Fig.  426). 

8 


144 


BOTANY. 


But  let  us  return  to  the  florets.  We  have  not  yet  ex- 
amined their  essential  organs.  Just  below  the  stigma,  in 
the  disk  floret  (Fig.  425),  is  a  cylindrical  body,  which,  at 
first,  you  may  not  understand.  Slit  it  down,  flatten  it  out, 
and  examine  it  with  your  glass.  Is  not  this  cylinder  com- 
posed of  slender  coherent  anthers  ?  Do  you  not  see  each 
anther  with  its  filament,  as  shown  in  Fig.  427,  and  which 
represents  the  tube  seen  in  Fig.  428,  thus  laid  open  ?  The 
stamens  of  this  floret  are  syngenesious. 

The  following  is  a  schedule  of  the  £  and  ?  florets  of 
the  marigold : 

SCHEDULE  FOURTEENTH. 


Organs. 

No. 

Cohesion. 

Adhesion. 

Calyx  ? 
Sepals. 

5* 

Gamosepalous. 
Limb  of  narrow 
scales. 

Superior. 

»  Corolla  ? 
Petals. 

5 

Gamopetalous, 
tubular. 

Epigynous. 

$  Stamens? 

5 

Syngenesious. 

Epigynous. 

$  Pistil  ? 
Carpels. 

2 

Syncarpous. 

Inferior. 

?  Corolla? 
Petals. 

5 

Gamopetalous, 
strap-shaped. 

Epigynous. 

?  Stamens  ? 

0 

0 

0 

?  Pistil  ? 
Carpels, 

2 

Syncarpous. 

Inferior. 

*  As  the  corolla  is  five-lobed,  and  there  are  five  stamens,  the  florets 
seem  to  be  five-merous,  and  we  put  the  number  of  sepals  as  five. 


THE  COMPOSITE 


The  two  carpels  are  inferred  from  the  two-lobed  stigma. 

Study  the  florets  of  the  dandelion.  Is  there  more  than 
one  sort  in  the  head  ?  Select  a  well-developed  floret,  and 
describe  it.  Does  your  account  agree  with  the  following 
schedule  ? 

SCHEDULE  FIFTEENTH. 


Organs. 

No. 

Cohesion. 

Adhesion. 

Calyx  ? 
Sepals. 

5 

Gamosepalous. 

Superior. 

Corolla  ? 
Petals, 

5 

Gamopetalous. 

i 
Epigynous. 

Stamens? 

5 

Syngenesious. 

Epipetalous. 

Pistil  ? 
Carpels. 

2 

Syncarpous. 

Inferior. 

Seeds? 

Solitary,  erect,  e 

xalbuminous. 

In  the  same  way  see  how  many  sorts  of  florets  you  can 
find  upon  the  thistle-head,  and  carefully  describe  whatever 
you  find.  Do  the  same  for  all  the  plants  of  this  family 
that  you  have  collected.  When  a  flower-head  has  both 
disk  and  ray  florets,  note  whether  they  are  $  ,  ? ,  $ ,  or 
neutral. 

When  you  have  done  this,  you  will  be  able  properly 
to  apply  the  following  terms  to  inflorescences  of  this 
order  : 

When  all  the  florets  of  a  head  are  perfect,  it  is  said  to 
be  homogamous. 

When  part  of  the  florets  are  imperfect,  the  head  is  said 
to  be  heterogamous. 

Flower-heads  are  discoid  when  destitute  of  ray  florets. 


146  BOTANY. 

EXERCISE   LXIV. 
Characters  of  the  Compositae. 

Dandelions,  daisies,  dahlias,  thistles,  etc.,  we  see,  are 
composed,  of  many  florets,  inclosed  in  a  calyx-like  in- 
volucre. Plants  of  this  kind  have,  therefore,  been  named 
Compositae,  from  the  compound,  or  composite,  nature  of 
what,  to  the  untaught,  seems  a  single  flower.  They  form 
one  of  the  most  numerous,  and,  at  the  same  time,  one  of 
the  most  natural  and  perfect  families  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom.  There  are  about  nine  thousand  different  species 
included  in  it.  They  are  found  in  all  countries  and  cli- 
mates. About  \  of  the  plants  of  North  America,  and  \  of 
all  tropical  plants,  belong  to  it ;  indeed,  from  ^  to  -^  of  all 
the  plants  in  the  world  are  of  this  order. 

Now,  why  is  this  order  said  to  be  very  natural  ?  Why, 
for  instance,  is  it  a  more  natural  group  than  the  rose 
family  ?  If  examples  of  all  these  nine  thousand  species 
were  brought  together,  they  would  be  seen  to  have  one 
conspicuous  and  many  important  characters  in  common. 
In  every  one  of  them  the  inflorescence  is  a  dense  head, 
inclosed  in  a  more  or  less  compact  involucre.  But,  when 
you  have  collected  all  the  members  of  the  rose  family, 
you  do  not  see  so  many  features  common  to  all,  nor  any 
marked  one  which  stamps  them  as  similar.  On  the  con- 
trary, in  all  their  prominent  characters,  they  are  often 
widely  unlike,  and  only  experienced  botanists  can  detect 
their  affinities. 

It  must  not  be  supposed,  however,  that  all  plants  with 
flowers  in  a  head  belong  to  the  Compositae.  The  case  is 
not  quite  so  simple.  Plants  are  not  to  be  classified  by  a 
single  character.  We  must  not  forget  the  principle  that 
characters  of  cohesion  and  adhesion  in  the  flower  are  of 
the  first  importance  in  determining  affinities. 

Now,  what  are  the  characters  of  cohesion  and  adhesion 
in  which  the  florets  of  all  the  plants  named  in  Ex.  LX 


THE  COMPOSITE. 


147 


FIG.  429.     FIG.  430.         FIG. 


agree  ?  In  the  matter  of  cohesion,  you  always  found  the 
calyx  gamosepalous,  the  corolla  gamopetalous,  the  stamens 
syngenesious,  and  the  forked  style,  of  which 
Fig.  429  is  a  magnified  view,  seems  to  imply 
a  syncarpous  pistil,  although  the  ovary  is  one- 
celled  and  one-ovuled. 

In  the  matter  of  adhesion,  you  always  found 
the  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  (Fig.  431), 
forming  the  peculiar  kind  of  achenium  known 
as  a  cypsela,  and  on  further 
inspection    you   would   find 
one  erect  exalbuminous  seed 
(Fig.  430)  ;  and,  if  you  were 
to  examine  the  entire  nine 
thousand  species,  you  would 
find    them    all   bearing   the 
same  characters. 

But  you  need  not  discov- 
er all  these  characters  before  you  decide  that  a  given  plant 
belongs  to  the  composite  order.  If  you  find  syngenesious 
stamens  in  the  florets  of  a  dense  flower-head,  it  settles  the 
question.  The  coexistence  of  the  two  characters  makes 
sure  the  inference  that  the  plant  has  all  the  above-named 
characters,  and  also  that  it  is  more  or  less  bitter. 

Well,  you  have  now  the  means  of  easily  recognizing 
the  members  of  this  great  family.  They  differ  from  all 
other  plants,  not  in  their  inflorescence,  for  many  other 
plants  blossom  in  a  head  ;  not  in  having  syngenesious 
anthers,  for  in  many  other  plants  the  anthers  are  coher- 
ent ;  but  they  differ  from  all  other  plants  in  possessing 
both  these  characters.  This  circumstance  is,  therefore, 
characteristic  of  the  compositae.  It  enables  you  to  identify 
any  plant  that  belongs  to  the  order.  (See  Flora,  pages  185 
to  191,  where  the  characteristics  of  all  the  principal  orders 
of  plants  are  given.)  Observe  the  distinction  between  that 
which  characterizes  an  order  and  the  characters  of  that 


148  BOTANY. 

order.  The  coexistence  of  the  two  characters — synge- 
nesious  anthers  and  a  flower-head — is  sufficient  to  iden- 
tify any  plant  of  the  order  compositae,  or,  what  is  the  same 
thing,  to  characterize  it;  but  these,  added  to  the  other 
characters  that  invariably  accompany  them,  are  the  char- 
acters Of  the  order. 

Though  all  composite  plants  are  alike  in  certain  par- 
ticulars, called  their  ordinal  characters^  they  differ  much 
among  themselves  in  other  respects.  Though  they  all 
have  bitter  properties,  yet  some  are  tonic,  some  acrid,  and 
some  narcotic.  One  group  will  have  milky  juice,  another 
will  be  watery  and  aromatic,  or  mucilaginous,,  or  gummy, 
or  oily.  In  respect  to  the  structure  of  flower-heads,  you 
have  already  found  the  dandelion,  with  all  its  florets,  per- 
fect and  ligulate  ;  you  found  the  thistle  with  perfect  tubu- 
lar florets  ;  you  found  the  marigold  with  ?  ligulate  disk 
florets,  and  $  tubular  ray  florets;  the  daisy  with  ?  ray 
florets,  and  $  disk  florets.  By  referring  to  this  order  in 
the  Flora,  you  will  find  that  these  differences  serve  in  ar- 
ranging this  vast  family  into  sub-families,  and  these  sub- 
families are  again  separated  into  smaller  groups  by  still 
other  characters.  Differences  in  the  involucre,  and  in  the 
conditions  of  the  inferior  fruit,  serve  to  separate  them  into 
what  are  called  genera  (see  Flora,  page  242),  and  then  the 
species  of  a  genus  are  found  to  differ  still  further  in  the 
characters  of  leaf  and  stem,  in  size,  color,  etc. 

In  Order  VIII  of  Chart  II,  illustrating  the  Compositae, 
the  characters  of  the  dandelion,  thistle,  marigold,  bache- 
lor's-button, and  globe  amaranth,  are  given  ;  those  of  the 
dandelion  and  thistle  are  presented  in  full  detail,  and 
much  enlarged. 


CHAPTER    NINTH. 
THE  CRUCIFER&,  OR  CROSS-BEARERS. 


EXERCISE   LXV. 
Characters  of  the  Cruciferae. 

THE  plants  of  this  order  bear  flowers  with  a  crucifer- 
ous corolla.  About  sixteen  hundred  species  have  been 
discovered,  and  they  are  all  wholesome.  They  grow  in 
every  zone  and  country,  but  chiefly  in  temperate  regions. 
Both  wild  and  cultivated  species  are  common,  and  the 
characters  by  which  they  are  known  are  few  and  obvious, 
so  that  you  may  easily  make  their  acquaintance.  Mus- 
tard, horse-radish,  shepherd's-purse,  turnip,  cabbage,  rad- 
ish, pepper-grass,  cress,  and  honesty,  are  familiar  examples, 
which  you  must  often  have  observed  and  studied  ;  and 
I  wonder  how  many  of  you  can  recollect  certain  charac- 
ters peculiar  to  these  plants.  Procure  them,  and  confirm, 
by  direct  observation,  the  following  statements  : 

The  flowers  of  this  family  of  plants  have  four  petals, 
so  placed  as  to  resemble  a  cross.  They  have  six  stamens, 
four  long  and  two  short  (Fig.  158) — tetradynamous  sta- 
mens. Their  inflorescence  is  racemose,  and  without  bracts. 
Any  plant  with  these  characters  is  a  crucifer.  These 
three  characters  are  alone  sufficient  to  characterize  a  plant 
as  cruciferous  ;  but  they  always  accompany  certain  other 
traits  of  structure,  which  you  will  discover  on  glancing 
at  the  columns  of  the  schedules  you  have  made  in  de- 
scribing them.  In  each  case  there  are  four  sepals  and 


150  BOTANY. 

four  petals.  There  is  no  cohesion  in  any  of  these  flowers, 
unless  you  except  the  spuriously  syncarpous  pistil  (Fig. 
349) .  They  are  also  without  adhesion.  I  do  not  know 
how  successful  you  may  be  in  observing  the  embryo,  but, 
with  a  good  magnifying-glass,  you  should  be  able  to  see 
that  the  radicle  is  folded  upon  the  cotyledons,  sometimes 
against  their  edges,  sometimes  against  the  back  of  one, 
but  always  folded.  Now,  these  invariable  features  are  the 
ordinal  characters  of  the  Cruciferae.  You  may  identify  any 
one  of  the  sixteen  hundred  known  species  by  the  three  feat- 
ures first  named,  and,  when  you  have  done  this,  you  may 
safely  infer  the  existence  of  all  the  others.  You  are  en- 
abled to  do  this  because  botanists  have  carefully  studied 
and  analyzed  these  plants,  and  in  every  case,  along  with  a 
cruciferous  corolla,  tetradynamous  stamens,  and  bractless 
inflorescence,  the  other  features  have  invariably  been  found. 
Compare  the  characteristics  of  any  order  of  plants,  as  given 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Flora,  with  the  characters  of  that 
order  given  in  connection  with  its  genera  and  species  in 
the  body  of  the  Flora.  In  the  same  way,  if  any  plant  have 
certain  ordinal  characteristics,  you  may  infer  the  other  or- 
dinal characters. 

I  wish  to  say  a  word  about  the  importance  of  the  char- 
acters by  which  you  determine  whether  a  plant  is  or  is  not 
a  crucifer.  Some  of  you  may  think  it  strange  that  such 
features  as  the  length  of  stamens  and  the  absence  of  bracts 
should  be  named  in  describing  an  order  of  plants.  These 
points  of .  structure  would  not  be  looked  upon  as  ordinal 
characters  but  for  one  circumstance,  to  be  carefully 
borne  in  mind.  It  is  their  constancy,  which  here  gives  them 
value.  They  take  rank  from  their  permanence.  Perma- 
nent or  constant  characters,  no  matter  how  trivial  other- 
wise considered,  are  of  high  value  in  classification. 

Order  II  of  Chart  I  exhibits  the  characters  of  the  Cru- 
ciferae as  here  described. 


CHAPTER    TENTH. 
THE    UMBELLIFERM. 


EXERCISE   LXVI. 
Structure  of  its  Flowers  and  Fruit. 

THE  plants  of  this  family  blossom  in  umbels.  An  um- 
bel, with  its  pedicels  all  starting  from  one  point,  like  the 
rays  of  an  umbrella,  is  a  feature  of  plants  so  striking  that 
it  has  naturally  given  its  name  to  the  group  that  bears  it. 
But,  as  you  saw  that  a  plant  blossoming  in  a  head  did  not 
necessarily  belong  to  the  Compositae,  so  you  are  now  to 
find  that  all  umbel-bearing  plants  are  not,  therefore,  placed 
among  Umbelliferae.  It  has  been  found  that  certain  plants 
blossoming  in  umbels  are  alike  in  many  other  respects, 
and  are  at  the  same  time  unlike  all  other  plants  in  the 
structure  of  their  flowers,  and  particularly  of  their  fruit. 
These  umbelliferous  plants  constitute  the  family  we  are 
about  to  examine. 

They  are  "  natives  chiefly  of  the  northern  parts  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  inhabiting  groves,  thickets,  plains, 
marshes,  and  waste  places.  They  appear  to  be  extremely 
rare  in  all  tropical  countries  except  at  considerable  ele- 
vations, where  they  gradually  increase  in  number,  as  the 
other  parts  of  the  vegetation  acquire  an  extra-tropical  or 
mountain  character." 

At  the  outset  let  me  warn  you  that  this  is  an  order  of 
plants  to  be  suspected.  Though  some  of  its  species  are 
excellent  food,  yet  some,  when  eaten,  are  deadly  poisons, 


BOTANY. 


as  hemlock,  water-parsnip,  and  fool's-parsley.  These  poi- 
sonous species  so  strongly  resemble  esculent  ones  that 
only  botanists  can  distinguish  them,  and  many  persons 
have  made  the  fatal  mistake  of  eating  their  roots.  But  the 
carrot,  parsnip,  parsley,  celery,  lovage,  caraway,  corian- 
der, etc.,  are  common  cultivated  species  of  this  order,  and 
none  of  the  species  are  poison  to  the  touch. 

In  your  rambles  you  will  be  likely  to  find  a  large,  coarse- 
looking,  hairy  or  woolly,  strong-scented  plant,  three  or  four 
feet  high,  which  grows  in  moist,  cultivated  grounds,  from 
Pennsylvania  to  Labrador,  and  west  to  Oregon.  It  has  a 
thick,  furrowed  stem,  ternate  leaves,  with  large,  channeled, 
clasping  petioles,  and  blossoms  in  June,  bearing  huge  um- 
bels, often  a  foot  broad.  It  is  a  species  of  cow-parsnip, 
sometimes  called  masterwort.  Its  flowers  have  white, 
deeply  heart-shaped  petals.  As  its  parts  are  comparatively 
large,  the  flower  of  this  plant  is  here  chosen  to  exhibit  the 
peculiarities  of  the  order.  In  Fig.  432  it  is  given  in  sec- 
tion, and  here  follows  its  schedule-description  : 

SCHEDULE  SIXTEENTH. 


Organs. 

No. 

Cohesion. 

Adhesion. 

Calyx  ? 
Sepals. 

5 

Gamosepalous. 

Superior. 

Corolla  ? 
Petals. 

5 

Polypetalous. 

Epigynous. 

Stamens  ? 

5 

Pentandrous. 

Epigynous. 

Pistil  ? 
Carpels. 

2 

Syncarpous. 

Inferior. 

Seeds  ?                               One  in  each  carpel  —  pendulous, 
albuminous. 

THE   UMBELLIFER^E. 


153 


Now  look  at  an  ovary  that  has  attained  its  full  size, 
and  lost  its  petals  and  stamens.  It  has  turned  brown,  the 
furrows  on  its  sides  are  deepened,  and  it  separates  into 
two  halves,  commonly  called  seeds  (caraway-seed,  for  ex- 
ample). This  ovary  requires  close 
study.  In  Fig.  433  you  see  its 
two  carpels  suspended  in  a  pe- 
culiar manner.  You  may  see  in 
your  specimen  this  slender,  forked 
carpophore. 

The  fruit  of  the  Umbelliferae 
consists  of  two  achenia,  called  a 
cremocarp,  and  each  achenium,  or 
carpel,  is  called  a  mericarp.  The 
inner  faces  of  the  carpels,  which 
are  in  contact  before  ripening,  are 
called  the  commissure. 

Fig.  434  is  a  magnified  view  of  the  back  of  a  mericarp. 
Five  ridges  are  seen  passing  from  bottom  to  top  of  each 
mericarp,  and  often  four  intermediate  or  secondary  ones, 
which  may  be,  some,  none,  or  all  of  them  winged.  In  the 


FIG.  432. 


FIG.  433. 
Cremocarp  of 
two  Carpels, 
each  of  which 
is  a  Mericarp. 


FIG.  435. 
Cross-section  of  a  Mericarp. 


FIG.  434 — Mericarp. 


substance  of  the  thin  pericarp  are  little  bags  of  colored 
oil,  called  vittce,  that  give  aromatic  and  stimulating  prop- 
erties to  all  the  plants  of  this  family.  Four  of  these  bags 
are  seen  in  Fig.  434,  in  the  intervals  of  the  ribs.  In  the 


154  BOTANY. 

cross-section  of  a  mericarp  (Fig.  435)  the  little  mouths  of 
the  four  oil-bags  of  the  back  are  seen,  along  with  two 
others  in  the  face  of  the  commissure.  If  you  have  diffi- 
culty in  finding  these  oil-bags,  cut  the  carpel  across,  as 
shown  in  435,  and  look  down  upon  it  with  your  glass,  and 
perhaps  their  cut  ends  will  be  visible  to  you.  A  thin  sec- 
tion, moistened  and  seen  under  a  microscope,  reveals 
them  very  distinctly. 

Collect  all  the  plants  you  can  find  with  this  kind  of  in- 
florescence and  examine  their  flowers  and  fruit.  In  most 
cases  you  will  need  your  glass  and  much  patience  in  doing 
this  ;  but,  if  you  can  not  discover  all  the  minute  details 
of  structure,  you  can,  at  least,  tell  whether  the  fruit  of  the 
plant  is  like  that  of  the  cow-parsnip  or  not. 

EXERCISE   LXVII. 
Classification  of  Umbel-bearing  Plants. 

The  order  Umbelliferae  is  thus  described : 

CALYX,  superior  ;  LIMB,  obsolete,  or  entire,  or  a  five- 
toothed  border.  PETALS,  five,  mostly  with  the  point  in- 
flexed,  and  along  with  the  five  STAMENS,  inserted  on  the 
outside  of  a  fleshy,  epigynous  disk  at  the  base  of  the  two 
styles.  FRUIT,  consisting  of  two  carpels,  called  mtricarps, 
cohering  by  their  faces,  the  commissure  separating  when 
ripe,  and  suspended  from  the  summit  by  a  prolongation  of 
the  receptacle,  called  a  carpophore ;  each  carpel  is  marked 
by  five  primary  ribs,  and  a  variable  number  of  intermedi- 
ate or  secondary  ones,  between  which  are  found  oil-tubes, 
called  vittce,  filled  with  aromatic  oil.  SEEDS,  solitary,  ana- 
tropous,  with  minute  embryo  in  horny  albumen. 

HERBACEOUS  plants,  with  hollow,  furrowed  stems. 
LEAVES,  alternate,  mostly  compound,  usually  sheathing  at 
the  base  (Fig.  436).  FLOWERS,  in  umbels,  usually  com- 
pound, often  with  involucre  and  involucels  (Fig.  437). 

So,  you  see,  we  have  here  a  family  of  fifteen  hundred 


THE   UMBELLIFER&. 


155 


species,  all  blossoming  in  umbels,  and  named  from  this 
circumstance,  and  yet  distinguished  from  the  rest  of  the 
vegetable  kingdom  by  quite  other  characters  than  the  in- 
florescence. If  your  notion  of  the  order  were  founded  on 
its  name,  or  upon  the  general  aspect  of  a  few  familiar  spe- 
cies known  to  belong  to  it,  you  would  most  likely  pro- 
nounce an  elder-bush  an  umbelliferous  plant.  "  You  would 
find  a  large  umbel,  a  small  umbel,  little,  white  blossoms, 


FIG.  436. 


FIG.  437. 


an  inferior  ovary,  and  five  stamens.  Yes,  it  must  be  an 
umbelliferous  plant  But  look  again  :  suppose  you  study 
a  flower.  In  the  first  place,  instead  of  five  distinct  petals, 
you  find  a  corolla,  with  five  divisions,  it  is  true,  but,  never- 
theless, with  all  five  joined  into  one  piece  ;  now,  the  flow- 
ers of  umbelliferous  plants  are  not  so  constructed.  Here, 
indeed,  are  five  stamens,  but  you  see  no  styles  ;  you  see 
three  stigmas  more  often  than  two,  and  three  grains  more 
often  than  two  ;  but  umbelliferous  plants  have  never  either 
more  or  less  than  two  stigmas,  nor  more  or  less  than  two 
grains  to  each  flower.  Besides,  the  fruit  of  the  elder  is  a 
juicy  berry,  while  that  of  umbelliferous  plants  is  dry  and 
hard.  The  elder,  therefore,  is  not  an  umbelliferous  plant. 
If  you  now  go  back  a  little,  and  look  more  attentively  at 
the  way  the  flowers  are  disposed,  you  will  also  find  their 


156  BOTANY. 

arrangement  is  not  like  that  of  umbelliferous  plants.  The 
first  rays,  instead  of  setting  off  exactly  from  the  same  cen- 
ter, arise,  some  a  little  higher  and  some  a  little  lower  ;  the 
little  rays  originate  with  still  less  regularity  ;  there  is  noth- 
ing like  the  invariable  order  you  find  in  umbelliferous 
plants.  In  fact,  the  arrangement  of  the  flowers  of  the 
elder  is  that  of  a  cyme,  and  not  of  an  umbel." 

But  you  need  not  search  for  all  the  characters  given 
in  the  foregoing  description  in  settling  the  question  wheth- 
er a  plant  is  or  is  not  umbelliferous.  If  it  bears  flowers  in 
umbels,  and  produces  inferior  fruit,  that  when  ripe  sepa- 
rates into  two  seed-like  bodies,  it  is  an  umbelliferous  plant. 
These  simple  features  give  precision  and  distinctness  to 
the  order,  so  that  the  study  of  minute  characters  is  only 
needed  in  separating  this  large  group  into  lesser  groups 
with  a  still  greater  number  of  like  characters  and  properties. 
The  number  and  development  of  ribs,  the  presence  or 
absence  of  vittse,  the  form  of  albumen,  etc.,  are  used  for 
this  purpose.  Hence,  although  a  beginner  readily  sepa- 
rates the  plants  of  this  order  from  all  others,  he  finds  it 
difficult  to  tell  one  genus  from  another,  and,  till  he  ac- 
quires skill  in  observation  and  has  some  experience  in 
studying  its  genera  and  species  with  the  aid  of  the  Flora, 
he  is  quite  safe  in  looking  upon  all  of  them  with  suspicion. 

In  Order  VI,  of  Chart  II,  the  structure  of  umbellifer- 
ous plants  is  shown  in  detail.  Enlarged  sections  of  the 
fruit,  with  all  its  peculiarities  of  structure,  are  represented 
in  such  a  way  as  to  reveal  the  parts  with  great  distinctness. 


CHAPTER   ELEVENTH. 
THE  LABIATE. 


EXERCISE   LXVIII. 
Characters  of  the  Labiatae. 

CHILDREN  who  live  in  or  visit  the  country,  and  those 
familiar  with  market-places,  know  what  mints  are,  and 
can  easily  get  peppermint,  spearmint,  catnip,  sage,  penny- 
royal, thyme,  balm,  and  such  like  plants,  to  illustrate  this 
exercise.  Compare  your  specimens  with  the  following  de- 
scription : 

Herbs,  with  square  stems  and  opposite  aromatic  leaves  ; 
flowers,  with  a  more  or  less  two-lipped  corolla,  didyna- 
mous  or  diandrous  stamens,  usually  with  diverging  anthers ; 
ovary,  deeply  four-lobed,  on  a  fleshy  disk,  four-celled,  each 
cell  with  one  erect  ovule  forming  in  fruit  four  little  seed- 
like  nutlets  or  achenia,  around  the  base  of  the  single  style. 
in  the  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx.  Seeds  with  little 
albumen ;  cotyledons  flat.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube 
of  the  corolla.  Stigma,  forked.  Flowers,  axillary,  chiefly 
in  cymose  clusters,  that  are  sometimes  gathered  into  spikes 
or  racemes.  Leaves,  usually  dotted  with  glands,  contain- 
ing a  pungent,  volatile  oil. 

Whenever  you  find  a  plant  that  answers  to  this  de- 
scription, it  belongs  to  the  order  Labiatas.  The  group  is 
named  from  the  two-lipped  corolla  of  its  flowers,  but  you 
can  not  know  one  of  these  plants  by  this  circumstance 
alone.  There  are  many  plants  with  labiate  flowers  that 


158 


BOTANY. 


do  not  belong  here.  There  are  many  plants  with  square 
stems,  opposite  leaves,  and  labiate  flowers,  that  still  do 
not  belong  in  this  order.  Nor  do  you  find  in  this  list  of 
characters  any  that  may  not  be  found  elsewhere,  as  you 
do  in  the  case  of  the  fruit  of  Umbelliferae,  for  instance. 
Is  it,  then,  necessary,  in  every  case,  to  make  an  extended 
and  minute  examination  of  plants  suspected  of  being  in 
this  order  before  deciding  that  they  really  are  so  ?  We 
can  best  answer  this  question  by  carefully  observing  cer- 
tain plants.  First  get  a  specimen  of  verbena,  a  widely- 
cultivated  plant  belonging  to  the  family  Verbenaceae,  and 
compare  it  with  any  of  the  labiate  plants  named  in  the 
beginning  of  this  exercise,  thus  : 


The  Verbenaceae  are  herbs  or 
shrubs  with  opposite  leaves. 

More  or  less  two-lipped  or  ir- 
regular corolla. 
Didynamous  stamens. 

Two  to  four  celled  fruit,  dry, 
or  drupaceous,  usually  split- 
ting, when  ripe,  into  as  many 
one-seeded,  indehiscent  nut- 
lets. 


Seeds,  with  little  or  no  albu- 
men ;  the  radicle  of  the 
straight  embryo  pointing  to 
the  base  of  the  fruit. 


The  Labiatse  are  chiefly  herbs, 
with  square  stems,  opposite, 
aromatic  leaves. 

More  or  less  two-lipped  co- 
rolla. 

Didynamous  or  diandrous  sta- 
mens. 

A  deeply  four-lobed  ovary, 
which  forms  in  fruit  four  lit- 
tle seed-like  nutlets  or  ache- 
nia  surrounding  the  base  of 
the  single  style  in  the  bottom 
of  the  persistent  calyx  ;  each 
nutlet  filled  with  a  single 
erect  seed. 

Albumen,  mostly  none ;  em- 
bryo, straight ;  radicle,  at  the 
base  of  the  fruit. 


The  affinities  of  these  orders  are  so  strong  that,  at 
first,  one  almost  wonders  why  botanists  regard  them  as 
distinct.  But  we  remember  that  the  characters  by  which 
they  differ,  though  not  conspicuous,  are  yet  very  impor- 
tant, being  characters  of  the  essential  organs  and  the 


THE  LABIATE. 


'59 


fruit.  The  deeply-lobed  ovary,  with  the  style  growing 
out  from  its  base,  and  surrounded  in  fruit  by  the  four  nut- 
lets, distinctly  separates  the  two  groups.  But  does  this 
structure  of  the  ovary  distinguish  the  Labiatae  from  all 
other  plants  ?  Let  us  see. 

There  is  a  family  of  rough,  hairy  herbs,  known  as  bo- 
rages, with  flowers  in  cymose  clusters,  unrolling  as  they 
expand,  as  described  (page  137),  which  it  will  be  well  to 
study  with  reference  to  this  point.  One  of  its  species,  the 
forget-me-not,  is  a  common,  widely-diffused  plant  of  this 
order,  which  you  may  get,  and  compare  with  the  follow- 
ing description  : 

The  Boraginaceae  are  chiefly 
rough,  hairy  herbs,  with  (not 
aromatic)  alternate,  entire 
leaves. 

Symmetrical  flowers,  with  five- 
parted  calyx,  and  regular 
five-lobed  corolla. 

Five  stamens  inserted  on  the 
corolla  tube. 

Ovary,   deeply   four-lobed,    the 


The  Labiatas  are  chiefly  herbs, 
with  square  stems,  and  op- 
posite, aromatic  leaves. 

More  or  less  two  -  lipped  co- 
rolla. 


lobes  surrounding  the  base 
of  the  style,  and  forming  in 
fruit  four  seed-like  nutlets, 
each  with  a  single  seed. 

Albumen,  none ;  cotyledons, 
plano-convex ;  radicle,  point- 
ing to  the  apex  of  the  fruit. 


Didynamous  or  diandrous  sta- 
mens. 

Ovary,  deeply  four-lobed,  form- 
ing in  fruit  four  seed-like  nut- 
lets around  the  base  of  the 
single  style,  in  the  bottom 
of  the  persistent  calyx,  each 
filled  with  a  single  erect  seed. 

Albumen,  mostly  none ;  em- 
bryo, straight ;  radicle,  at  the 
base  of  the  fruit. 


Here,  then,  is  an  order  of  plants,  the  Boraginaceae, 
which  is  very  different  from  the  Labiatae,  except  in  the 
characters  of  the  ovary,  and  in  these  characters  it  is  almost 
identical  with  that  order.  You  have  in  this  instance  an  ex- 
ample of  the  puzzling  relationships  encountered  in  classi- 
fication. The  verbenas  can  not  be  grouped  with  the  labi- 
ates, because,  though  wonderfully  like  them  in  many  other 


160  BOTANY. 

respects,  they  are  so  unlike  in  the  characters  of  the  pis- 
til ;  the  borages,  though  agreeing  essentially  with  the  La- 
biatae  in  the  characters  of  the  pistil,  can  not  be  classed 
with  them,  because  of  their  differences  in  so  many  other 
respects. 

At  any  rate,  you  now  see  that  the  structure  of  the 
ovary  is  not  characteristic  of  the  Labiatse.  To  identify 
the  members  of  this  group,  we  have  to  bear  in  mind  sev- 
eral characters,  which  you  are  prepared  to  do  if  you  have 
examined  and  compared  the  plants  named  above.  When 
you  find  a  plant  with  a  two-lipped  corolla,  square  stem, 
and  opposite  leaves,  joined  with  a  deeply-lobed  ovary  and 
basic  style,  you  need  not  hesitate  to  place  it  among  La- 
biatse. 

In  the  same  way,  at  the  beginning  of  the  Flora  (p.  186) 
are  given  the  characteristics  of  all  the  natural  orders  of 
our  common  flowering  plants.  Try  to  refer  to  its  order 
every  flowering  plant  you  meet  with,  and  you  will  soon 
find  yourself,  without  effort,  referring  plants  at  once  to 
their  proper  ordinal  group. 

You  have  now  examined  a  good  many  species  of 
plants  belonging  to  four  different  natural  families — the 
Composite,  the  Cruciferae,  the  Umbelliferse,  and  the  La- 
biatse. Can  you  tell  whether  their  leaves  are  parallel- 
veined  or  net-vjeined  ?  Have  you  ever  seen  a  parallel- 
veined  cruciferous  plant  ?  Have  composite  plants,  as  far 
as  you  know,  parallel-veined  or  net-veined  leaves  ?  Try 
to  find  whether  the  leaves  in  the  plants  of  these  orders  are 
alike  in  their  venation. 

Order  XII,  of  Chart  III,  exhibits  the  characters  of  the 
Labiatse. 


CHAPTER   TWELFTH. 

THE    CONIFERS. 


EXERCISE   LXIX. 
Characters  of  the  Coniferae. 

THERE  is  still  another  large  group  of  widely-distrib- 
uted plants  that  must  be  specially  described.  When  we 
speak  of  evergreens,  everybody  knows  what  we  mean,  and 
thinks  of  pines,  balsams,  hemlocks,  spruces,  cedars,  juni- 
pers, arbor-vitaes,  or  whatever  species  are  most  familiar. 
When  we  speak  of  cone-bearing  trees  or  shrubs,  it  is  not 
quite  the  same  group  of  plants  that  is  thought  of,  for, 
although  everybody  knows  what  cones  are,  yet  untaught 
and  unobservant  people  would  hardly  think  of  a  juniper- 
berry  as  in  any  way  allied  to  a  cone.  But,  although  cone- 
bearing  trees  are  everywhere  to  be  found,  and  universally 
known,  yet  very  few  people  can  tell  when  they  flower, 
what  sort  of  flowers  they  bear,  or  what  a  cone  really  is  ; 
and  yet  their  structure  and  habits  in  respect  to  flowering 
and  fruiting  are  even  more  remarkable  than  their  general 
appearance.  They  are  monoecious  or  dioecious,  and  blos- 
som in  spring.  Their  flowers  are  in  clusters,  usually  aments, 
sometimes  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  sometimes  at  the 
extremity  of  the  branches.  The  fruit  is  two  years  in  ripen- 
ing, so  that  the  full-grown  cones,  seen  upon  them  in  sum- 
mer, were  blossoms  the  year  before. 

To  study  their  flowers,  you  must  begin  in  the  spring, 
and  look  carefully  for  the  fertile  and  sterile  aments,  which 


1 62  BOTANY. 

will  usually  be  found  on  different  branches  of  the  same 
tree.  And,  while  you  are  searching  for  their  flowers,  ob- 
serve also  their  remarkable  foliage.  Fig.  438  shows  a  fas- 
cicle of  needle-leaves  from  the  pine.  Observe  the  number 
of  leaves  in  each  fascicle  of  the  specimen  you  are  study- 
ing, for  the  species  vary  in  this  respect.  Fig.  439  repre- 
sents the  scale-shaped  leaves  of  arbor-vitas.  In  ever- 
greens of  this  sort  observe  the  difference  between  the 
foliage  on  the  older  and  newer  parts  of  the  plant.  In 
dioecious  species,  observe  whether  the  foliage  is  of  the 
same  kind  on  both  $  and  $  plants.  When  you  find  awl- 
shaped  leaves  upon  a  young  branch,  observe  them  from 
time  to  time,  and  note  their  gradual  passage  into  scale- 
shaped,  imbricate  leaves.  Do  evergreens  shed  their  foli- 
age ?  If  so,  when  ?  and  how  long  does  the  foliage  last  ?  * 
Can  you  find  young  foliage  upon  old  branches  ? 

In  the  pine  the  inflorescence  of  the  sterile  flowers  is  a 
kind  of  compound  spike  (Fig.  440).  One  of  the  spikelets 
much  magnified  is  shown  in  Fig.  441.  Each  flower  of  this 
spikelet  consists  of  a  single  stamen  only,  and  this  stamen 
has  a  most  peculiar  structure.  Its  filament  is  so  short  as 
to  be  scarcely  discernible.  It  is  really  a  spikelet  of  an- 
thers, and  their  connective.  Remove  a  stamen,  and  ex- 
amine its  inner  face.  Compare  it  with  Fig.  442,  which  is 
a  $  flower  of  the  pine.  Here  you  see  two  anther-cells 
dehiscing  vertically,  and  Fig.  443  represents  a  grain  of  the 
compound  pollen  they  bear.  Seen  on .  the  outside,  this 
stamen  appears  to  be  all  connective.  This  connective,  or 
scale,  as  it  is  usually  called,  varies  in  form  in  different 

*  To  find  whether  evergreens  shed  their  foliage,  you  have  only  to 
watch  the  ground  beneath  them  for  fallen  leaves.  If  you  find  that 
their  foliage  does  fall,  and  wish  to  learn  by  observation  how  long  it 
lasts,  notice  whether  the  twigs  of  the  present  year  keep  their  foliage 
all  through  the  coming  winter.  If  they  do,  observe  them  again  next 
summer,  and  if  it  is  still  retained,  watch  them  the  third  season,  and  so 
on. 


THE  CONIFERS. 


163 


species  of  evergreens;  but  these  of  the  $  catkins  of  the 
pine  are  enough  like  all  the  others  to  guide  you  in  search- 
ing for  and  studying  them.      When   they 
have  shed  their  pollen,  they  wither  and  dis- 
appear. 

The  $ ,  or  fertile  flowers,  are  also  clus- 
tered, and  appear  at  the  same  time  as  the 
<3  ones,  sometimes  on  the  same,  and  some- 


FIG.  438. 


FIG.  439. 


FIG.  441. 


FIG.  443. 


164 


BOTANY. 


times  on  different  branches.  It  is  this  ?  catkin  that,  in 
a  couple  of  years,  develops  into  the  fruit  we  call  a  cone. 
Fig.  444  represents  it  when  in  flower.  The  fertile  flowers 

are  very  simple  in  struct- 
ure, each  one  consisting  of 
an  open  carpellary  leaf,  or 
scale.  Hitherto,  you  have 
always  found  seeds  in 
seed-vessels,  but  here  you 
will  find  them  borne  upon 
one  side  of  a  scale,  and 


FIG.  444. 


FIG. 


hence  the  Coniferse  are  said  to  be  naked-seeded.  Get  one 
of  these  ?  catkins,  and  detach  from  it  a  single  flower. 
Compare  it  with  Fig.  445.  Observe  the  ovules  upon  its 
inner  surface.  These  vary  in  number  and  position  with 
the  species  examined.  In  this  specimen  of  the  pine  we 
have  two  inverted  ovules,  which,  in  time,  become  seeds. 
Fig.  446  represents  a  scale  from  the  same  kind  of  catkin 
after  it  has  become  woody,  and  the  seeds  have  ripened. 
The  left  side  of  this  scale  shows  the  cavity  from  which 
one  winged  seed  has  fallen,  while  on  the  other  side  a  seed 
still  remains.  You  may  easily  find  these  seeds  in  mature 
cones  by  breaking  them  across,  or,  what  is  better,  by  put- 
ting them  in  a  dry  place  for  a  day  or  two,  when  the  scales 
will  cleave  away  and  so  reveal  the  seeds  within. 

In  some  evergreens,  as  arbor-vitae  and  white  cedar, 


THE  CONIFERS  165 

when  you  examine  the  small  terminal  catkins,  you  will 
find  the  $  ones  composed  of  several  scales  or  flowers, 
each  scale  bearing  two  to  four  anther-cells 
on  the  lower  margin  (Fig.  447),  while  the 
globular  ?  catkins  consist  of  four  rows  of 
scales,  each  scale  or  flower  bearing  one  or 


FIG.  446.  FIG.  447.  FIG.  44<>. 

several  erect,  bottle-shaped  ovules  at  the  base  (Fig.  448). 
The  developed  cone  of  the  white  cedar  is  scarcely  larger 
than  a  pea,  with  scales  firmly  closed,  but  opening  at  maturity. 

The  juniper  or  red  cedar,  common  on  dry,  sterile, 
rocky  hills,  both  northward  and  southward,  blossoms  in 
April.  The  various  species  are  mostly  dioecious,  and  the 
catkins  are  very  small.  Observed  only  when  in  fruit,  you 
would  scarcely  regard  the  juniper  as  a  coniferous  plant, 
but  the  ?  catkin,  when  in  flower,  is  seen  to  consist  of 
from  three  to  six  scales,  bearing  a  variable  number  of 
ovules  precisely  in  the  same  manner  as  the  pine.  But,  in 
ripening,  these  scales  grow  together,  turn  purple,  and  form 
a  berry-like  fruit  as  large  as  a  pea.  Fig.  449  represents 
one  of  these  berries  with  its  scaly  bracts  underneath,  while 
Fig.  450  shows  one  of  its  enlarged  bony  seeds.  The  ber- 
ries ripen  the  second  year  from  the  flower. 

The  ground-hemlock  is  another  coniferous  plant  with 
a  berry-like  fruit.  Its  ?  flower  is  more  simple  than  those 
we  have  been  examining,  for  it  consists  of  a  single  ovule, 
without  even  an  accompanying  scale.  This  straggling 
bush,  two  or  three  feet  high,  is  found  in  shady  places, 


1 66 


BOTANY. 


along  streams,  on  thin,  rocky  soils,  from  Canada  to  Penn- 
sylvania and  Kentucky,  and  south  along  the  Alleghanies. 
Its  linear  leaves  are  nearly  an  inch  in  length,  in  two  oppo- 
site rows,  along  the  branches.  It  blossoms  in  April.  Fig. 
451  represents  its  axillary  $  inflorescence,  consisting  of 
six  scale-like  connectives,  bearing  the  anther-cells  on  their 


FIG.  449.  FIG.  450.  FIG.  451. 

inner  faces.  Fig.  452  represents  its  solitary  fertile  flower. 
You  see  it  is  a  single,  erect,  sessile  ovule,  surrounded  by 
scaly  bracts.  At  its  base  is  a  cup-shaped  disk,  that  becomes 
pulpy,  red,  and  berry-like,  as  the  ovule  ripens  and  turns 
black.  Fig.  453  represents  a  vertical  section  of  this  fruit. 
The  embryo  of  a  coniferous  seed  is  shown 
in  Fig.  454.  It  is  said  to  be  polycotyledonous. 


FIG.  452.  FIG.  453.  FIG.  454. 

The  lower  half  of  Chart  IV  is  devoted  to  the  Coni- 
fers. Examples  of  the  leading  genera  of  this  order  are 
given,  showing  the  foliage,  fruit,  and  seed,  the  latter  much 
magnified,  and  all  colored  from  Nature. 


CHAPTER   THIRTEENTH. 
THE   ORCHIDACEJE. 


EXERCISE   LXX. 
Characters  of  the  Orchidaceae. 

THERE  is  a  widely-distributed  and  well-known  plant, 
with  showy  flowers,  blossoming  in  early  summer,  and 
called  the  lady's-slipper,  or  sometimes  the  moccasin-flower 
(Fig.  455).  It  is  an  orchid  ;  and,  though  unlike  other 
orchids  in  some  respects,  it  has  the  chief  traits  of  the 
order  to  which  it  belongs.  • 

Provide  yourself  with  some  of  these  plants,  and  com- 
pare them  with  the  following  description  :  Herbs  with 
parallel-veined  leaves  and  irregular  flowers.  Perianth  of 
six  parts  in  two  sets  ;  the  three  outer  ones  nearly  alike, 
and  petaloid  in  structure  and  appearance ;  the  three  inner 
ones  unlike.  One  of  these,  differing  much  in  shape  and 
direction  from  the  others,  is  called  the  lip.  In  Fig.  455  the 
lip  is  the  sac  or  slipper,  which  gives  the  plant  its  common 
name.  The  lip  varies  much  in  different  orchids,  but  in 
all  its  appearance  is  singular  and  striking.  It  is  seen 
spurred  and  lobed,  and  assumes  many  fantastic  forms. 

Examine,  now,  the  stamens  and  pistil  of  your  flower. 
Lift  up  the  little,  drooping  organ  opposite  the  lip,  and 
compare  the  structure  beneath  with  Fig.  456.  You  have 
here  the  stamens  and  pistil  consolidated  into  one  organ, 
and  known  as  the  column.  The  fertile  anthers  are  shown 
at  a,  a,  while  a  sterile  stamen  back  of  the  stigma  is  marked 
Q 


1 58 


BOTANY. 


st.    The  stigma  is  marked  stig.    The  fertile  anthers  are  ses- 
sile upon  the  style.     In  most  orchids  there  is  but  one  an- 


FIG.  455. 


FIG.  456. 


ther,  which  is  fertile,  and  placed  behind  the  stigma,  in  the 
position  of  the  sterile  stamen  of  the  lady's-slipper.  Ex- 
amine the  pollen.  Instead  of  being  dry  and  powdery, 


THE  ORCHIDACE&. 


169 


you  find  it  pulpy-granular.  In  many  orchids  it  coheres 
into  coarse  grains,  held  together  in  one  mass  by  cobwebby 
tissue,  and  known  as  pollinia  (Fig.  457).  You  find  just 
such  pollen  masses,  or  pollinia,  in  the  gynandrous  stamens 
of  the  milk-weed  (Fig.  458).  The  ovary  of  the  lady's- 


FIG.  457. 


FIG.  458. 


slipper  is  inferior,  forming  in  fruit  a  one-celled  pod,  with 
innumerable  minute  seeds  borne  on  parietal  placentae. 
In  some  orchids  you  find  it  so  twisted  as  to  alter  the  posi- 
tion of  the  petals. 

The  characters  of  the  Orchidaceae  will  be  better  under- 
stood by  comparing  them  with  other  groups  of  parallel- 
leaved  plants.  Provide  yourself  with  lilies  of  any  sort, 
and  specimens  of  blue  flag,  or  flower-de-luce.  Compare 
your  lilies  with  the  following  description  : 

Herbs  with  simple,  sheathing  or  clasping,  parallel- 
veined  leaves.  Flowers  regular,  perfect.  Perianth  of  six 
parts  in  two  circles  of  similar  color  and  form.  Stamens 
six,  inserted  on  the  leaves  of  the  perianth  ;  anthers  in- 
trorse.  Ovary  free,  three-celled,  with  numerous  ovules  on 
axile  placentas ;  the  styles  united  into  one. 

What  number  have  you  found  prevailing  in  the  lilies 
you  have  examined  ?  What  number  occurred  oftenest  in 
describing  the  Gompositse  ?  The  Labiatae  ?  The  Umbel- 


1 70  BOTANY. 

liferae  ?  The  Cruciferse  ?  Point  out  the  affinities  of  the 
lady's-slipper  and  the  lily. 

Compare  flower-de-luce,  or  blue  flag,  with  the  follow- 
ing description  : 

Herbs  with  parallel-veined,  equitant,  two-ranked  leaves 
and  perfect  flowers.  Tube  of  the  perianth  coherent  with 
the  three-celled  ovary  ;  limb  petal-like  and  six-parted ; 
convolute  in  the  bud  in  two  sets.  Stamens  three,  mona- 
delphous  or  distinct,  with  extrorse  anthers.  Pod  three- 
celled,  loculicidal,  many-seeded. 

What  affinities  can  you  point  out  between  the  flower- 
de-luce  and  lily?  between  the  lady's-slipper  and  flower- 
de-luce  ?  In  what  respect  are  these  three  plants  alike  ? 

The  genera  and  species  of  these  orders  are  described 
in  their  proper  place  in  the  Flora. 

We  think  of  a  SPECIES  as  made  up  of  individuals  that 
have  descended  from  a  common  ancestor,  or  that  are  so 
nearly  alike  that  they  might  have  done  so,  like  the  indi- 
vidual plants  in  a  bed  of  pansies  or  a  field  of  wheat.  All 
the  dandelions  scattered  everywhere  constitute  such  a  spe- 
cies. They  are  of  common  descent,  and  they  produce 
plants  like  themselves  from  their  seed. 

A  GENUS  (the  singular  of  genera)  is  an  assemblage  of 
species  that  resemble  each  other  much  more  nearly  than 
they  resemble  any  other  plants.  All  the  species  of  oak 
form  an  oak  genus ;  the  species  of  clover,  white,  red,  etc., 
a  clover  genus  ;  the  roses,  a  rose  genus,  and  so  on. 

On  Chart  V  several  orders  of  parallel-leaved  plants 
are  given,  and  their  characters  are  so  magnified  that  they 
may  be  easily  seen  and  compared. 


CHAPTER   FOURTEENTH. 

THE  GRAMINE&. 


EXERCISE    LXXI. 
Characters  of  the  Gramineae. 

THERE  is  a  large  group  of  plants  blossoming  in  pe- 
culiar-looking spikes,  heads,  and  panicles,  the  flowers  of 
which  are  furnished  with  green  or  brown  scales,  called 
glumes,  whence  the  entire  group  is  known  as  the  Gluma- 
ceae.  They  constitute  a  twelfth  part  of  the  described  spe- 
cies of  flowering  plants,  and  at  least  nine  tenths  of  the  indi- 
viduals composing  the  vegetation  of  the  world.  They  grow 
everywhere.  All  grasses  and  all  the  cultivated  crops  of 
grain  belong  among  them,  besides  many  other  plants  not  so 
important  to  man.-  They  have  true  flowers,  but  no  calyx 
or  corolla.  The  Glumaceae  are*  divided  into  two  groups ; 
one  group — the  sedges — having  solid  stems,  while  the 
other — the  grasses — has  hollow  stems.  The  flowers  of 
both  these  groups  have  a  special  structure,  which  your 
previous  study  will  not  enable  you  to  understand. 

From  this  large  class  we  will  select  examples  that  be- 
long to  the  family  of  grasses  or  Gramine?e,  the  members 
of  which  have  hollow  stems,  and  the  sheaths  of  their  ligu- 
late  leaves  are  split  in  front. 

Gather  specimens  of  wheat,  if  possible,  in  blossoming- 
time,  when  the  stamens  are  to  be  seen  (Fig.  459).  Along 
the  rachis  are  rows  of  peculiar-looking  bundles.  The 
number  of  these  rows  varies  in  different  kinds  of  wheat. 


BOTANY. 


Break  the  spike  at  about  the  middle,  and  take  off  a  bun- 
dle from  the  top  of  the  lower  half.  Observe  whether  it  is 
attached  by  its  side  or  its  end,  and  whether  any  of  its 
scales  adhere  to  the  rachis  either  wholly  or  in  part. 


pistil. 


FIG.  459. 


FIG.  460. 


FIG.  462. 


Remove  the  first  two  of  these  scales  :  there  is  no  trace 
of  either  pistil  or  stamens  within  them.  They  are  quite 
empty.  What  do  you  find  next?  Are  there  not  two  or 


THE  GRAMINP:&. 


'73 


three  separate  flowers  forming  a  sort  of  spikelet  within 
these  two  outer  scales  (Fig.  460).  Examine  one  of  them. 

In  Fig.  461  a  sin- 
gle flower  is  shown, 
with  the  two  glumes 
found  at  the  base 
of  the  spikelet,  and 
called  the  lower  and 
upper  glumes.  What 
remain  are  the  parts 
of  a  single  flower. 
Beginning  with  the 
outermost  of  these 
at  the  right,  you  see 
a  scale  called  the 
outer  palet.  Does 
the  outer  palet,  in 
the  specimen  you 
are  studying,  termi- 
nate in  a  bristle  ? 

At  the  left  you 
see  a  peculiar  scale, 
folded  at  the  sides, 
and  called  the  inner 
palet.  Then  come 
the  scales.  Look 
carefully  at  your 
flower  for  these  mi- 
nute bodies,  which 
are  thought  to  be  a 
sort  of  perianth,  the 

outer  and  inner  scales  being  of  the  nature  of  bracts.  We 
next  come  upon  the  stamens,  with  their  versatile  anthers, 
and  the  pistil,  with  its  plumose  stigmas — the  unmistakable 
flower.  The  peculiar  features  of  this  inflorescence,  then, 
are — 


FIG.  463. 


174 


BOTANY. 


GLUMES. — Scales  of  the  spikelct,  and  exterior  scales 
of  the  flower. 

PALETS. — Chaffy,  inner  scales  of  the  flower. 

AWN. — The  beard  or  bristle  of  a  scale. 

SQUAMULA. — One  of  the  minute  scales  at  the  base  of 
the  ovary  of  grasses. 

The  following  questions,  which  form  a  schedule  for 
this  group  of  plants,  are  answered  as  if  asked  concerning 
Figs.  459  and  461  : 

Answer  these  questions  in 
regard  to  the  heads  of  barley 
and  rye.  Compare  the  culm* 
and  leaves  of  these  plants  with 
those  of  wheat. 

Gather  a  plant  of  the  oat  in 
blossoming-time,  and  compare 
it  with  Figs.  463  and  464.  Re- 
member that  the  outer  glumes 

belong  to  the  spikelet,  and  not  to  the  flower.     Look  out 
for  sterile  flowers  below  or  above  the  perfect  ones. 

Compare  the  culm,  leaves,  and  stipules  of 
the  oat  with  those  of  wheat,  rye,  and  barley. 

Palet.         Sterile  Fower. 


Inflorescence  ? 
Glumes  ? 

Spike. 

2. 

Outer  palet  ? 
Inner  palet  ? 
Lodicules  ? 

I. 
I. 

2. 

Stamens  ? 
Styles  ? 

3- 

2. 

Upper 
Glume. 


FIG.  464. 


FIG.  465- 


*  Culm  :  a  straw  ;  the  stem  of  grasses  and  sedges. 


THE  GRAMINE^E. 


175 


Inflorescence  ?     Panicle. 

Glumes  ?  2. 

Outer  palet  ?  i. 

Palet  ?  i. 

Lodicules  ?  2. 

Stamens  ?  3. 

Styles  ?  2. 


In  Fig.  465  are  seen  the  palet,  squamulae,  stamens,  and 
pistil.  The  oat  may  be  thus  described  : 

Compare  a  plant  of  In- 
dian corn,  when  in  blossom, 
with  the  following  descrip- 
tion :  6  flowers  in  a  terminal 
panicle  of  racemes  known 
as  the  tassel ;  spikelets  two- 
flowered;  glumes  herbaceous, 
palets  membranous ;  anthers 
three,  linear.  $  flowers  in 
an  axillary  spike,  partially  imbedded  in  the  rachis,  known 
as  the  cob,  the  bracts  forming  its  spathe  being  the  husks  ; 
lower  flower  of  each  spikelet  consisting  of  two  palets,  abor- 
tive ;  glume  broad,  thick,  membranous,  obtuse ;  styles,  very 
long,  filiform,  exserted  and  pendulous,  forming  the  silk  ; 
kernels  in  eight,  ten,  twelve,  or  some  even  number  of  rows. 

The  further  study  of  orders,  genera,  and  species  may 
be  pursued  with  the  aid  of  the  Flora. 

The  botanical  name  of  a  plant  is  the  name  of  its  ge- 
nus followed  by  that  of  the  species.  The  generic  name 
may  be  compared  to  the  surname  or  family  name  of  a  per- 
son, as  Jones  or  Smith,  and  the  specific  name  to  the  given 
or  baptismal  name,  as  James  or  William.  The  botanical 
names  are  in  Latin,  that  the  botanists  of  all  countries  may 
have  a  common  language.  The  name  of  the  genus  comes 
before  that  of  the  species.  Thus,  in  naming  the  members 
of  the  oak  genus,  the  scientific  name  of  the  white  oak  is 
Quercus  alba,  Quercus  being  the  generic  name,  and  alba 
that  of  the  species.  The  red  oak  has  the  name  Quercus 
rubra ;  the  black  oak,  Quercus  mgra.  The  name  of  the 
genus  is  a  substantive,  and  that  of  the  species  an  adjective. 
ORDERS  are  commonly  named  from  their  most  representa- 
tive genus,  thus :  Ranunculacece,  from  the  genus  Ranuncu- 
lus ;  Rosacece,  from  the  genus  Rosa, 


CHAPTER   FIFTEENTH. 
FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 


EXERCISE   LXXII. 
Ferns. 

You  have  often  seen  dense,  green  patches  of  plants, 
more   or  less  resembling  Fig.  466,  and  called  brakes,  or 

ferns.  They  seem, 
when  growing,  to  be 
all  leaf  and  no  stem ; 
but  you  see  in  the 
figure  that  the  stem 
is  a  short,  under- 
ground rhizoma.  In 
FIG.  467.  some  ferns  the  rhizo. 

ma  takes  a  vertical 
direction,  and  bears 
a  whorl  or  tuft  of 
foliage  at  the  top. 
Here  it  gives  off  sin- 
gle leaves  as  it  ad- 
vances. Although,  in 
our  climate,  the  stems 
of  ferns  are  found 
creeping  under- 
ground, yet  in  the 
warm  climates  of  the 

tropics  they  rise  in  the  air,  sometimes  forming  trees,  forty 

or  fifty  feet  in  height. 


FIG.  468. 


FIG.  466. 


FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 


177 


Did  you  ever  see  any  flowers  upon  this  sort  of  plant  ? 
anything,  that  looked  like  fruit  ?  Since  studying  the  Coni- 
ferae,  you  are  aware  how  very  simple  and  obscure  flowers 
may  become,  and  you  will,  of  course,  look  very  carefully 
at  a  plant  before  deciding  that  it  has  none.  Gather  as 
many  kinds  of  ferns  as  you  can  find,  and  search  for  the 
seed-bearing  portions.  Meantime  you  can  learn  the  terms 


FIG.  469. 

by  which  their  parts  are  distinguished.     They  are  the  fol- 
lowing: 

The  leaf  of  a  fern  is  called  a  frond.  The  stalk  or  peti- 
ole of  a  frond  is  called  a  stipe.  Point  out  the  frond  and 
stipe  in  the  specimens  you  have  gathered.  The  lobes  of 
a  frond  are  called  pinncz  (Fig.  467).  Subdivisions  of  pin- 
nae are  called  pinnules  (Fig.  469).  Point  out  the  pinnae 
in  your  specimens.  Have  you  found  any  in  which  the 
pinnae  are  divided  or  lobed  by  pinnules  ?  Observe  the 
differences  of  stipe  in  your  specimens.  What  kind  of  soil 
did  you  find  them  in  ?  Were  they  growing  in  shady  or 
sunny  places  ?  Did  you  observe  the  way  the  young  fronds 
were  folded  in  the  bud  ? 


EXERCISE    LXXIII. 
Reproduction  of  Ferns. 

Did  you  find  anything  that  you  could  fancy  to  be  a 
flower,  in  your  examination  of  ferns  ?     Look  them  over 


BOTANY. 


once  more  on  all  sides,  and  note  all  appearances  that  are 
repeated  on  different  specimens.  Observe  carefully  the 
under  side  of  the  frond,  along  the  veins  and  the  margin. 


FIG.  471. 


FIG.  470. 


FIG.  472. 


Do  you  not  anywhere  find  little  brown  patches  resembling 
the  spots  seen  in  Fig.  467,  representing  magnified  pinnae, 
or  the  pinnules  of  Fig.  469  ?  In  Figs.  470  and  471  you  see 
how  these  spots  may  be  concealed  under  folds  of  the  mar- 
gin of  fronds. 


FIG.  473. 


FIG.  474.     FIG.  474  A. 


These  brown  patches  certainly  look  very  little  like 
flowers.  Examine  them  never  so  carefully  with  your  mi- 
croscope, you  will  not  find  stamens  or  pistils.  And  yet 


FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.  179 

these  little  brown  patches  answer,  in  a  certain  way,  to 
seeds.  It  is  from  them  that  new  ferns  arise.  They  are 
the  reproductive  parts  of  this  class  of  plants,  and  the 
fronds  that  bear  them  are  said  to  be  fertile.  Examine 
these  spots  carefully  with  your  magnifying-glass,  and  com- 
pare them  with  Fig.  468  or  Fig.  472.  The  small,  brown- 
ish clusters  of  fruit-dots  seen  on  the  under  surface  of 
fronds,  in  rows  along  the  veins,  or  on  the  margin  of  the 
pinnae,  are  called  sort,  and  a  single  cluster  a  sorus.  The 
scale  or  protective  covering  of  a  sorus,  seen  in  Fig.  472, 
but  absent  in  Fig.  468,  is  called  an  indusium.  This  organ 
is  still  more  plainly  seen  in  Fig.  473. 

In  the  sorus  (Fig.  473)  you  see  little,  peculiar-looking 
bodies   escaping  from  beneath  the  indusium.     Each  of 


FIG.  475. 

these  cell-like  bodies,  of  which  the  sorus  is  composed,  is 
known  as  a  spore-case,  sporange,  or  theca.  They  are  some- 
times stalked,  as  seen  in  Fig.  474.  The  singular-looking 
band  around  them  is  an  elastic  membrane,  which  bursts 
when  they  are  mature,  and  thus  the  spores  contained  in 
the  spore-case  escape  (Fig.  474,  A).  It  is  from  spores  that 
ferns  arise,  but  by  a  process  more  like  budding  than  like 
the  sprouting  of  a  seed.  When  a  spore  commences  to 
grow,  appearances  like  those  represented  in  Fig.  475  may 
be  observed.  The  growth  begun  by  a  spore,  as  at  a,  and 
seen  more  advanced  at  b,  is  shown  at  c,  expanded  into  a 
leaf-like  body,  called  a  prothallus,  which  gives  off  roots  at 


180  BOTANY. 

the  under  surface.  Among  these  roots  may  be  found  cer- 
tain bodies,  analogous  to  the  stamens  and  pistils  of  flowers, 
and  called  the  antheridia  and  pistillidia.  It  is  not  until 
these  bodies  have  matured  and  done  their  work  that  the 
young  fern  appears.  If  there  is  anything  like  flowering 
in  the  history  of  ferns,  it  is  the  prothallus  produced  from 
the  spore  that  bears  the  flowers,  and  from  these  produces 
the  young  fern  as  seen  at  s,  and  the  same,  still  more  devel- 
oped, at  /. 

EXERCISE   LXXIV. 
Mosses. 

In  place  of  flowers,  mosses  have  antheridia  and  pistil- 
lidia.  These  plants  may  be  either  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious. Fig.  476  represents  a  moss  having  its  antheridia 
and  pistillidia  on  different  plants. 

At  a  you  notice  a  moss-plant  with  sessile  leaves  and 
unbranched  stem,  ending  in  a  sort  of  rosette,  which  is 
seen  in  section  at  £,  where  you  may  observe  the  peculiar 
cylindrical  bodies  growing  among  the  leaves.  These  are 
antheridia.  One  of  these  bodies,  detached  and  much  mag- 
nified, is  seen  at  c.  The  stalk-like  bodies  accompanying 
the  antheridia  (h)  are  called  paraphyses.  They  are  not 
well  understood,  but  are  thought  to  be  abortive  states 
of  the  antheridia.  At  first  these  little  organs  contain  mu- 
cilage, but,  when  mature,  their  contents,  seen  escaping  at 
c,  are  granular,  and  each  of  the  little  ejected  cellules  sets 
free  an  active  antherozoid.  Sometimes  the  leaves  that  sur- 
round the  antheridia  grow  together  into  a  kind  of  cap 
called  a  perigone,  and  in  monoecious  mosses,  the  antheridia 
and  pistillidia  are  often  found  within  the  same  perigone. 

The  archegone  or  pistillidia  of  mosses  also  arise  in  clus- 
ters of  leaves,  and  are  cell-like  bodies,  having  a  cap  or 
epigone  of  the  same  nature  as  the  perigone  of  antheridia. 
But  the  pistillidia  bursts  its  cap,  leaving  part  of  it  as  a 
sheath  below,  and  is  carried  up  on  a  stalk  (</),  at  the  top 


FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 


181 


of  which  is  seen  an 
urn-shaped  body 
of  curious  struct- 
ure, called  a  spo- 
range  (e). 

SETA.— The 
stalk  of  a  spor- 
ange  (d). 

VAG  IN  u  LE. 
— The  collar  or 
sheath  at  the  base 
of  the  seta,  re- 
sulting from  the 
bursting  of  the 
epigone. 

CALYPTRA.  — 
The  cap  or  hood 
of  a  sporange, 
shown  at  /,  and 
seen  in  place  at  e. 

OPERCULUM. 
— The  lid  of  the 
sporange  (#),  seen 
when  the  calyptra 
is  removed. 

PERISTOME.  — 
A  single  or  double 
fringe  of  teeth 
around  the  mouth 

of  a  sporange.  It  is  sometimes  altogether  absent.  These 
teeth  vary  very  much  in  number,  but  are  always  either 
four  or  some  multiple  of  four. 

ANNULUS. — An  elastic  ring  sometimes  found  in   the 
mouth  of  a  sporange. 

SPORES. — The  ripened  contents  of  the  sporange. 


FIG.  476. 


182 


BOTANY. 


EXERCISE  LXXV. 
Fungi. 

The  common  mushroom,  or  toadstool,  as  children  call 
it,  is  a  well-known  example  of  this  group  of  flowerless 
plants.  It  is  found  everywhere  growing  upon  decaying 
organic  matter.  If,  in  gathering  specimens  for  study,  you 
break  them  off  above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  you  will 
leave  the  plant  itself  behind,  and  bring  only  the  fruit. 
The  part  concealed  in  the  rich  mold,  or  spread  on  its  sur- 
face, is  a  tangled  mass  of  filaments  that  you  might  mis- 
take for  fibrous  roots  ;  but  it  answers  to  the  root,  stem, 
and  leaves  of  higher  plants.  This  portion  of  the  plant  is 
called  the  mycelium,  represented  by  the  root-like  fibrous 
portion  of  Fig.  477. 

When  you  are  looking  for  the  mycelium  of  mushrooms, 
observe  the  young  fruit  just  appearing  above  the  surface. 
You  may  often  find  it  in  clusters,  in  all  stages  of  growth, 
in  rich  mold,  or  on  decayed  logs  or  stumps. 

Fig.  477  represents  a  full-grown  mushroom  and  several 
younger  ones  at  different  periods  of  development.  The 
younger  ones  are  smooth,  globular  masses,  but,  as  they 


FIG.  477. 


FIG.  478. 


get  larger,  the  outer  wrappage  breaks,  as  you  see  at  the 
right  in  the  figure,  and  reveals  a  stem  with  an  umbrella- 
like  cap.  The  ring  around  the  stalk,  seen  in  the  full- 


FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.  183 

grown  specimen,  shows  where  this  covering,  called  the 
volva,  was  attached.  The  stout  stem  is  called  a  stipe,  and 
its  cap  the  pileus.  Along  the  under  surface  of  the  pileus 
you  see  numerous  thin  plates,  called  gills,  and  it  is  within 
these  plates  that  the  spores  are  found,  many  thousands 
occurring  on  the  gills  of  a  single  mushroom. 

Puff-balls  are  mushrooms  without  the  stem  and  pileus. 
The  "  smoke  "  which  escapes  when  they  are  broken  con- 
sists of  spores,  which  are  so  exceedingly  small  that  they 
may  penetrate  everywhere.  A  few  species  of  fungi  are 
good  to  eat,  but  many  are  poisonous,  and  to  be  avoided. 
Yeast,  mildew,  smut,  mold,  and  dry  rot,  all  belong  to  this 
group  of  plants. 

The  gray,  yellow,  or  greenish,  crust-like  layers  that  are 
seen  on  stones  and  the  bark  of  trees,  on  old  walls,  and  in 
rocky  places,  are  a  low  form  of  vegetation,  called  lichens 
(Fig.  478).  They  have  little  distinction  of  parts,  except 
that  of  upper  and  under  surface,  and  certain  specialized 
places  in  which  spores  are  formed.  Alga,  or  the  sea- weed 
family,  is  another  order  of  flowerless  plants,  which  con- 
tains many  fresh-water  species.  The  green  scum  seen  on 
the  surface  of  stagnant  water  is  one  of  the  lowest  forms  of 
fresh-water  algae,  called  conferva. 


EXPLANATION   OF   TABLE. 

IN  the  analysis  of  flowering  plants,  on  the  opposite  page,  the 
first  division,  it  will  be  seen,  is  into  Angiosperms  (plants  with 
seeds  formed  in  an  ovary)  and  Gymnosperms  (naked-seeded 
plants,  see  page  164). 

The  Angiosperms  are  again  separated  into  Dicotyledons  and 
Monocotyledons,  and  these  groups  are  divided  and  redivided  by 
characters  with  which  the  use  of  the  Flower  Schedule  has  made 
you  familiar. 

The  last  groups  reached  in  this  analysis  are  used  to  divide  the 
orders  into  sections ;  so  that,  by  finding  the  section  to  which  a 
plant  belongs,  you  at  once  limit  the  number  of  groups  with  which 
it  must  be  compared  in  determining  the  order  to  which  it  belongs. 


SYSTEMATIC    BOTANY. 


PRIMARY  ANALYSIS  OF  FLOWERING  PLANTS, 


Angio- 
sperms — 


Dicotyledons 

or  Exogens — 


^  Inferior. 

-  Polypet- 
alous  — 

Discifloral 

Superior. 

f  Superior. 
Monopet-  j                  f 
alous  —  | 
(_  Inferior.  \ 

Flowers 
regular. 

Flowers 
irregular. 

f  Flowers 
.Apetalous  —  \ 

perfect. 

Monocotyledons  |SuPerior- 
orEndoSens- 1  Inferior. 


(_  Flowers  imperfect. 


[  Gymnosperms. 


CHARACTERISTICS   OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS   OF 
FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

IN  Chapters  Eighth  to  Twelfth  it  was  shown  that  a  natural 
order  may  be  identified  by  a  few  characteristic  features,  without 
reference  to  its  entire  group  of  ordinal  characters. 

The  orders  in  the  following  list  are  first  separated  into  eleven 
groups,  on  the  basis  of  characters  indicated  in  the  above  table.  The 
characteristics  by  which  any  order  may  be  known  are  clearly  and 
concisely  given,  and  they  follow  each  other  in  a  natural  sequence, 
according  to  their  increasing  divergence  from  the  ordinal  charac- 
ters of  the  Ranunculaceag.  The  same  thing  is  seen  in  passing  frcm 
first  to  last  through  the  orders  shown  on  the  Botanical  Charts. 


1 86  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

To  find  the  order  of  a  plant,  first  determine  the  group  to 
which  it  belongs  ;  then  compare  it  with  the  characteristics  of  the 
orders  of  that  group,  one  after  another,  until  the  one  is  reached 
to  which  the  plant  belongs.  Its  page  in  the  body  of  the  Flora 
is  indicated  by  the  figures.  Now  refer  to  this  order,  and  look 
through  the  analysis  of  its  genera  to  find  the  genus  of  the  plant. 
If  it  is  a  common  one,  you  will  find  it  described  and  named 
among  the  species  of  this  genus. 

Hypogynous  or  Inferior  Polypctalous  Exogens. 

1.  Ranunculaceae. —Stamens  co;  often  apetalous,  sepals  colored  ; 
carpels  distinct.     Herbs,  rarely  shrubs.      191. 

2.  Magnoliaceae. — Like  i,  but  trees.     194. 

3.  Berberidaceae. — Stamens  opposite  petals,  opening  by  valves.  195. 

4.  Nymphaeaceae. — Stamens  co;  aquatic.     196, 

5.  Sarraceniaceae. — Leaves  pitcher-shaped.     197. 

6.  Papaveraceae. — Flowers  regular  ;  sepals  2-3,  caducous  ;  pla- 
centas parietal.     Herbs  with  milky  or  colored  juice.     197. 

7.  Fumariaceae. — Flowers  irregular  ;  sepals  2,  persistent.     Herbs 
with  watery  juice.     198. 

8.  Cruciferae. — Flowers  cruciate  ;  stamens  tetradynamous  ;  ovary 
synearrpous,  2-celled,     Herbs.     199. 

9.  Capparidaceae. — Like    8,   but    stamens    not    tetradynamous  ; 
ovary  i-celled.     202. 

10.  Resedaceae. — Flowers   irregular  ;    stamens    oo,   on   a  lateral 
disk  ;  placentae  parietal,  pod  opening  before  maturity.     Herbs.     202. 

11.  Violaceae.  —  Flowers  irregular  ;  stamens  5,  on  a  disk  ;  pod  3- 
valved,  with  3  parietal  placentae.     Herbs.     203. 

12.  Cistaceae. — Stamens  co;  pods  3~5-valved  ;  placentae  parietal. 
Shrubs  or  herbs.     204. 

13.  Polygalaceae. — Flowers  irregular  ;  stamens  6-8,  with  apical 
pores  ;  pod  2-seeded.     204. 

14.  Caryophyllaceae. — Flowers  regular ;   ovary  usually  i-celled, 
with  free  central  placentae.     Herbs  with  opposite  leaves.     205. 

15.  Portulacaceae. — Like  14,  but  with  2  sepals.     Leaves  fleshy. 
Low  herbs.     207. 

16.  Hypericaceae. — Flowers  regular  ;  stamens  co,  polyadelphous  ; 
leaves  entire,  opposite,  with  pellucid  dots.     Herbs  or  shrubs.     208. 

17.  Malvaceae. — Flowers   regular;    stamens    oo,    monadelphous ; 
leaves  alternate,  palmate.     Herbs  or  shrubs.     209. 

1 8.  Tiliaceae. — Flowers  regular  ;  stamens  oo,  in  5  clusters  ;  fruit 
a  I -2-seeded  nut.     Trees.     210. 


CHARACTERISTICS  OF  NATURAL   ORDERS.    187 

Disdfloral  Polypetalous  Exogens. 

19.  Linaceae. — Flowers   regular ;   stamens  5  ;  petals  convolute  ; 
capsule  8-io-seeded.     Herbs  with  entire  leaves.     210. 

20.  Geraniaceae. — Flowers  regular ;  ovary  3-5-lobed  ;  receptacle 
elongated  ;  glands  outside  the  stamens  ;  leaves  variously  cut.     Herbs, 
or  shrubby.     211. 

21.  Rutaceae. — Flowers  regular ;  ovary  on  a  disk  ;  leaves  punctate, 
compound,  or  divided.     Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.     212. 

22.  Aquifoliaceae. — Flowers    4-8-merous ;    stamens  on    base   of 
petals  ;  drupe  berry-like.     Trees  or  shrubs.     213. 

23.  Rhamnaceae. — Stamens  opposite  the  petals,  and  on  a  disk ; 
a  single  erect  ovule  in  each  of  the  2-5  cells  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate. 
Shrubs  or  trees,  with  bitter  principle.     213. 

24.  Vitaceae. — Stamens  opposite  the  caducous  petals.     Climbing 
shrubs.     214. 

25.  Sapindaceae. — Flowers  unsymmetrical  ;   stamens  5-10,  on  a 
disk  ;  ovary  2-3-celled,  with  1-2  seeds  in  each  cell.     Trees,  shrubs,  or 
herbaceous  climbers.     214. 

26.  Anacardiaceae. — Flowers  small,  symmetrical ;  ovary  i-seeded, 
with  3  styles.     Trees  or  shrubs,  with  acrid  juice.     215. 

Perigynous  and  Epigynous  or  Superior  Polypetalous  Exogens. 

27.  Leguminosae. — Flowers  papilionaceous  or  regular  ;  odd  sepal 
anterior  ;  stamens  usually  10.     Fruit  a  legume.     216. 

28.  Rosaceae. — Flowers  regular,  odd  sepal  posterior  ;  stamens  oo, 
perigynous ;  usually  stipules.     Endosperm.     217. 

29.  Saxifragaceae. — Flowers  regular,  much  like  28,  but  having 
albumen  in  the  seeds,  and  no  stipules,     225. 

30.  Crassulaceae. — Flowers  symmetrical  ;  pistils  usually  separate, 
ovules  co.     Leaves  fleshy.     226. 

31.  Droseraceae. — Flowers   regular.     Herbs  with   gland-bearing 
leaves.     227. 

32.  Hamamelaceae. — Flowers  in  close  clusters  ;  carpels  2,  united 
below.     Shrubs  or  trees.     228. 

33.  Halorageae. — Flowers  small;  ovaries  i-4-celled;  styles  dis- 
tinct.    Aquatic  plants.     228. 

34.  Melastomaceae. — Anthers  opening  by  pores  ;  leaves  opposite, 
3-7-ribbed,  without  stipules.     228. 

35.  Lythraceae. — Calyx  inclosing  the  i-oo  -celled  ovary  ;  anthers 
open   lengthwise ;    style    I,    seeds   many.     Leaves    opposite,   without 
stipules.     229. 


1 88  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

36.  Onagraceae. — Flowers  in  fours,  epigynous  ;  ovary  oo-seeded  ; 
style  I.     Herbs  or  shrubs,  without  stipules.     229. 

37.  Cucurbitaceae. — Flowers  imperfect,  epigynous  ;  anthers  united, 
tortuous.     Fruit  a  pepo.     Climbing  or  prostrate  herbs.     231. 

38.  Cactaceae. — Floral    parts   numerous  ;    ovary    i  -  celled,   with 
parietal  placentae.     Fleshy  and  usually  leafless  plants.     232. 

39.  Umbelliferae. — Inflorescence  umbellate  ;    ovary  decarpellary, 
splitting  in  two  when  ripe.     Endosperm.     232, 

40.  Araliaceae. — Like  39,  but  with  more  than  two  styles,  and  the 
fruit  a  drupe.     236. 

41.  Cornaceae. — Style    I  ;    ovule    i  ;    fruit    a   i-2-seeded   drupe. 
Woody  plants,  with  opposite  leaves.     237. 

Superior  Gamopetalous  Exogens. 

42.  Caprifoliaceae. — Ovary  2-5-celled  ;  leaves  opposite,  without 
stipules.     Shrubs,  rarely  herbs.     238. 

43.  Rubiaceae. — Like  42,   but  with   stipules,   or    the   leaves  in 
whorls.     240. 

44.  Dipsaceae. — Flowers  in  heads,  with  involucres  ;  stamens  4  ; 
ovary  i-celled.     Endosperm.     Herbs.     241. 

45.  Compositae. — Flowers  in  heads,  surrounded  with  a  common 
involucre ;  anthers  syngenesious  ;  ovary  i-celled,  i-seeded  ;  style  bifid. 
No  endosperm.     Herbs.     241. 

46.  Campanulaceae. — Corolla    5-lobed,   and    stamens   alternate ; 
ovary    2-5-celled  ;    style    I  ;    ovules  oo.     Herbs,    rarely   shrubs,  with 
alternate  leaves  and  milky  juice.     251. 

Inferior  Gamopetalous  Exogens  with  Regular  Flowers. 

47.  Ericaceae. — Stamens  hypogynous,  anthers  opening  by  terminal 
pores  ;  ovary  2-i2-celled  ;  style  simple.     252. 

48.  Plumbaginaceae. — Flowers  5-merous ;  stamens  opposite  pet- 
als ;  ovary  i -celled  ;  styles  3-5.    The  single  ovule  pendulous.     Herbs. 

255. 

49.  Primulaceae. — Flowers  like  48,  with  a  single  style  and  ovary, 
free  central  placenta  ;  seeds  oo.     256. 

50.  Oleaceae. — Stamens  2,  epipetalous,  ovary  2-celled.     Trees  or 
shrubs.     257. 

51.  Apocynaceae.— Corolla  convolute  ;  ovaries  2,  separate  ;  styles 
and  stigmas  united  ;  leaves  opposite.     Plants  with  milky  juice.     258. 

52.  Asclepiadaceae. — Like  51,  with  anthers  united  to  stigma,  and 
pollen  in  masses.     259. 

53.  Gentianaceae.— Cymose  4-5-merous  flowers  ;  ovary  i-celled. 


CHARACTERISTICS  OF  NATURAL  ORDERS.     189 

2  placentse,   seeds    co.     Herbs  with  opposite,   entire  leaves,  without 
stipules.     260. 

54.  Polemoniaceae. — Flowers  5-merous,  ovary  3-celled,  and  style 
3-cleft.     Herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  without  stipules.     261. 

55.  Boraginaceae. — Inflorescence   scorpioid  ;    flowers   5-merous, 
with  4-lobed  ovary  becoming  4  achenes  ;  style  I.     262. 

56.  Convolvulaceae. — Flowers  5-merous,  corolla  convolute,  ovary 
2-celled,    i-styled ;    embryo   large,    crumpled.      Twining    or   trailing 
herbs.     264. 

57.  Solanaceae. — Flowers  5-merous,  on  bractless  pedicels  ;  ovary 
2-celled,  co-seeded  ;  pod  or  berry.     Mostly  narcotic  herbs.     265. 

Inferior  Gamopetalous  Exogens  with  Irregular  Flowers. 

58.  Scrophulariaceae. — Flowers  2-lipped,  stamens  2  or  4,  didyna- 
mous  ;  ovary  2-celled,  single  style,  placentae  axile,  seeds  oo.     Chiefly 
herbs.     267. 

59.  Lentibulaceae. — Stamens  2,  ovary  i-celled.     Floating  herbs. 
272. 

60.  Bignoniaceae. — Stamens  2  or  4  ;  seeds  co,  winged.     Trees  or 
shrubs  with  opposite  leaves.     272. 

61.  Verbenaceae. — Stamens  2-4,  ovary  4-celled.    Herbs  or  shrubs 
with  opposite  leaves.     273. 

62.  Labiatae. — Stamens  didynamous,  ovary  4-lobed,  becoming  4 
nutlets.     Herbs  with  square  stems  and  opposite  leaves.     274. 

63.  Plantaginaceae. — Flowers  spiked,  4-merous  ;  stamens  epipet- 
alous,  anthers  versatile.     280. 

Apetalous  Exogens  with  Perfect  Flowers. 

64.  Nyctaginaceae. — Perianth  petaloid,  united  at  base,  inclosing 
the  fruit ;  ovary  i-celled,  i-seeded  utricle.     281. 

65.  Amarantaceae. — Flowers  in  dense  clusters  ;  stamens  united 
at  base  ;  ovary  i-celled  ;  fruit  a  utricle.     281. 

66.  Chenopodiaceae. — Like   65,   perianth   green  ;   filaments  not 
united.     Leaves  often  mealy.     282. 

67.  Phytolaccaceae. — Inflorescence  racemose  ;    stamens  hypogy- 
nous.     Leaves  alternate,  glabrous.     283. 

68.  Polygonaceae. — Ovary  i-celled,  styles  2-3,  and  i  orthotropous 
seed.     Leaves  alternate,  with  membranous  sheathing  stipules.     283. 

69.  Aristolochiaceae.— Ovary  4-6-celled,   seeds    co.      Herbs  or 
shrubs,  often  twining.     285. 

70.  Lauraceae. — Sepals  4-6   in   two   rows,   anthers  opening    by 
valves.     Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs  with  punctate  leaves.     285. 


SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

71.  Thymeleaceae. — Flowers  in  close  clusters;  ovary  with  I  pen- 
dulous ovule  in  each  cell.     Shrubs  or  trees  with  tough  bark.     286. 

72.  Santalaceae. — Ovary  inferior,  i-celled,  1-3  ovules  on  a  free 
central  placenta.     Usually  parasitic.     286. 

Apetalous  Exogens  with  Imperfect  Flowers. 

73.  Euphorbiaceae. — Ovary  usually  3-celled,  with  1-2  seeds  hang- 
ing in  each  cell.     Plants  with  milky  juice.     287. 

74.  Urticaceae. — Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious  ;  calyx  free  from 
i-seeded  fruit.     Leaves  with  stipules.     288. 

75'  Juglandaceae. — Male  flowers  in  catkins,  stamens  oo  on  a  bract ; 
ovary  i-celled,  I  ovule.     Trees  with  pinnate  leaves.     290. 

76.  Myricaceae. — Like  75,  but  stamens  few  ;  no  calyx.     Leaves 
simple.     291. 

77.  Cupuliferae. — Ovary  2-3-celled  ;    fruit   i-seeded  nut.     Trees 
with  simple  leaves.     292. 

78.  Salicaceae. — Perianth  of  scales  ;  ovary  i-celled  ;  capsule  2-4- 
valved,  seeds  plumed.     Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  leaves.     294. 

Superior  Endogens. 

79-  Orchidaceae. — Flowers  very  irregular  ;  stamens  1-2,  confluent 
with  style,  pollen  in  masses.     296. 

80.  Iridaceae. — Flowers   regular,    3-merous  ;   stamens   3,  anthers 
extrorse  ;  leaves  2-ranked,  equitant.     299. 

8 1.  Amaryllidaceae.  —  Flowers    regular;    stamens   6.      Bulbous 
herbs.     300. 

Inferior  Endogens. 

82.  Alismaceae. — Flowers  regular,  3-merous  ;   anthers  extrorse  ; 
ovaries  3,  distinct.     Marsh  herbs.     301. 

83.  Naiadaceae. — Perianth  scale-like  ;  aquatic  plants  ;  stems  joint- 
ed, with  sheathing  stipules.     302. 

84.  Typhaceae. — Flowers  imperfect,  in  close  clusters  ;  ovules  1-2, 
pendulous.     Aquatic  plants  with  linear  leaves.     303. 

85.  Araceae. — Flowers  on  a  spadix  ;  berry  with  few  seeds  ;  leaves 
mostly  reticulate.     Plants  with  acrid  juice.     303. 

86.  Liliaceae. — Perianth  regular ;  ovary  3-celled  ;  seeds  OQ.     305. 

87.  Smilaceae. — Flowers  regular,  imperfect.    Climbing  plants,  with 
tendril-stipules.     309. 

88.  Juncaceas. — Flower  structure  like  87,   perianth  glumaceous. 
Herbage  grass-like.     309. 


RANUNCULACEJS. 


191 


89.  Pontederiaces. — Flowers   perfect,   petaloid   from   a   spathe. 
Aquatic  herbs.     310. 

90.  Cyperaceae. — Flowers  spiked  with  perianth  of  bristles  ;  fruit 
an  achene.    Grass-like  plants,  solid  stems,  and  tristichous  leaves.    310. 

91.  Gramineae. — Flower    spikelets    in   chaffy   glumes  ;    perianth 
rudimentary,  stamens   3  ;    ovary  i  ;    style    2  ;    fruit   a   grain.     Stems 
solid  at  joints,  distichous  leaves.     315. 

Gymnosperms. 

92.  Coniferae. — Male   flowers   in   catkins,    female   in   catkins  or 
cones  ;  leaves  acicular.     Trees  or  shrubs.     323. 


HYPOGYNOUS    OR    INFERIOR    POLYPETALOUS 
EXOGENS. 

Order  I. — RANUNCULACE^E  (Crowfoot  Family). 

A  large  family  of  herbs,  or  climbers,  with  a  colorless,  acrid 
juice.  Leaves  usually  divided,  with  stalk  dilated  at  the  base ; 
stipules  none.  The  sepals,  3-1 5,  distinct  and  hypogynous ;  petals, 
3-15,  or  wanting,  rarely  united  ;  stamens,  usually  many;  embryo, 
minute  ;  fruit,  dry  pods,  achenia,  or  berries. 

(  Petals  none — Hepatica. 

\  Petals  small,  yellow—  Coptis. 

f  Achenia  with  tails — Clematis. 

<! 
_5 
P 
U 
fe 

£ 

< 
& 

With  stems  — 


'  Petals     I                      f    v,                (    Yellow—  Caltha. 
none-1    Achenia    f 
without   \    S011tary        (    Not  yellow—  A  nemone. 

(       tails— 

*•    Flowers  in  panicles  —  Thalictrum. 

(Ovaries  many  —  Ra- 

nunculus. 

Ovaries   few-/Vo- 

Petals  and 

nia. 

sepals  equal 

in  size  — 

Sepals  deciduous  —  Actea. 

Petals 

-  Sepals  colored  —  Nigella. 

present  — 

'  Petals  4, 

Petals  and 

two  upper,  a  spur  —  Delphinium. 

sepals 

unequal  — 

Petals  5, 

three  lower  minute  —  Aconitum. 

I.  Clematis. — Sepals  4-8,  colored.     Petals  small  or  none.     An- 
thers linear,  extrorse.     Achenia  many  in  a  head,  terminating  in  long, 
plumose  tails.     Herbs  or  vines  climbing  by  clasping  leaf-stalks,     y. 
10 


1 92  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

1.  C.  VIRGINIANA  {Virgin's  Bower}. — Leaves  ternate,  smooth;  leaflets 
ovate,  somewhat  cordate  at  base  ;  flowers  in  panicles,  often  dioecious,  white  ; 
fruit  covered  with  long,  feathery  tails,  which  in  autumn  cause  the  plant  to 
appear  at  a  distance  as  if  in  bloom.     A  vine,  in  thickets  and  low  grounds, 
10-15  feet  long.     July-August. 

2.  Anemone. — Involucre  distant  from  the  flower,  composed  of  3 
incised  leaves.     Sepals  5-15,  petaloid.     Ovaries  collected  into  roundish 
or  oval  heads.     Achenia  mucronate.     u 

1.  A.  NEMOROSA  (Wood  Anemone}. — Stem  simple,  smooth;  leaves  ter- 
nate ;  leaflets  3-5-lobed  ;  involucre  of  3  leaves,  on  short  petioles  near  the  top 
of  the  stem  ;  flowers  solitary,  nodding,  white,  purplish  outside  ;  heads  of 
achenia  small,  globose.    A  pretty  little  plant,  growing  from  3'-6'  high,  in  old 
woods  and. thickets.     April-May. 

2.  A.   VIRGINIANA   (Wind-flower}. — Stem  pubescent;    laaves  ternate; 
leaflets  petiolulate,  2-3-cleft,  ovate,  dentate ;  flowers  greenish  white,  with 
the  sepals  pubescent  beneath,  on  long  peduncles  ;  stem  2-3  feet  high,  with  a 
3-leaved  involucre.     A  coarse-looking  plant.     Pastures  and  fields.     June- 
July. 

3.  Hepatica. — Involucre,  very  near  the  flower,  of  3  ovate,  obtuse 
bracts.     Sepals  petaloid,  6-9  in   number,  in  2-3  rows.     Petals  none. 
Achenia  awnless.     y. 

i.  H.  TRILOBA  (Heart  Liverwort). — Acaulescent ;  leaves  broadly  cor- 
date, mostly  3-lobed,  with  the  lobes  entire,  smooth,  evergreen  ;  scapes  hairy, 
i-flowered,  flower  nodding  ;  involucre  green,  hairy  ;  sepals  from  bluish  pur- 
ple to  nearly  white,  oblong,  obtuse.  One  of  the  earliest  spring  flowers. 
March-April. 

4.  Thalictrum. — Sepals   4-5,   petaloid,    caducous.      Petals   none. 
Stamens  numerous.     Achenia  4-15,   tipped  with  the  stigma,  falcate. 
Flowers  often  dioecious,     y. 

1.  T.  CORNUTI  {Meadow  Rue}. — Stem  erect,  branching,  smooth  ;  leaves 
triternate,  sessile  ;  leaflets  rhomboidal,   2-3-lobed,  mostly  smooth  ;  flowers 
in  large,  terminal,  compound  panicles,  white,  small,   dioecious  or  polyga- 
mous ;  sepals  caducous ;  filaments  somewhat  clavate.     A  tall  plant  in  wet 
meadows,   3-8   feet   high,   with   large   leaves  and  a  hollow  stem.     June- 
August. 

2.  T.  ANEMONOIDES  (Rue  Anemone}. — Stem  low,  simple,  smooth  ;  radi- 
cal leaves  biternate,  on  long  petioles ;  leaflets  rhomboidal,  2-3-lobed  ;  stem 
leaves  3,  ternate,  nearly  sessile,  verticillate,  resembling  an  involucre  ;  flowers 
large,   3-6,   in   umbels  ;  sepals  6-10,   oval,  white  or  purple,  not  caducous. 
April-May. 

5.  Ranunculus. — Sepals  5.     Petals  5,  with  a  scale  or  gland  at 
the  base  of-  each  petal  inside.     Flowers  solitary ;  stamens  indefinite, 
Achenia  ovate,  pointed,  crowded  into  heads,     if. 


RAN  UNC  ULA  CE^E. 


193 


1.  R.  ABORTIVUS  (Small-flowered  Crowfoot). — Stem  erect,  branching, 
very  smooth  ;  radical  leaves  reniform,  upper  ones  3-5-lobed  ;  flowers  small, 
yellow  ;  fruit  in  heads  ;  style  very  short,  straight.     This  species  grows  10'- 
18'  high.     Damp  woods.     May-June. 

2.  R.  RECURVATUS  (  Wood  Crowfoot). — Stem  erect,  hairy  ;  leaves  deeply 
3-parted,  segments  ovate,  dentate,  pubescent ;  flowers  small,  greenish  yellow  ; 
petals  narrow,  scarcely  equal  to  the  reflexed  sepals  ;   achenia  in  globose 
heads,  tipped  with  the  minute,  hooked  styles.     June. 

3.  R.  ACRIS  (Buttercups). — Stem  erect,  branching,  often  hollow  hairy ; 
leaves  generally  pubescent,  deeply  3-parted  ;  segments  deeply  incised,  divis- 
ions of  the  upper  ones  linear  ;  flowers  large,  of  a  burnished  golden  yellow  ; 
calyx  spreading ;  heads  globose  ;  achenia,  beak  short,  recurved.     Common, 
1-2  feet  high.     June-September. 

4.  R.  REPENS  (Creeping  Crowfoot}. — Stem  stoloniferous,  mostly  smooth  ; 
leaves  on  long  petioles,  trifoliate,  segments  deeply  3-lobed ;  peduncles  fur- 
rowed ;  flowers  yellow ;  sepals  spreading  ;  stems  1-3  feet  long,  with  dark 
leaves.     Wet  grounds.     Common.     May-July. 

5.  R.  AQUATILIS  (White  Water  Crowfoot}. — Stem  floating;  submerged 
leaves  filiformly  dissected,  the  emersed,  when  present,  3-parted  ;   flowers 
rather  small,  dull  white,  about  i'  out  of  water  ;  petals  dull  white,  with  yel- 
low claws.     May-August. 

6.  Caltha. — Sepals  5-9,  resembling  petals.     Petals  none.     Ova- 
ries 5-10.     Follicles  5-10,  compressed,  erect,  many-seeded,     it 

i.  C.  PALUSTRIS  (Marsh  Marigold). — Plant  very  smooth  ;  stem  erect,  hol- 
low, leaves  re.niform,  crenate  ;  flowers  large,  bright  yellow,  pedunculate,  in 
umbellate  clusters  of  3-5.  April-May. 

7.  Coptis. — Sepals    5-7,  petaloid,   deciduous.     Petals  5-7.     Sta- 
mens 15-25.     Follicles  5-10,  stipitate,  somewhat  steliately  diverging, 
4-8-seeded.     n 

i.  C.  TRIFOLIA  (Goldthread).— Leaves  radical,  ternate ;  leaflets  sessile, 
wedge-obovate,  on  petioles  i'-2r  long ;  peduncles  twice  as  long,  slender,  i- 
flowered,  with  a  single,  minute  bract  above  the  middle ;  petals  minute,  yel- 
low ;  stamens  white  ;  root  slender,  creeping,  of  a  golden  yellow.  A  delicate 
little  plant,  growing  in  bogs.  May. 

8.  Aquilegia. — Sepals  5,  petaloid.      Petals  5,  tubular,  extending 
below  into  long,  spurred  nectaries.     Follicles  5,  erect,  many- seeded, 
tipped  with  the  style,     if 

i.  A.  CANADENSIS  (Columbine'). — Stem  erect,  smooth,  branching ;  lower 
leaves  biternate  ;  leaflets  on  long  petioles,  3-lobed  ;  flowers  large,  nodding, 
scarlet ;  sepals  ovate-oblong ;  petals  scarlet  below,  each  with  a  straight  spur, 
with  honey.  A  beautiful  plant,  growing  1-2  feet  high,  in  the  clefts  of  rocks. 
May. 

9.  Delphinium. — Sepals  5,  irregular,  the  upper  with  a  spur.  Petals  4, 
irregular,  the  upper  two  forming  spurs.    Pistils  1-5  ;  many-seeded  pods. 


194  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

1.  D.  CONSOLIDA  (Larkspur}, — Stem  erect,  smooth  ;   leaves  palmately 
divided  into  fine  segments ;  flowers  few,  in  loose  racemes,  but  from  blue  to 
white,  often  double  ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts  ;  carpels  smooth.     Cul- 
tivated in  gardens.     July- August. 

2.  D.  EXALTATUM  (Tall  Larkspur). — Stem  erect,  glabrous  below,  pu- 
bescent near  the  summit ;  leaves  deeply  3-5  parted,  lobes  cuneiform,  3-cleft ; 
petioles  not  dilated  at  base ;  racemes  straight ;  flowers  large,  of  a  rich  pur- 
plish blue.     Native,  and  common  in  cultivation.     June-August. 

10.  Aconitum. — Sepals    5,   petaloid,    upper    one    large,    vaulted. 
Petals  2 — the  3  lower  ones  minute,  expanded  into  a  sac,  or  short  spur 
at  the  summit,     y. 

i.  A.  NAPELLUS  (Monk's-Hood). — Stem  straight,  erect ;  leaves  deeply 
5-cleft ;  leaflets  pinnatifid  ;  upper  sepal  arched  at  the  back,  somewhat  re- 
sembling a  monk's  cowl ;  ovaries  smooth  ;  flowers  large,  blue,  in  long 
racemes.  Plant  4  feet  high  in  gardens.  August. 

11.  Actaea. — Sepals  4-5,  roundish,  deciduous.     Petals  4-8,  spatu- 
late.     Stamens  indefinite.     Anthers  2-lobed.     Stigma  capitate,  sessile. 
Berry  globose,  i-celled.     Seeds  many,  compressed.     y. 

i.  A.  SPICATA,  var.  RUBRA  (Red  Baneberry). — Stem  erect,  smooth  ; 
leaves  ternately  decompound  ;  leaflets  ovate,  serrate,  smooth  ;  flowers  small, 
white,  in  a  dense  hemispherical  raceme,  pedicellate,  followed  by  red  berries. 
Quite  common  in  rocky  woods,  1-2  feet  high.  May. 

12.  Paeonia. — Sepals  5,  unequal,  leafy,  persistent.     Petals  5.     Sta- 
mens  numerous.     Ovaries    2-5.     Stigmas    sessile,   double,   persistent. 
Follicles  many-seeded,  opening  above,     y. 

i.  P.  OFFICINALIS  (Peony). — Stem  erect,  herbaceous,  smooth ;  lower 
leaves  bipinnately  divided,  coriaceous ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  incised ; 
fruit  downy,  nearly  straight.  Flowers  2'-3'  in  diameter,  generally  double, 
and  varying  from  red  to  rose-color  and  white.  May-June. 

Order  II. — MAGNOLIACE.E  (Magnolia  family). 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  the  leaf- buds  covered  with  stipules. 
Flowers  large,  solitary,  polypetalous,  hypogenous.  Pistils  many, 
closely  covering  the  long  receptacle.  Seeds  1-2  in  each  carpel ; 
embryo  minute. 

Sepals  5 — Magnolia. 

Sepals  3 — Liriodendron. 

I.  Magnolia. — Sepals  3.  Petals  6-9.  Carpels  i-2-seeded,  forming  a 
strobile-like  fruit.  Seeds  baccate,  suspended  by  a  long  funiculus.  Trees. 

i.  M.  GLAUCA  (Small  Magnolia). — Leaves  oval,  entire,  obtuse,  glaucous 
beneath  ;  flowers  solitary,  2'  in  diameter,  fragrant ;  sepals  3  ;  petals  obovate, 
concave,  narrowed  at  base,  erect.  July. 


BERBERIDACE&.  195 

2.  Liriodendron. — Sepals  3,  caducous.  Petals  6.  Carpels  i- 
2-seeded,  indehiscent,  imbricated  in  a  cone.  Trees. 

i.  L.  TULIPIFERA  (Tulip-tree}.— Leaves  dark  green,  very  glabrous,  trun- 
cate ;  flowers  large,  solitary,  fragrant,  orange  within.  A  noble  tree.  May- 
June. 

Order  III. — BERBERIDACE.E. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Petals  opposite  the  sepals.  Stamens  defi- 
nite, as  many  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  them  ;  or  else  twice  as 
many.  Anthers  extrorse,  usually  opening  by  recurved  valves. 
Ovary  of  a  single  carpel,  forming  in  fruit  a  one-celled  berry  or 
capsule.  Seeds  few. 

Shrubs — Berberis. 

(Flowers  yellowish  green — Caulo- 
phyllum. 
Flowers 
Herbs- 
Fruit  many-  j    Fniit. 
seeded—       j    Fruit,  a  berry— 

I.  Berberis. — Petals  6,  with  2  glands  at  the  base  of  each.  Sta- 
mens 6  ;  filaments  flattened.  Stigma  sessile.  Fruit  a  2-3-seeded, 
oblong  berry.  Shrubs. 

1.  B.  VULGARIS  {Barberry). — Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  sharply  serrate,  in 
clusters,  with  3  spines  at  base  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  nodding  racemes  ;  berries 
oblong,  red,  very  acid.     The  stamens  are  irritable,  springing  against  the 
pistil  when  touched  at  the  base.     June. 

2.  Caulophyllum. — Petals  6,  with  nectariferous  scales  at  the  base 
within.     Stamens  6.      Pericarp   membranaceous,   2-4-seeded.      Seeds 
erect,  globose. 

i.  C.  THALICTROIDES  (Blue  Cohosh}.—V&ry  glabrous ;  leaves  biternate 
and  triternate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  irregularly  lobed,  terminal  one  broadest ;  stem 
simple,  smooth,  bearing  2  leaves  ;  flowers  greenish  yellow  ;  seeds  deep  blue, 
soon  bursting  the  ripe  fruit,  resembling  berries.  Young  plant  is  purple,  and 
somewhat  resembles  a  fern.  April-May. 

3.  Diphylleia. — Sepals  6,  fugacious.     Petals  6,  larger  than  sepals. 
Ovules  5-6,  attached  to  side  of  ovary.    Seeds  without  aril.     Root-stock 
perennial  ;  leaves  umbrella-like. 

i.  C.  CYMOSA  ([/m&retta-fea/).— Root-leaves  1-2  feet  in  diameter,  2-cleft, 
and  the  divisions  much  lobed.  Berries  blue.  Wet  places.  May. 

4.  Jeffersonia. — Sepals  4,  fugacious.    Petals  8.    Stamens  8.    Stig- 
ma 2-lobed.    Pod  pear-shaped,  opening  with  a  lid.    Seeds  with  aril  on 
the  sides. 


196  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

i.  J.  DIPHYLLA  (Twin-leaf}.— A  glabrous  herb  with  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  long,  petioled,  divided  into  two  leaflets.  Flowers  white.  April- 
May. 

5.  Podophyllum. — Sepals  3,  caducous.  Petals  6-9,  obovate.  Sta- 
mens 9-18.  Anthers  linear.  Ovary  ovate,  thick,  sessile,  peltate.  Fruit 
a  large,  ovoid  berry,  i-celled,  and  tipped  with  the  stigma.  Per. 

i.  P.  PELTATUM  (May-apple).—  Stem  smooth,  i  foot  high,  with  2  leaves, 
and  a  nodding  flower  between  them  ;  leaves  from  6'-io'  in  diameter,  peltate, 
often  cordate  at  base,  palmately  5~7-lobed  ;  flower  white,  i'-2r  in  diameter  ; 
petals  curiously  veined  ;  fruit  ovoid,  yellowish,  subacid  and  eatable.  May. 

Order  IV. — NYMPH^EACE^E  (  Water-lily  Family]. 

Aquatic  herbs.  Leaves  peltate,  or  cordate,  from  a  rhizoma. 
Flowers  large,  often  fragrant.  Sepals  and  petals  several,  imbri- 
cated in  rows,  the  latter  inserted  in  the  fleshy  disk.  Stamens  in 
several  rows,  with  introrse  anthers,  and  filaments  petaloid.  Ovary 
many-celled,  many-seeded,  crowned  by  the  radiate  stigma,  inde- 
hiscent. 

Flowers  small. 

Petals  3-4  —  Brasenia. 

NYMPH,EACE,E.  Stamens  on  ^_Nympktea. 
Flowers  large. 

Petals  many —  1 

t  Stamens  under  ovary — Nuphar. 

I.  Nymphaea. — Sepals  4-5.  Petals  and  stamens  indefinite,  pass- 
ing into  each  other.  Stigma  surrounded  by  rays.  Pericarp  many- 
celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  N.  ODORATA  (White  Pond-lily). — Leaves  orbicular,  cordate  at  base, 
entire,  floating,  with  prominent  veins  beneath  ;  sepals  4,  equaling  the  petals, 
which  are  lanceolate,  white,  often  tinged  with  purple ;  filaments  yellow. 
July. 

2.  Nuphar. — Sepals  5-6,  somewhat   petaloid.     Petals  numerous, 
nectariferous   on   the   back,   stamens  linear,   stigma  surrounded  with 
rays. 

i.  N.  ADVENA  (Yellow  Pond-lily). — Leaves  oval,  smooth,  entire,  cordate 
at  base,  with  an  open  sinus,  on  long  petioles ;  flowers  large,  dull  yellow ; 
sepals  6  ;  petals  many  ;  stigma  i2-i5-rayed,  with  a  crenate  margin.  June- 
July. 

3.  Brasenia. — Sepals  3-6,  colored  within,  persistent.     Petals  3-4. 
Stamens  18-36.     Ovaries  6-18.     Carpels  oblong,  i-2-seeded. 

i.  B.  PELTATA  ( Water-shield}.—  Stem  floating,  branched;  leaves  ellip- 
tical and  peltate,  entire,  smooth,  floating  ;  flowers  just  rising  above  the  water, 
dull  purple,  i'  in  diameter.  July. 


SARRACENIACEJL.—PAPA  VERACE&.         197 

Order  V. — SARRACENIACE^E  {Pitcher-plant  Family). 

Perennial,  acaulescent  bog -herbs.  Leaves  pitcher -shaped. 
Flowers  large,  solitary,  nodding.  Sepals  5,  persistent,  with  3 
bracts  at  base.  Petals  5.  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogynous,  style 
single,  stigma  large,  petaloid.  Seeds  numerous. 

i.  Sarracenia. — Petals,  deciduous.  Stigma  peltate,  5-angled,  per- 
sistent. Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded. 

i.  S.  PURPUREA  (Pitcher-plant}. — Leaves  with  tubular,  inflated,  gibbous 
petioles,  which  are  winged  on  the  inside,  ending  in  a  broadly  cordate,  erect 
lamina,  hairy  on  the  inside.  Scapes  i2'-3o'  high,  with  a  single,  large,  nod- 
ding, dark-purple  flower ;  petals  inflected  over  the  stigma.  June. 

Order  VI. — PAPAVERACE^E. 

Herbs,  usually  with  a  milky  or  colored  juice.  Leaves  alter- 
nate. Stipules  none.  Flowers  solitary,  on  long  peduncles,  never 
blue.  Sepals  2,  rarely  3,  caducous.  Petals  4,  rarely  6,  regular, 
hypogynous.  Stamens  usually  some  multiple  of  4.  Ovary  i- 
celled,  forming  a  pod  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentas,  or  a  capsule 
with  several. 

f  Without  stem — Sanguinaria. 

f  Flower-buds  droop — Chelido- 
PA  PAVE  RACEME.    \  .  nium. 

("Juice  yellow —  -j 
Flower-buds    erect — A  rgemo- 
l       nia. 

\_  Juice  white — Papaver. 

i.  Sanguinaria. — Sepals  2.  Petals  8-12.  Stamens  numerous. 
Stigma  i-2-lobed,  sessile.  Capsule  oblong,  i-celled,  2-valved,  many- 
seeded. 

1.  S.  CANADENSIS  (Bloodroof). — Acaulescent ;  rhizomas  creeping,  fleshy, 
of  a  red  color.     Leaves  reniform,  3~7-lobed,  smooth.     Flower  white,  in- 
odorous, and  of  brief  duration.     April-May. 

2.  Chelidonium.— Perennial  herb.     Sepals  2.    Petals  4.     Stamens 
numerous.     Stigma  sessile,  bifid.     Capsule  pod -like,  linear,  2-valved. 

i.  C.  MAJUS  (Celandine).— Stem  erect,  branching,  very  smooth  ;  leaves 
pinnate,  5-y-foliate ;  leaflets  ovate ;  flowers  yellow,  very  fugacious ;  sepals 
orbicular ;  petals  elliptical.  A  branching,  pale-green  weed.  May-August. 

3.  Agremone.— Petals   4-6.     Style   none  ;    pod    prickly,   valved. 
Seeds  crested,  juice  yellow,  leaves  sessile. 

i.  A.  MEXICANA  (Prickly  Poppy).— Leaves  with  prickly  teeth  ;  flowers 
yellow.  Waste  places.  July-September. 


198  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

4.  Papaver. — Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Style  none.  Capsule  obovate, 
opening  by  pores  under  the  broad,  persistent  stigma. 

i.  P.  SOMNIFERUM  (Opium  Poppy). — Caulescent,  plant  very  smooth  and 
glaucous ;  leaves  clasping ;  sepals  smooth  ;  capsule  globose  ;  1-2  feet  high  ; 
flowers  about  3'  in  diameter.  June- July. 

Order  VII. — FUMARIACE.E. 

Smooth  herbs,  with  a  watery  juice.  Stems  brittle.  Leaves 
alternate,  much  divided.  Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  2.  Petals 
4,  in  pairs,  the  outer  ones  spurred  or  saccate  at  base ;  the  inner 
cohering  at  apex.  Stamens  6,  diadelphous.  Ovary  simple,  be- 
coming a  i -celled,  2-valved  pod,  or  an  indehiscent,  persistent, 
globular  capsule.  Seeds  with  an  aril.  Embryo  minute.  Albu- 
men fleshy. 

Petals  slightly  united,  seed  crested — 
Corolla  2-spurred- 


FUMARIACE^E. 


Dicentra. 

\—  \ 


Petals  permanently  united,  seed  crest- 
l^     less — Adlutnia. 

(  Ovary  several-seeded — Corydalis. 

Corolla  i-spurred ( 

(  Ovary  i-seeded—Fumarz'a. 

I.  Dicentra. — Sepals  2,  minute.  Petals  4,  2  outer  saccate.  Sta- 
mens in  2  sets  of  3  each.  Capsule  pod-shaped,  2-valved,  many- 
seeded. 

1.  D.  CUCULLARIS  (Dutchman's  Breeches). — Scape  from  a  bulb.    Raceme 
simple  ;  corolla  with  two  long  spurs. 

2.  D.   CANADENSIS   (Squirrel-Corn"). — Acaulescent ;    leaves  very  fin  sly 
dissected,  glaucous  beneath  ;  flowers  pale  purple,  with  short,  rounded  spurs. 
May-June. 

2.  Adlumia. — Sepals  minute.      Petals   united   into   a   persistent, 
monopetalous  corolla,  4-toothed  at  apex.     Capsule  pod-shaped,  linear- 
oblong,  many-seeded. 

i.  A.  CIRRHOSA  (Mountain  Fringe}. — Stem  herbaceous ;  leaves  biter- 
nately  decompound ;  leaflets  rhomboidal ;  flowers  numerous,  in  axillary, 
nodding,  racemose  clusters,  pale  purple.  June-August. 

3.  Corydalis. — Sepals  minute.      Petals  only    i-spurred   at  base. 
Stamens  6,  in  2  sets.     Capsule  pod-shaped,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

i.  C.  GLAUCA  (Pale  Corydalis}. — Stem  erect,  branching;  leaves  bipin- 
nately  decompound,  glaucous ;  flowers  in  erect  racemes,  large,  rose-colored 
and  yellow.  May. 

4.  Fumaria. — Sepals  caducous.      Petals  unequal,  i  only  spurred 
at  base.     Fruit  a  i-seeded,  ovoids  or  globose  valveless  nut. 


CRUCIFER^E.  199 

I.  F.  OFFICINALIS  (Common  Fumitory}.— Stem  erect  or  decumbent, 
branching ;  leaves  biternately  dissected,  segments  linear ;  flowers  small, 
rose-colored,  in  loose  racemes.  Sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  nut  globose, 
i  etuse.  June — September. 

Order  VIII. — CRUCIFER^E. 

Herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Stipules  none.  Flowers  usually 
yellow  or  white,  in  racemes  or  corymbs,  destitute  of  bracts. 
Sepals  4,  deciduous.  Corolla  of  4  usually  regular,  unguiculate 
petals,  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  Stamens  6,  2  shorter  than  the 
other  4.  Ovary  consisting  of  2  carpels  united  by  a  membranous 
partition,  usually  a  2-celled  pod,  called  a  silique,  or  a  silicic. 
Seeds  destitute  of  albumen:  Embryo  variously  folded,  with  the 
cotyledons  on  the  radicle. 

A  large,  important,  and  very  natural  order,  containing  some 
very  beautiful  and  fragrant  flowers. 

f  Pod  triangular — Capsella. 
f  Pod  emarginate 

at  apex —  \  Pod  orbicular— Lepidium. 
fPoda 

silicic  —  \  [Pod  truncate— Iberis. 

f  Pod  oval  or  roundish — Alyssum, 
{_  Not  emarginate —      \ 

I,  Pod  oblong,  pedicillate — Lunar  ia. 


u 


f  Flowers  white 

!„          I 

Pod  terete — 


Pod  a 
silique 


f  Valves  i-nerved  —  A  rabis. 
Pod  linear— 


I  Valves  veinless  —  Cardamine. 


[Seeds  flattish— Matthiola. 
Pod  lanceolate — Dentaria. 


Flowers 


Pod  round — 


I  Valves  concave— Brassica. 


I  yellow — 

Pod  f  Leaves  lyrately  pinnatifid — Barbarea. 

4-6-sided—  -| 

t  Leaves  runcinate — Sisymbrium. 

I.   Capsella. — Silicles    triangular-cuneiform,    obcordate.      Valves 
wingless.     Cells  small,  many-seeded.     Style  short.     £) 

1.  C.  BURSA-PASTORIS  (Shepherd' s-purse). — Stem  erect,  branching  ;  radi- 
cal leaves  pinnatifid,  on  short  petioles,  growing  in  a  fiat  tuft,  upper  ones 
linear-lanceolate,  auriculate  at  base ;   flowers  very  small,  white,  in  long 
racemes  ;  capsules  obcordate,  tipped  with  the  short  style.     A  common  weed, 
1-2  feet  high.     June-October. 

2.  Lepidium. — Sepals  and  petals  ovate.     Silicles  nearly  orbicular, 
emarginate.     Valves  carinate,  dehiscent.     Cells  i-seeded.     ® 


200  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

i.  L.  VIRGINICUM  (Wild  Pepper  grass).—  Stem  erect,  branching,  smooth; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  dentate,  acute,  smooth  ;  flowers  minute,  white,  in 
terminal  racemes ;  silicle  orbicular,  not  winged.  In  dry  soil,  about  i  foot 
high.  Leaves  with  peppery  taste,  like  the  garden  peppergrass.  June- 
October. 

3.  Alyssum.—Calyx    equal    at    base.      Petals    entire.      Stamens 
toothed.     Silicle  orbicular,  or  oval,  with  valves  flat,  or  convex  in  the 
center.     y. 

i.  A.  MARITIMUM  (Sweet  Alyssuni).—  Stem  suffruticose  and  procum- 
bent ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  hoary ;  flowers  small,  white,  fragrant ;  pods 
oval,  smooth.  Gardens.  June-October. 

4.  Lunaria. — Sepals  somewhat  bi-saccate  at  base.     Petals  nearly 
entire.    Silicles  pedicellate,  elliptical,  or  lanceolate.   Valves  flat.    @— y 

i.  L.  BIENNIS  (Honesty).— Pubescent ;  stem  erect ;  leaves  cordate,  with 
obtuse  teeth ;  flowers  lilac ;  silkies  oval,  obtuse  at  both  ends.  A  garden 
plant,  3-4  feet  high.  May- June,  (f; 

5.  Iberis. — The  two  outside   petals  larger  than  the  two  inner. 
Silicles  compressed,  emarginate  ;  cells  i -seeded.     © 

i.  I.  UMBELLATA  (Purple  Candy-tuff).—  Stem  herbaceous,  smooth  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate ;  lower  ones  serrate ;  flowers  purple,  terminal,  in 
simple  umbels ;  silicles  acutely  2-lobed.  A  common  garden  plant,  i  foot 
high.  June-July. 

6.  Barbarea. — Sepals   nearly   equal   at  base.      Silique   4-sided  ; 
valves  concave.     Seeds  in  a  single  series.     (2) — y. 

i.  B.  VULGARIS  ( Winter  Cress). — Stem  smooth,  branching  above ;  lower 
leaves  lyrate  ;  upper  ones  obovate,  pinnatifid  at  base,  crenate  ;  flowers  small, 
yellow,  in  terminal  racemes ;  siliques  obtusely  4-angled,  slender.  Brook- 
sides  and  damp  fields  ;  1-2  feet  high,  dark  green.  May— June. 

7.  Arabis. — Sepals   erect.      Petals   entire,   with   claws.      Silique 
linear,  valves  i-nerved  in  the  middle.     Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each 
cell.     ® 

i.  A.  HIRSUTA. — Plant  hairy,  erect,  1-2  feet  high  ;  leaves  arrow-shaped  ; 
flowers  small,  greenish  white  ;  pods  upright.  Rocky  places.  May. 

8.  Cardamine. — Calyx  spreading.     Silique  linear.     Valves   flat, 
veinless,  opening  elastically.     Seeds  ovate,  with  slender  stalks,     y. 

1.  C.  HIRSUTA  (Bitter  Cress).— Stem  erect,  branching;  leaves  pinnate 
pinnatifid ;   flowers  small,   white,    racemose ;   silique  long,   slender,  erect, 
tipped  with  a  short  style.     A  variable,  dark-green  plant,  common  in  wet 
grounds.     June. 

2.  C.  RHOMBOIDA. — Stem  upright,  from  a  tuber  ;  flowers  white  or  pur- 
ple ;   leaves  toothed,  and  lower  ones  heart-shaped.      Wet  places.     April- 
May. 


CRUCIFER^E.  201 

9.  Dentaria. — Sepals  converging.     Silique  lanceolate  ;  valves  flat, 
nerveless,  opening  elastically.     Seeds  in  a  single   row,  without  mar- 
gins.    K 

2.  D.  DIPHYLLA  (Pepper-root}. — Rhizoma  elongated,  with  a  pungent 
flavor ;  stem  erect,  with  2  opposite  ternate  leaves  half-way  upon  the  stem  ; 
leaflets  ovate,  serrate  ;  flowers  large,  white,  or  very  pale  purple,  in  a  terminal 
raceme.  Woods  and  meadows.  May. 

10.  Hesperis. — Calyx  closed,  furrowed  at  base.     Petals  linear  or 
obovate,  bent  obliquely.     Silique  nearly  round,   or  4-sided.     Stigmas 
2,  erect.     Seeds  3-sided,  without  margins,     ij. 

i.  H.  MATRONALIS  (Rockef).—  Stem  simple,  erect ;  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late ;  stem  with  scattered,  bristly  hairs ;  flowers  large,  purple,  racemed  ; 
siliques  erect,  2-4.'  long,  smooth.  A  garden  perennial,  3-4  feet  high.  May- 
July. 

11.  Sisymbrium. — Sepals  equal  at  base.    Petals  with  claws,  entire. 
Silique  terete  ;  valves  concave.     Style  short.     Seeds  ovate.     © 

i.  S.  OFFICINALE  (Hedge  Mustard).— Stem  erect,  very  branching;  leaves 
hairy ;  flowers  in  slender  racemes,  small,  yellow  ;  siliques  sessile,  erect.  A 
common  weed,  1-3  feet  high.  June-September. 

12.  Matthiola. — Calyx  closed.    Sepals  bi-saccate  at  base.    Silique 
terete.    Stigmas  connivent,  thickened,  or  carinate  on  the  back.    © — y. 

i.  M.  ANNUA  {Ten-weeks  Stock}. — Stem  herbaceous,  branched;  leaves 
hoary,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  toothed ;  flowers  large,  variegated  ;  silique  sub- 
cylindrical.  A  garden  plant,  2  feet  high,  with  soft  stellate  pubescence. 
June- August. 

13.  Brassica. — Sepals   equal   at   base.     Petals   obovate.     Silique 
compressed,  with  concave   valves.     Style   short,  obtuse.     Seeds   glo- 
bose.    ® 

1.  B.  NIGRA  (Mustard}. — Stem  erect,  smooth,  branching;  lower  leaves 
lyrate  ;  upper,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  ;  flowers  yellow,  I'  in  diameter,  race- 
mose ;  siliques  smooth,  4-sided,  nearly  i'  long ;  seeds  small,  nearly  black. 
Cultivated  grounds,  3-6  feet  high.     June- July. 

2.  B.  RAPA  (Turnip}.—  Stem  and  leaves  deep  green  ;  radical  leaves  lyrate, 
rough  ;  lower  stem-leaves  incised  ;  upper,  entire,  clasping ;  flowers  yellow  ; 
seeds  reddish  brown.     Common  in  cultivation  as  an  esculent  vegetable,  and 
for  feeding  stock.     June. 

3.  B.  OLERACEA  (Cabbage}. — Leaves  smooth  and  glaucous,  fleshy,  toothed, 
or  lobed,  sub-orbicular  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  paniculate  racemes.     Native  of 
sea-shores  and  cliffs  in  Europe,  where  it  shows  no  appearance  of  a  head  like 
that  of  the  esculent  varieties,  thus  indicating  the  great  power  of  cultivation. 
The  cauliflower,  broccoli,  as  well  as  the  cabbage,  are  varieties  of  this  spe- 
cies.    June. 


202  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

14.  Raphanus. — Calyx  erect.  Petals  obovate.  Silique  terete, 
valveless,  many-celled.  Seeds  sub-globose,  in  a  single  series.  (T)  © 

i.  R.  RAPHANISTRUM  (Wild  Radish}. — Stem  erect,  branching,  terete; 
leaves  lyrate  ;  flowers  bright  yellow,  large,  racemose  ;  petals  turning  white, 
purple,  or  blue  ;  silique  round,  jointed,  i-celled  when  mature.  Road-sides 
and  fields.  July. 

Order  IX. — CAPPARIDACE^E  (Caper  Family). 

Herbs  ;  or,  in  the  Tropics,  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate, 
without  true  stipules.  Flowers  solitary,  or  in  racemes.  Sepals  4. 
Petals  4,  cruciform,  unguiculate,  unequal.  Stamens  usually  some 
multiple  of  4.  Ovary  of  2  united  carpels.  Styles  united  into  one. 
Fruit  a  I -celled  pod,  without  any  partition  ;  or  baccate.  Seeds 
usually  many,  reniform.  Embryo  curved,  with  leafy  cotyledons. 

An  order  much  resembling  Cruciferas,  but  usually  distinguished 
by  the  number  of  its  stamens  and  the  structure  of  its  fruit.  The 
plants  are  often  more  acrid  than  the  Cruciferse  ;  and  their  roots, 
bark,  and  herbage  are  nauseously  bitter,  and  sometimes  poisonous. 

(  Ovary  and  pod  stalked — Cleome. 
CAPPARIDACE^ 

(  Ovary  and  pod  sessile — Polanisia. 

I.  Cleome. — Calyx  4-cleft.  Petals  4.  Torus  minute  or  nearly 
round.  Stamens  6,  rarely  4.  Pod  subsessile  or  stipitate.  © 

1.  C.  PUNGENS  (Spicterwort}.—  Glandular-pubescent ;  stem  smooth  ;  peti- 
oles prickly  ;  leaves  digitate,  5-9,  long-petiolate  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  slightly 
toothed  ;  flowers  purple,  racemed  ;  petals  on  filiform  claws  ;  stamens  6,  twice 
as  long  as  the  petals.     A  common  garden  flower,  3  to  4  feet  high.     July- 
August. 

2.  Polanisia. — Petals   4,    with   claws  ;   stamens  many,   unequal. 
Receptacle  short  ;  pod  linear.     Fetid  annuals. 

i.  P.  GRAVEOLENS. — Leaves  of  3  leaflets.  Flowers  small,  styles  short. 
Gravelly  shores.  June-August. 

Order  X. — RESEDACE.E  (Mignonette  Family). 

Herbs,  with  a  watery  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules, 
but  often  with  2  glands  at  base.  Flowers  small,  fragrant,  in  ter- 
minal racemes.  Sepals  4-7,  united  at  base.  Petals  2-7,  usually 
unequal  and  lacerated,  with  nectariferous  claws.  Stamens  3-40, 
on  the  fleshy  glandular  disk.  Ovary  i-celled,  3-6-lobed  at  summit, 
usually  many-seeded,  with  3-6  parietal  placentas,  opening  before 
maturity.  Seeds  reniform,  with  no  albumen. 


VIOLACE^E.  203 

I.  Reseda. — Sepals  and  petals  many.  Torus  large,  fleshy,  bearing 
the  ovary  with  several  stamens  and  styles.  © 

i.  R.  ODORATA  (Mignonette}. — Leaves  3-lobed,  or  entire  ;  sepals  shorter 
than  the  petals.  A  plant  widely  known  and  admired  for  its  unsurpassed 
fragrance. 

Order  XI. — VIOLACETE  (  Violet  Family]. 

Herbs  ;  sometimes  shrubby.  Leaves  alternate,  or  radical,  peti- 
olate,  with  stipules.  Flowers  irregular,  solitary.  Sepals  5,  per- 
sistent, often  auricled  at  base.  Petals  5,  unequal ;  the  lower  one 
large,  with  a  spur  at  base.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  disk.  Fila- 
ments broad  ;  2  of  them  usually  furnished  with  a  spur-like  process. 
Anthers  united  in  a  ring.  Ovary  I -celled,  composed  of  3  united 
carpels,  with  3  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  a  3-valved,  many-seeded 
capsule. 

I.  Viola. — Perennials,  with  i-flowered  peduncles.  The  spurred 
petal,  which  is  really  the  upper  one,  appears  to  be  the  lower,  on  account 
of  the  reversed  position  of  the  flower,  if 

1.  V.  CUCULLATA  (Hooded  Violet}. — Leaves  cordate,  crenate,  often  cucul- 
late  at  base  ;  flowers  blue,  marked  with  dark  lines  ;  stipules  linear  ;  lower 
petals  bearded.     Everywhere  in  meadows  and  wet  ground,  and  sometimes 
even  in  dry  soils.     May. 

2.  V.  PEDATA  (Bird-foot   Violet}. — Nearly  smooth  ;   leaves  pedate,  5-7 
parted  ;  segments  lanceolate,  entire  or  3-parted  ;  flowers  pale,  brilliant  blue, 
rarely  white  ;  petals  beardless  ;  stigma  large  and  thick,  margined,  obliquely 
truncate.     Borders  of  dry  woods,  and  sandy  fields.     April-May. 

3.  V.  BLANDA  (White  Violet}. — Leaves  cordate,  slightly  pubescent,  on 
short,  pubescent  petioles ;  flowers  small,  white,  on  scapes  longer  than  the 
leaves  ;  petals  marked  with  blue  lines,  greenish  at  base  ;  rhizoma  creeping. 
Meadows ;  common.     May. 

4.  V.    CANADENSIS   (Canadian    Violet}. — Stem  nearly' purple  ;.  radical 
leaves  reniform  ;    cauline  ones  cordate  ;    serrate,   with  pubescent  veins  ; 
flowers  pale  blue  or   white ;   stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  entire ;   peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves ;  petals  yellowish  at  base ;  upper  ones  purple  out- 
side ;  lateral  ones  bearded.     In  woods,  6'-i2f  high.     May-June. 

5.  V.  PUBESCENS  (Large  Yellow  Violet}.— Stem,  erect,  pubescent ;  leaves 
broad,  cordate,  obtuse,  toothed,  pubescent ;  stipules  ovate  ;  flowers  large, 
yellow ;   lateral  petals  bearded  ;   upper  ones  with  brown  lines ;   peduncles 
pubescent,  shorter  than   the   leaves ;   sepals   oblong-lanceolate  ;   spur  very 
short.     In  rich  woods,  3'-6'.     Very  variable.     May-June. 

6.  V.  TRICOLOR  (Pansy). — Stem  angular;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse;  stipules 
lyrate,  very  large  ;   flowers  large,  on  long  axillary  peduncles  ;   spur  thick, 
obtuse,  very  short.     A  beautiful  and  very  variable  species,   cultivated  in 
gardens. 


204  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

Order  XII.— CISTACEJE  (Rock  Rose  Family]. 

Herbs,  or  low  shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  the  lowest  commonly 
opposite.  Sepals  mostly  5,  the  3  inner  convolute  in  prefloration, 
the  2  outer  minute,  or  wanting.  Petals  5,  rarely  3,  regular,  in 
prefloration  usually  convolute  in  a  direction  contrary  to  that  of 
the  sepals.  .  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogynous,  distinct.  Ovary  of 
3-5  united  carpels.  Style  I.  Fruit  a  I -celled,  or  imperfectly 
3~5-celled  capsule.  Seeds  few,  or  numerous. 

(  Petals  3,  persistent — Lechea. 
CISTACE^E.- 

(  Petals  3-5,  fugacious — Hclianthemum. 

I.  Lechea. — Sepals  5  ;  2  outer  much  smaller.  Petals  3,  lanceo- 
late, small.  Stamens  3-12.  Stigmas  3,  nearly  sessile  Capsule  3- 
valved,  3-celled.  Placentae  each  i-2-seeded.  y. 

1.  L.  MINOR  {Small  Pinweed). — Stem  nearly  smooth,  very  branching ; 
leaves  linear ;  often  nearly  oblong,  scattered,  sometimes  verticillate ;  flowers 
dull  purple,  in  nearly  simple  racemes,  separate,  pedicellate  ;  capsule  globose. 
In  dry  grounds,  3'-5'  high.     June-September. 

2.  Helianthemum. — Petals    5,  or  rarely   3,  sometimes  wanting, 
fugacious.      Stamens    numerous.      Stigmas   3,   more   or   less   united. 
Capsule  triangular,  3-valved.     ^ 

i>  H.  CANADENSE  (Rock  Rose). — Stem  simple,  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong, 
entire,  usually  alternate,  acute,  paler  beneath  ;  flowers  of  two  kinds,  the 
earlier  ones  large,  few,  bright  yellow,  fugacious,  terminal ;  petals  large,  thin, 
nearly  orbicular,  emarginate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  later  ones  apet- 
alous,  or  with  very  small  petals,  axillary,  sessile,  nearly  solitary,  very  small ; 
capsules  smooth,  shining  ;  those  of  the  apetalous  flowers  very  small.  June- 
September. 

Order  XIII. — POLYGALACE^:  (Milk-wort  Family). 

Herbs,  or  somewhat  shrubby  plants.  Leaves  simple.  Flow- 
ers perfect,  irregular.  Sepals  5,  distinct,  very  irregular ;  3  exterior 
and  smaller ;  the  2  lateral,  interior  ones  larger,  and  petaloid. 
Petals  irregular,  the  anterior  one  (the  keel)  larger  than  the  others. 
Stamens  6-8,  hypogynous.  Filaments  united  into  a  tube,  which 
is  split  on  the  upper  side.  Ovary  compound,  free  from  the  calyx, 
consisting  of  2  united  carpels. 

I.  Polygala. — Embryo  large,  with  broad  cotyledons.  Some  species 
bear  concealed  flowers,  near  the  ground.  (T) — y 

i.  P.  VERTICILLATA  (Green-flowered  Polygala]. — Stem  erect,  branched  ; 
leaves  linear,  in  whorls  ;  spikes  linear,  slender ;  flowers  very  small,  crested, 


CARYOPHYLLACE^.  205 

greenish  white ;    bracts  deciduous.      A  slender  plant,   with   inconspicuous 
flowers,  3'-4'  high.     On  dry  hills.     July-October. 

2.  P.  PAUCIFOLIA  (Fringed  Polygala). — Stem  erect,  simple,  leafy  at 
summit ;  leaves  ovate,  entire,  petiolate  ;  flowers  2-3,  large  and  handsome, 
I'  long,  deep  rose-color,  on  pedicels  nearly  i'  long,  crested ;  radical  flowers 
wingless  ;  crest  inconspicuous,  purple  ;  rhizoma  creeping  and  branching.  A 
handsome  plant,  in  low  woods  and  swamps.  May. 

Order  XIV. — CARYOPHYLLACE^E  (Pink  Family). 

Herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  sometimes  verticillate.  Flow- 
ers regular.  Sepals  4,  or  5,  sometimes  coherent  in  a  tube.  Petals 
4,  or  5,  or  none.  Stamens  as  many,  or  twice  as  many,  as  the 
petals,  rarely  only  2  or  3.  Ovary  mostly  I -celled.  Styles  2-5. 
Fruit  a  i -celled  utricle,  or  a  capsule,  2-5-valved,  or  opening  at  top 
by  twice  as  many  valves,  or  teeth,  as  there  are  stigmas. 

f  Calyx  with  scales  at  base — Dianthus. 

f  Sepals  forming  a  tube —  f  Styles  2 — Saponaria. 

[  No  scales —  -I   Styles  3 — Silene. 


1.  Styles  5 — Lychnis. 

Sepals  united  f  Capsule  i-celled — Scleranthus. 

Capsule  3-celled — Mullugo. 
Petals  entire        f  Stipules-^^/*. 


at  the  base — 


(°r  none)-  f  Styles  3-A  renaria. 


No  stipules — 


t-1 

f  Styles  v—A  nychia. 

[  Petals  2-cleft—   \   Styles  ^-^—Stellaria. 
t  Styles  5 — Cerastium. 

I.  Silene. — Calyx  tubular,  swelling,  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  unguicu- 
late.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3.  Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded,  opening 
at  the  top  by  6  teeth.  ® — y. 

1.  S.  ARMERIA  (Garden  Catchfly}. — Very  glabrous;  stem  erect,  branch- 
ing, glutinous ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;   flowers  purple,  in  cymes,  numer- 
ous ;    petals  obcordate,   crowned  ;   calyx  clavate,    lo-striate.      A  common 
garden  flower,  i2'-i8'  high.     July-September. 

2.  Lychnis. — Calyx  .tubular,   5-toothed.      Petals  5,  unguiculate  ; 
claws  slender.     Stamens  10.     Styles  5.     Capsule  i -celled  or  5-celled 
at  base.     ® — 11 

i.  L.  GITHAGO  (Corn-cockle}. — Stem  dichotomous,  hirsute;  leaves  pale 
green,  sessile,  soft-hairy  ;  flowers  few,  light  purple,  on  long  peduncles.  A 
handsome  weed,  1-3  feet  high,  in  cultivated  grounds.  July. 


206  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

2.  L.  CHALJEDONICA  (Scarlet  Lychnis}.— Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  dark  green  ;  flowers  in  terminal,  dense  fascicles,  scarlet ;  petals 
2-lobed.     Flowers  varying  to  white,  sometimes  double.     Gardens,  growing 
6'  high.     June-July. 

3.  Saponaria. — Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.     Petals  5,  with  claws  as 
long  as  the  calyx.     Stamens  10.     Styles  2.     Capsule  i-celled.     ^ 

i.  S.  OFFICINALIS  (Bouncing  Bet}.— Plant  smooth,  somewhat  fleshy  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth,  sessile  ;  flowers  large,  pale  rose-color,  in 
paniculate  fascicles ;  crown  of  the  petals  linear ;  flowers  often  double.  Com- 
mon in  waste  places,  1-2  feet  high.  Introduced.  July-August. 

4.  Dianthus. — Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  *vith  one  or  more  pairs 
of  opposite,  imbricated  scales  at  base.    Petals  5,  with  long  claws.     Sta- 
mens 10.     Styles  2.     Capsule  i-celled.     ^ 

1.  D.  BARBATUS  (Sweet- William}. — Stem  branching;  leaves  lanceolate  ; 
flowers  red,  often  much  variegated,  in  dense  fascicles.     A  well-known  garden 
flower,  io'-i8'  high.     May-July. 

2.  D.    CARYOPHYLLUS   (Carnation).— Glaucous ;    leaves    linear,    chan- 
neled ;   flowers  large,  solitary,  fragrant ;   scales  short,  ovate ;   petals  very 
broad,  beardless,  crenate.    Stem  1-3  feet  high,  branched.    From  this  species, 
under  the  influence  of  cultivation,  have  been  derived  all  the  splendid  varieties 
of  carnations. 

5.  Stellaria. — Sepals  5,  connected  at  the  base.     Petals  5,  2-cleft. 
Stamens  10.     Styles    3-4.     Capsule    i-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. 

©— 2f 

1.  S.  MEDIA  (Chickweed). — Stem  procumbent,  marked  with  hairy  lines; 
leaves  ovate,  smooth  ;  flowers  small,  white  ;  petals  oblong ;  stamens  varying 
from  3-10.     In  waste  places.     March-November. 

2.  S.  LONGIFOLIA  (Stitchwort). — Stem  weak,  with  rough  angles,  slender 
and  brittle ;  leaves  linear,  sessile,  i-nerved ;  flowers  white,  in  long  cymes, 
with  lanceolate,  scarious  bracts ;   petals  deeply  cleft.     In  meadows,  8'-io' 
high.     June-July. 

6.  Cerastium. — Sepals  5,   somewhat   united   at   base.     Petals  5, 
bifid.      Stamens   10,   rarely  fewer.     Styles   5,      Capsule  roundish,    i- 
celled,  lo-toothed.     Seeds  numerous.     ® — IT 

C.  NUTANS  (Morose-ear  Chick-weed}. — Clammy  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong  ; 
loosely  flowered  ;  pods  long,  nodding.  In  moist  ground. 

7.  Arenaria. — Sepals  5.      Petals  5,  entire.     Stamens   10,   rarely 
fewer.     Styles  3.     Capsule  3-valved  ;  valves  usually  2-parted. 

A.  SERPYLLIFOLIA  (Sandworf). — Stem  diffuse,  dichotomous,  pubescent ; 
leaves  small,  ovate,  sessile,  acute ;  flowers  small,  white,  numerous ;  sepals 
lanceolate,  hairy,  striate ;  capsule  ovate,  6  -toothed.  In  cultivated  grounds 
3'-4'  high.  Introduced.  May-June. 


PORTULACACE^E.  207 

8.  Sagina. — Sepals  4-5,  united  at  base.     Petals  4-5,  entire,  or 
none.     Stamens  4-5.     Capsules  4-5-valved,  many-seeded.     © 

S.  PROCUMBENS  (Pearlworf). — Glabrous;  stem  slender,  procumbent; 
leaves  linear ;  flowers  small,  white  or  green,  axillary  ;  petals  sometimes  want- 
ing ;  stamens,  sepals,  and  petals  4-5.  In  wet,  springy  grounds.  May-July. 

9.  Anychia. — Sepals  5,  ovate-oblong,  connivent,  subsaccate  at  the 
apex.    Petals  none.    Stamens  2-5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals.     © 

A.  DICHOTOMA  (Forked  Chickweed). — Stem  smooth,  dichotomously 
branched,  slender ;  leaves  oval,  sessile ;  flowers  minute,  white,  axillary, 
solitary,  or  in  terminal  clusters  of  3.  A  delicate,  very  branching  plant,  on 
hill-sides,  4'-8'  high.  June- August. 

10.  Spergula.—  Sepals  5,  nearly  distinct.     Petals  5,  entire.     Sta- 
mens 5-10.     Styles  3-5.    Capsules  ovate,  3-5-valved,  many-seeded.    © 

1.  S.  ARVENSIS  (Corn  Spurrey). — Stem  branching,   somewhat  viscid; 
leaves  linear,  verticillate,  10-20  in  a  whorl,  dark  green ;   stipules  minute ; 
flowers  in  terminal  cymes ;  petals  white ;  stamens  10 ;  styles  5 ;  seeds  uni- 
form.    In  cultivated  grounds,  i  foot  high.     May-August. 

2.  S.  RUBRA  (Red  Corn  Spurrey}. — Stem  decumbent,  much  branched, 
smooth  ;   leaves   narrow-linear,    somewhat   fleshy.      Stipules   ovate,   cleft  ; 
flowers  small,  solitary,  axillary,  red,  or  rose-color,  on  hairy  peduncles.     A 
variable  little  plant,  in  dry  soils. 

11.  Scleranthus. — Sepals  5,  united  at  base.     Petals  none.     Sta- 
mens 10  or  5,  inserted  at  the  throat  of  the  calyx.     Styles  2.     © 

S.  ANNUUS  (Knawel). — Stem  procumbent,  branching,  tufted ;  leaves 
numerous,  narrow-linear,  acute,  opposite ;  flowers  small,  greenish,  nearly 
sessile,  in  leafy  clusters.  In  dry  soils,  2'-4'  long.  June- July. 

12.  Mollugo. — Sepals  5,  united  at  base.     Petals  none.     Stamens 
5,   sometimes   3-10.      Styles   3.      Capsule   3-valved,    3-celled,   many- 
seeded.     © 

M.  VERTICILLATA  (Carpet-weed}. — Stem  branched  ;  leaves  spatulate,  en- 
tire, in  verticils  of  5  ;  flowers  greenish  white,  axillary ;  stamens  mostly  3. 
A  weed  in  cultivated  grounds,  spreading  flat  on  the  earth.  July-September. 

Order  XV. — PORTULACACE.E  {Purslane  Family). 

Succulent  or  fleshy -herbs.  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  showy, 
opening  in  the  sunshine.  Sepals  2,  often  cohering  to  the  ovary. 
Petals  5,  rarely  more,  ephemeral.  Stamens  sometimes  as  many 
as  the  petals,  and  opposite  them.  Ovary  i -celled.  Styles  2-8. 
Fruit  a  pyxis,  or  a  loculicidal*  capsule,  with  as  many  valves  as 
there  are  stigmas. 

(  Stamens  5 — Claytonia. 
PORTULACACE^E.- 

(  Stamens  more  than  5 — Portulaca. 


208  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

1.  Portulaca.  —  Sepals  2,  united  ;  upper  portion  deciduous.    Petals 
4-6,   equal.      Stamens  8-20.      Styles  3-6,   cleft  at  apex.     Capsule  a 
pyxis,  many-seeded.     © 

P.  OLERACEA  (Purslane).  —  Stem  thick,  very  branching,  prostrate,  spread- 
ing ;  leaves  sessile  ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  sessile  ;  petals  5,  cohering  at  base  ; 
foliage  reddish  green.  A  common  and  troublesome  weed.  Introduced. 
June-July. 

2.  Claytonia.  —  Sepals  2,  persistent.     Petals  5,  hypogynous.     Sta- 
mens 5,  on  the  claws  of  the  petals.     Stigma  3-cleft.    Capsule  3-valvcd, 
2-5-seeded.     y. 

C.  VIRGINICA  (Spring  Beauty).  —  Stem  simple,  glabrous  ;  leaves  opposite, 
linear  ;  flowers  white,  veined  with  purple,  in  a  raceme  ;  sepals  rather  acute. 
A  handsome  little  plant  4'-8'  high,  arising  from  a  root.  Low  grounds. 
April-May. 

Order  XVI.  —  HYPERICACE^:  (St.-John's-wort  Family). 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules, 
punctate  with  black  glands  and  transparent  dots.  Flowers  mostly 
regular.  Sepals  4-5,  persistent.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals, 
and  alternate  with  them,  twisted  in  prefloration.  Stamens  hypo- 
gynous, usually  numerous,  and  cohering  by  their  filaments  in  3 
or  more  sets  ;  sometimes  definite,  and  monadelphous,  or  distinct. 
Anthers  versatile.  Ovary  composed  of  2-5  united  carpels.  Fruit 
a  many-seeded  capsule,  with  septicidal  dehiscence,  either  i  -celled, 
or  more  or  less  completely  2-5-celled. 

(  Petals  convolute—  Hypericum. 
HYPERICACE^E.^ 

(  Petals  imbricated  —  Elodes. 

I.  Hypericum.  —  Sepals  5,  connected  at  base.  Petals  5,  oblique. 
Stamens  numerous,  sometimes  few,  united  at  base  into  3-5  parcels, 
occasionally  distinct.  Styles  3-5,  separate,  or  united,  persistent, 


1.  H.  PERFORATUM    (St  .-John1  s-worf}.  —  Stem  erect,  2-edged,  smooth, 
branching  ;   leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  sessile,  punctate  with  pellucid  dots  ; 
flowers  bright  yellow,  in  panicles  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  obo- 
vate  petals.    A  troublesome  plant,  in  pastures  and  dry  grounds.     Introduced. 
June-July. 

2.  H.  MUTILUM  (Small  St.-John's-wqrt}.—  Stem  erect,  smooth,  4-angled  ; 
leaves  oval,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile,  s-veined  ;   flowers  very  small,  greenish 
yellow,  in  leafy  cymes  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  a  little  longer  than  the  petals  ; 
stamens  6-12,   distinct  ;   capsule  ovate,  conical.     A  small  species  in  wet 
grounds.     July-August. 


MAL  VACE&.  209 

2.  Elodea. — Sepals  5,  equal,  somewhat  united.  Petals  5,  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  in  3  parcels,  which  alternate  with  3  hypogynous  glands. 
Styles  3,  distinct.  Capsule  3-celled.  y 

E.  VIRGINICA  (Marsh  St.-John's-worf). — Stem  smooth,  branching ; 
leaves  sessile,  clasping,  oblong,  obtuse,  glaucous  beneath  ;  flowers  large, 
dull  orange  purple,  in  racemes  ;  petals  obovate,  marked  with  reddish  veins  ; 
stamens  united  below  the  middle,  3  in  a  set.  In  swamps  and  ditches,  8'-i6' 
high.  July-August. 

Order  XVII.— MALVACEAE  (Mallow  Tribe]. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate.  Flowers 
regular,  axillary.  Sepals  5,  somewhat  united.  Petals  alternate 
with  sepals,  hypogynous.  Stamens  numerous,  monadelphous, 
hypogynous,  united  to  the  petals  at  base.  Anthers  uniform,  i- 
celled,  bursting  transversely.  Pollen  hispid.  Ovary  I,  several- 
celled  ;  or  ovaries  several,  arranged  circularly  round  a  common 
axis.  Fruit  a  several-celled  capsule,  or  consisting  of  several  sepa- 
rate or  separable  i-2-seeded  carpels. 

f  Calyx  without  involucel — Abutilon. 

MALVACEAE,  -j  f  Involucel  3-leaved— Malva. 

\ Calyx  with  involucel — \  Involucel  6-9  cleft — Althaea. 

[_  Involucel  many-cleft — Hibiscus. 

1.  Malva. — Calyx  5-cleft,  with  an  involucel  of  3  leaves.     Carpels 
several,  i-celled,  i-seeded,  dry,  indehiscent,  circularly  arranged.     % 

M.  ROTUNDIFOLIA  (Low  Mallow). — Stems  prostrate,  branching;  leaves 
on  long  petioles,  obtusely  5-lobed,  crenate ;  flowers  axillary,  pale  pink,  or 
whitish  ;  petals  deeply  notched  ;  involucre  3-leaved  ;  fruit  spherical,  depressed 
in  the  center,  mucilaginous.  May-September. 

2.  Althaea. — Calyx  with  a  6-g-cleft  involucel.     Carpels  numerous, 
indehiscent,  arranged  around  the  axis,  separating  when  ripe.     7f 

A.  ROSEA  (Hollyhock}. — Stem  erect,  hairy ;  leaves  rough,  cordate,  5-7- 
angled  ;  flowers  large,  axillary,  sessile.  Flowers  red,  purple,  white,  or  yel- 
low, often  double.  Stem  6-8  feet  high. 

3.  Hibiscus. — Calyx  5-cleft,  surrounded  by  a  many-leaved  involucel. 
Stigmas  5.     Carpels  5,  united  into  a  5-celled  capsule.     © — y. 

H.  SYRIACUS  (Althcea). — Leaves  3-lobed,  toothed  ;  flowers  delicate,  large, 
purple,  axillary,  solitary ;  white,  red,  and  variegated  flowers.  Shrub,  5-10 
feet  high.  July-September. 

4.  Abutilon. — Calyx  5-cleft,  without  an  involucel.    Ovary  5-celled, 
several-seeded.    Capsule  of  5  or  more  carpels,  2-valved,  i-3-seeded.    (D 


2io  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

A.  AVICENN^E  (Indian  Mallow). — Stem  erect,  with  spreading  branches  ; 
leaves  orbicular,  cordate,  acuminate,  velvety  ;  flowers  large,  orange-yellow, 
on  peduncles,  solitary ;  carpels  about  15,  3-seeded,  inflated,  2-beaked,  hairy. 
In  waste  places,  2-5  feet  high.  July-September, 

Order  XVIII.— TILIACE.E  (Linden  Family}. 
Trees,  or  shrubby  plants.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  decidu- 
ous. Sepals  4-5,  deciduous.  Petals  4-5,  with  glands  at  base. 
Stamens  indefinite,  distinct,  hypogynous.  Ovary  with  2-10  united 
carpels.  Styles  united.  Stigmas  as  many  as  the  carpels.  Fruit  a 
2-5-celled  capsule. 

Tilia. — Sepals  5,  united,  colored.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous, 
in  several  parcels,  mostly  5  in  each  set,  with  a  petaloid  scale.  Ovary 
globose,  5-celled.  Cells  i-2-seeded. 

T.  AMERICANA  (Bass-wood). — Leaves  alternate,  obliquely  cordate,  sharply 
serrate,  abruptly  acuminate,  glabrous  ;  flowers  dull  white,  with  a  heavy  odor, 
in  dense,  pendent  cymes.  Peduncle  united  to  the  mid-vein  of  an  oblong 
bract ;  petals  truncate,  or  obtuse  ;  fruit  greenish,  as  large  as  peas.  The 
inner  bark  is  very  mucilaginous,  and  its  fiber  is  extremely  strong.  A  tall, 
elegant  tree  of  regular  growth.  June. 


DISCIFLORAL  POLYPETALOUS  EXOGENS. 
Order  XIX. — LINAGES  (Linen  Family). 

Herbs,  sometimes  suffruticose.  Leaves  sessile,  entire,  alternate. 
Flowers  regular,  symmetrical.  Sepals  3-5.  Petals  as  many  as  the 
sepals,  and  alternate  with  them.  Stamens  3-5,  with  5  processes 
resembling  teeth.  Styles  as  many  as  the  stamens.  Ovaries  of  3-5 
united  carpels.  Stigmas  capitate.  Capsule  globose,  3-5-celled. 
Carpels  2-valved  at  apex,  2-seeded.  Seeds  without  albumen. 

Linum. — Herbs  with  tough  bark.  Leaves  simple,  sessile,  and  ex- 
stipulate.  All  flower-circles  regularly  5-merous.  Carpel  5-celled  ;  seeds 
flat,  mucilaginous. 

L.  USITATISSIMUM  (Flax).—  Glabrous ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very 
acute  ;  flowers  large,  blue,  in  a  corymbose  panicle  ;  sepals  ovate,  3-nerved  at 
base.  Cultivated  for  the  seed  and  fiber,  the  basis  of  the  linen  fabric. 

Order  XX. — GERANIACE^E. 

Herbs,  sometimes  somewhat  suffruticose.  Leaves  usually 
palmately  veined  and  lobed,  the  lower  ones  opposite.  Sepals  5, 
persistent.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Stamens  10,  hypogynous, 


GERANIACE^E.  211 

united  by  their  broad  filaments.  Ovary  with  5  2-ovuled  carpels. 
Styles  attached  to  the  base  of  a  prolonged  axis.  Fruit  consisting 
of  5  i -seeded  carpels,  which  separate  from  the  axis  by  curving 
back  from  their  base. 

f  Styles  s—Oxalis. 
C  Flowers  regular,  herbs —  -j 

[Style  5-cleft — Geranium. 

CFRANIACF/E  \  Flowers  somewhat  irregular,  shrubby — Pelargonium. 

Stamens  8,  climbing  herbs — Tropa- 


l  Flowers  very  irregular—  '        olum- 

[_  Stamens  5,  erect  herbs — Impatiens. 

1.  Geranium. — Sepals  5,  equal.     Petals  5,  equal.     Stamens  10 ; 
alternate  ones  larger,  with  a  nectariferous  gland  at  base.     Styles  per- 
sistent.    Fruit  beaked,     y. 

G.  MACULATUM  (Cranesbill}. — Stem  erect,  dichotomous,  angular  ;  leaves 
palmate.ly  s-y-parted  ;  peduncles  dichotomous,  i-3-flowered  ;  flowers  large, 
light  purple  ;  sepals  awned  ;  petals  entire.  Woods,  fields,  and  thickets,  1-2 
feet  high.  May- June. 

2.  Pelargonium. — Sepals  5  ;  upper  one  terminating  in  a  nectarif- 
erous tube,  extending  down  the  peduncle.     Petals  5,  irregular,  larger 
than  the  sepals.     Filaments  10  ;  3  of  them  sterile,     y 

1.  P.  ZONALE   (dorses/tog  Geranium}.  —  Stem  thick,  shrubby;   leaves 
orbicular,  with  shallow  lobes,  dentate,  marked  with  a  colored  zone  near  the 
margin  ;  flowers  bright  scarlet,  in  umbels  with  long  peduncles. 

2.  P.  INQUINANS  {Scarlet  Geraniutn). — Stem  erect,  with  downy  branches ; 
leaves  round-reniform,  scarcely  lobed,  crenate,  viscid  ;  flowers  bright  scarlet, 
in  many-flowered  umbels. 

3.  P.  PELTATUM  (Ivy-leaved  Geranium}. — Stem  long,  climbing ;  leaves 
5-lobed,  with  the  lobes  entire,  fleshy,  smooth,  peltate ;  flowers  purplish,  in 
few-flowered  umbels. 

3.  Oxalis. — Sepals  5,  distinct  or  united  at  base.     Petals  5,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx.     Capsule  oblong,  or  subglobose.    Carpels  5.     y. 

0.  STRICTA  (Wood-sorrel}. — Stem  simple,  smooth,  leafy;  leaves  trifoli- 
ate, on  long  petioles ;  leaflets  obcordate  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  umbels  ;  cap- 
sules hirsute,  leaves  acid  to  the  taste.     Fields,  from  3'-6'  high.     April-Sep- 
tember. 

4.  Impatiens. — Sepals  5,  colored,  apparently  4,  from  the  union  of 
the  2  upper  ones  ;  lowest  spurred.     Petals  4,  apparently  2.     Anthers 
cohering  at  apex.     Capsule  often  i-celled.     © 

1.  I.  FULVA  (Jewel-weed).— Stem,  succulent ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  ob- 
tuse, coarsely  serrate,  with  mucronate  teeth  ;  flowers  deep  orange,  spotted 
with  brown  dots,  very  irregular  in  form  ;  spur  longer  than  the  petals,  re- 
curved.    In  wet  grounds,  1-3  feet  high.     June-September. 


212  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

2.  I.  BALSAMINA  (Balsamine.  Touch-me-not}. — Stem  succulent ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  serrate,  lower  ones  opposite ;  flowers  large,  in  axillary  clusters ; 
spur  shorter  than  the  flower. 

5.  Tropoeolum. — Herbs  climbing  by  leaf-stalks,  exstipulate.  Sepals 
5,  united  at  base  in  a  long  spur.  Petals  5,  with  claws.  Stamens  8,  un- 
equal. 

T.  MAJUS  (Nasturtium). — Leaves  peltate,  orbicular  ;  petioles  long  ;  flow- 
ers large,  orange-colored,  with  darker  spots  ;  petals  obtuse  ;  the  2  upper  dis- 
tant from  the  3  lower,  which  are  fimbriate  at  base.  June-November. 

Order  XXI.— RUTACE^. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  punctate,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4-5.  Petals  4-5.  Stamens  as  many, 
or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  on  a  hypogynous  disk. 
Ovary  3~5-lobed,  3-5-celled.  Fruit  usually  separating  into  3-5 
few-seeded  carpels. 

Herbs— Ruta. 


RUTACE^E.  I  f  Flowers  perfect— Citrus. 

Shrubs  or  trees — -j 

[Flowers  not  all  perfect — Zanthoxylutn. 

I.  Citrus. — Sepals  5,  united.  Petals  5.  Stamens  arranged  in  clusters 
of  5  each.  Filaments  dilated  at  base.  Fruit  a  berry,  Q-iS-celled.  y. 

1.  C.  LIMONUM  (Lemon).— Leaves,  or  rather  leaflets,  oval,  acute,  toothed  ; 
petioles  somewhat  winged  ;  flowers  white,  fragrant ;  stamens  35  ;  fruit  pale 
yellow,  oblong-spheroidal,  rind  thin,  pulp  very  acid.     A  low  tree. 

2.  C.  AURANTIUM    (Orange). — Leaflet   oval,   acute  ;   petioles  winged  ; 
stamens  20  ;  berry  globose,  with  a  thin  rind,  and  sweet  pulp  ;  flowers  white, 
very  fragrant.     A  middle-sized  tree. 

2.  Ruta. — Sepals  4-5,  united  at  base.     Petals  4-5,  concave,  obo- 
vate,  distinct.     Stamens  10.     Capsule  lobed.     y. 

R.  GRAVEOLENS  (Rue).— Nearly  smooth,  suffruticose  ;  leaves  bi-  and  tri- 
pinnately  divided  ;  segments  all  entire,  or  incised,  punctate  with  conspicuous 
dots  ;  flowers  yellow,  terminal,  corymbose  ;  petals  entire.  Plant  3-4  feet  high. 

3.  Zanthoxylum. — Polygamous.    Perfect  flowers  :  Sepals  5.    Pet- 
als none.     Stamens  3-6.     Pistils  3-5.     Carpels  3-5,  i-seeded.     y. 

Z.  AMERICANUM  (Prickly  Ash). — Branches  armed  with  stout,  hooked 
prickles  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  5-7,  ovate,  mostly  entire,  sessile ;  flowers 
small,  greenish,  in  umbels.  Bark  bitter,  aromatic. 

Order  XXII. — AQUIFOLIACE.E  (ffolly  Family). 

Shrubs,  or  trees,  Leaves  simple,  alternate,  or  opposite,  often 
evergreen,  exstipulate.  Flowers  small,  white  or  greenish,  axil- 


RHAMNACE&. 


213 


lary,  clustered  or  solitary,  often  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx- 
tube  free  from  the  ovary ;.  limb  4-6  cleft.  Corolla  regular,  4-6- 
parted.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  segments  of  the  corolla,  alter- 
nate with  them,  inserted  on  its  base.  Anthers  opening  longitudi- 
nally. Ovary  2-celled,  with  i  ovule  in  each  cell.  Stigmas  2-6. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  with  2-6  stones. 

Ilex. — Calyx  4-5-toothed.  Corolla  4-5  parted,  somewhat  rotate. 
Stamens  4-5.  Stigmas  4-5,  united  or  distinct.  Berry  4  5-seeded. 

1.  I.  OPACA  (American  Holly). — Leaves  evergreen,  oval,  flat,  tapering  at 
both  ends,  coriaceous,  smooth  and  shining,  armed  with  strong,  spiny  teeth 
un  the  margins ;    flowers  small,   greenish  white,  in  loose  clusters,  which 
are  axillary,  or  situated  at  the  base  of  the  young  branches  ;  calyx-teeth  acute  ; 
berry  ovate,  red  when  ripe.     A  tree.     June. 

2.  I.  VERTICILLATUS  (Black  Alder). — Leaves  deciduous,  oval,  or  wedge- 
lanceolate,  serrate  ;  flowers  white,  axillary,  on  very  short  peduncles  ;  fertile 
ones  closely  aggregated ;  sterile  ones  somewhat  umbelled ;  pedicels  i-flow- 
ered  ;  berries  roundish,  scarlet,  persistent  through  the  winter.     In  swamps, 
4-8  feet  high.     June,  v 

Order  XXIII. — RHAMNACE^:. 

Shrubs,  or  trees,  often  with  spinose  branches.  Leaves  simple. 
Flowers  small.  Sepals  4-5,  united  at  base.  Petals  4-5,  inserted 
in  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  4-5,  opposite  the  petals. 
Ovary  of  2-4  united  carpels,  2-4-celled,  usually  more  or  less  free 
from  the  calyx,  sometimes  immersed  in  the  fleshy  disk  surround- 
ing it.  Fruit,  a  berry,  or  a  capsule  with  dry  carpels. 

(  Fruit  berry-like — Rhamnus. 
RHAMNACE.E.  -j 

(  Fruit  a  hard  pod — Ceanothus. 

1.  Rhamnus. — Calyx  urceolate,  4~5-cleft.     Petals  4-5,  perigynous. 
Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,   2-4-celled.      Styles,  2-4.      Fruit  drupa- 
ceous,    it 

R.  CATHARTICUS  (Buckthorn). — Leaves  ovate,  doubly  serrate,  acute, 
strongly  veined,  nearly  smooth,  alternate,  in  fascicles  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches ;  flowers  polygamous,  in  fascicles,  mostly  tetrandrous ;  petals  en- 
tire ;  fruit  black,  globose,  nauseous,  and  cathartic.  June. 

2.  Ceanothus. — Shrubs.     Flowers   in  umbels.     Petals   5,   hood- 
shaped.     Ovary  3-celled,  becoming  a  hard,  3-seeded  pod. 

C.  AMERICANUS  (Jersey  Tea). — Young  branches  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate, 
serrate,  white-downy  beneath,  flowers  small,  white,  numerous,  in  dense,  axil- 
lary, thyrsoid  panicles.  A  small  shrub,  with  a  profusion  of  white  flowers, 
growing  in  woods,  preferring  a  rather  dry  soil.  Stem  2-3  feet  high.  June. 


214  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

Order  XXIV.—  VITACEJE. 

Woody  plants,  climbing  by  tendrils.  Flowers  small,  often  polyg- 
amous, or  dioecious.  Calyx  small,  entire,  or  with  4  or  5  teeth,  lined 
by  a  disk.  Petals  4  or  5,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk,  often 
cohering  by  their  tips,  and  caducous.  Stamens  4  or  5,  opposite 
the  petals,  and  inserted  with  them.  Ovary '2-celled.  Style  short, 
or  none.  Fruit  a  globose,  usually  pulpy  berry,  often  i-celled,  and 
i  or  few  seeded. 

(  Calyx  on  a  fleshy  disk—  Vitis. 
VITACE^E.-] 

(  No  fleshy  disk—/?  mpelopsis. 

I.  Vitis. — Calyx  nearly  entire.  Petals  4-5.  Ovary  surrounded 
and  partly  inclosed  in  the  elevated  torus,  2-celled  ;  cells  2-ovuled. 
Berry  i-celled,  1-4  seeded. 

1.  V.    LABRUSCA    (Wild    Grape).— Leaves    broadly    cordate,    3-lobed, 
toothed,  tomentose  beneath  ;  flowers  dioecious,  small,  green,  incompact,  ob- 
long panicles ;  fruit  large,  globose,  black  or  reddish-purple,  pleasant  and 
eatable.     In  low  grounds,  with  very  long  stems,  which  often  reach  the  tops 
of  the  highest  trees,  climbing  by  means  of  its  tendrils.     June. 

2.  V.  CORDIFOLIA   (Frost   Grape).— young  branches  mostly  smooth  ; 
leaves  cordate,  often  3-lobed  ;  racemes  loose,  many-flowered  ;  berries  small, 
black,  late,  very  acid.     In  low  grounds  and  woods. 

2.  Ampelopsis. — Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  thick.  Disk  none. 
Leaves  digitate,  with  5  leaflets.  Tendrils  with  disks  at  tips. 

A.  QUINQUEFOLIA  ( Woodbine}.— Stem  climbing,  smooth  ;  leaflets  ob- 
long, serrate,  acuminate,  petiolate,  smooth  ;  flowers  greenish,  in  dichoto- 
mous,  many-flowered  panicles ;  berries  dark  blue,  as  large  as  a  small  pea, 
with  crimson  peduncles  and  pedicels.  A  rapidly  growing  and  spreading  vine. 
Along  fences  and  borders  of  woods.  July. 

Order  XXV. — SAPINDACE^E  (Soapberry  Family}. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbaceous  climbers,  with  compound  leaves, 
and  irregular  and  often  polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers.  Petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud  on  a  disk.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  with  1-3 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  pod  or  samara. 

f  Fruit  bladdery  pod — Staphylea. 
SAPINDACE^E.-!  Fruit  winged,  leaves  simple— Acer. 

[  Fruit  leathery  pod — sEsculus. 

I.  Acer. — Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  or  none. 
Stamens  7-10.  Styles  2.  Samaras  2-winged,  united  at  base. 

i.  A.  DASYCARPUM  (Silver  or  White  Maple). — Leaves  deeply  5-lobed, 
white  and  smooth  beneath  ;  sinuses  obtuse  ;  lobes  acute,  entire  toward  the 


ANACARDIACE&.  215 

ba:e  ;  flowers  small,  yellowish  green,  in  crowded,  simple  umbels  ;  pedicels 
short  and  thick ;  petals  none ;  fruit  tomentcse  when  young,  nearly  smooth 
when  old,  with  very  large  upwardly  dilated  diverging  wings.  Wood,  white, 
soft.  April. 

2.  A.  SACCHARINUM  (Sugar-Maple). — Leaves  palmately  lobed,  cordate 
at  base ;  sinuses  obtuse  and  shallow ;  lobes  acuminate,  with  a  few  coarse, 
repand  teeth  ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  on  long,  pendulous,  filiform,  villous  pedi- 
cels ;  sepals  bearded  inside  ;  petals  none ;  fruit  yellowish,  with  wings  if 
long.  A  noble  tree  of  elegant  foliage  and  growth,  often  cultivated.  Its  sap 
yields  maple-sugar.  May. 

2.  ^Esculus. — Calyx  campanulatc,  tubular,  5-toothed.    Petals  4-5, 
more  or  less  unequal.    Stamens  6-8,  on  a  disk ;  ovary  of  3  united  carpels. 

JE.  HIPPOCASTANUM  (Horse-CIiestnut).—'Lea.ves  digitate;  leaflets  7, 
obovate,  abruptly  acute,  serrate  ;  flowers  large,  in  pyramidal  thyrses  or  ra- 
cemes, pink  and  white  ;  fruit  large,  dark  chestnut-colored,  not  eatable.  Tree, 
40- ~o  feet  high,  of  elegant  growth.  June. 

3.  Staphylea. — Flowers  perfect.      Sepals  5,   colored,   persistent, 
erect.      Petals   5.     Stamens  5.      Styles  3.     Capsules  membranaceous, 
3-celled,  3-lobed.     -% 

S.  TRIFOLIA  (Bladdernuf). — Leaves  ternate,  opposite  ;  leaflets  ovate, 
finely  serrate  ;  stipules  caducous  ;  flowers  white,  in  nodding,  axillary  racemes  ; 
petals  narrow-cbovate  ;  fruit  composed  of  3  inflated,  united,  i-several -seeded 
carpels.  May. 

Order  XXVI. — ANACARDIACE/E. 

Trees,  or  shrubs,  with  a  resinous,  gummy,  milky,  or  acrid  juice. 
Leaves  alternate,  not  dotted,  destitute  of  stipules.  Flowers  small, 
often  polygamous,  or  dioecious.  Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  as 
many  as  the  sepals,  sometimes  none.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  pet- 
als, alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Ovary 
i -celled,  nearly  or  quite  free  from  the  calyx.  Ovule  solitary.  Styles 
3-5,  distinct  or  united.  Fruit  a  drupe,  or  a  bony,  i-seeded  nut. 

Rhus.— Sepals  5,  united.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5.  Styles  3.  Stig- 
mas capitate.  Fruit  a  dry  drupe,  with  a  bony,  i-celled  nut.  Flowers 
often  dioecious. 

1.  R.  GLABRA  (Sumach). — Leases  pinnate,  6-i5-foliate  ;  leaflets  lance-ob- 
long,  acuminate,  smooth  ;    flowers   small,   greenish,   in   dense,   terminal, 
thyrsoid  panicles,  followed  by  small  drupes  covered  with  crimson  hairs,  of  a 
sour  taste.     A  shrub  6-10  feet  high,  in  pastures  and  thickets.     June- July. 

2.  R.  VENENATA  (Dogwood,  Poison  Sumach).— Very  glabrous;  leaflets 
7-13,    oval,  entire ;    flowers  very  small,  green,  mostly  dioecious,  in  loose 
panicles  ;  drupes  smooth,  greenish,  as  large  as  peas.     A  shrub,  in  swamps, 
10-15  feet  high,  and  exceedingly  poisonous  to  most  persons.     June. 


216 


SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 


3.  R.  TOXICODENDRON  (Poison  Oak,  Poison  Ivy}.— Stem  erect,  or  de- 
cumbent ;  leaves  pubescent,  ternate ;  leaflets  broad  oval ;  flowers  green,  in 
racemose  panicles  ;  drupes  sub-globose,  smooth,  pale  brown.  A  low  shrub 
1-3  feet  high,  poisonous,  but  less  so  than  the  last. 


SUPERIOR  POLYPETALOUS  EXOGENS. 
Order  XXVII. — LEGUMINOS^:  (Pea  Family]. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  often  compoundc 
Stipules  present.  Calyx  consisting  usually  of  5,  more  or  less 
united  sepals.  Petals  5,  either  papilionaceous  or  regular.  Sta- 
mens perigynous,  sometimes  hypogynous,  diadelphous,  mona- 
delphous,  or  distinct.  Ovary  single,  and  simple.  Fruit  a  le- 
gume, assuming  various  forms,  sometimes  divided  into  several 
I -seeded  joints,  when  it  is  called  a  loment.  Seeds  solitary,  or 
several,  destitute  of  albumen.  A  very  large  and  important  or- 
der, distributed  throughout  the  world,  except  in  Arctic  coun- 
tries. 

C  Style  bearded,  next   to  free  stamen— 
'  Leaves  abruptly  [      Lathyrus. 

pinnate,  tendriled—  \ 

Style  bearded,  opposite  to  free  stamen — 
Pisunt. 


Flowers 
papili- 
onaceous— 


Leaves 
unequally 
pinnate — 


Stems  ("Woody,  bluish  flowers — Wistaria. 

twining —  -I 

[  Herbs,  purplish  flowers — Apios. 

Stems  not       f  Trees  or  shrubs — Robinia. 
twining —  -I 

[  Herbs—  Tephrosia. 


f  Legume  linear,  many-seed- 
ed— Phaseolus. 


Leaves  pinnately 
3-foliolate  — 


Leaves  palmately 
3-foliolate  — 


Flowers  not  papilionaceous — 


Calyx  cam- 
pan  ulate 


Legume  flat,  few-seeded — 
[     Amphicarpiza. 

(Legume  of  hispid  joints— 
Desmodium. 
Legume  not  jointed,  small 
—Melilotus. 

f  Pod  small,  included  in  calyx —  Trifolium. 

Pod  curved  or  coiled — Medicago. 

Pod  lenticular,  flat,  i-seeded — Lespedeza. 
[Pod  inflated,  2-seeded — Baptisia. 
(  Herbs— Ca ssia. 


LEGUMINOSsE. 


217 


1.  Lathyrus. — Calyx    campanulate,   5 -cleft.      Style   flat,   dilated 
above,  ascending,  pubescent,  or  villous  on  the  inside  next  the  stamen. 
®— V 

L.  PALUSTRIS  (Marsh  VetcJi).— Glabrous ;  stem  ascending,  winged; 
leaves  4-6-foliate  ;  leaflets  narrow-oblong,  sessile  ;  stipules  minute  ;  pedun- 
cles axillary,  3-5  flowered  ;  flowers  light  purple ;  legumes  broad-linear, 
compressed.  In  meadows,  1-2  feet  high.  June. 

2.  Pisum. — Calyx-segments  leafy  ;  2  upper  shortest.     Banner  re- 
flexed.     Stamens  10,  in  2  sets,  9  and  I.     Style  compressed.     Legume 
oblong,  many-seeded.     0 

P.  SATIVUM  (Pea). — Glaucous,  smooth  ;  stem  nearly  simple,  climbing ; 
leaves  4-6-foliate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  entire  ;  stipules  ovate,  semi-cordate  at  base  ; 
flowers  large,  white,  2-5  on  axillary  peduncles.  A  cultivated  plant,  2-5  feet 
high,  climbing  by  its  tendrils.  May-June. 

3.  Phaseolus. — Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed,  2  upper  teeth  more 
or  less  united.     Keel,   together  with  the  stamens  and  style,  spirally 
twisted.     Legume  linear,  or  falcate,  more  or  less  compressed. 

1.  P.   VULGARIS   (Bean). — Stem  twining ;     leaflets    ovate,   acuminate ; 
racemes  solitary,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  pedicels  in  pairs  ;  legume  pendu- 
lous.    Cultivated  in  gardens. 

2.  P.  MULTIFLORUS  (Scarlet  Pole-Bean). — Stem  twining  ;  leaflets  ovate, 
acute  ;  flowers  large,  scarlet,  very  ornamental,  in  solitary  racemes  ;  pedicels 
opposite  ;  legumes  pendulous  ;  seeds  reniform.     Cultivated. 

4.  Apios. — Calyx   2-lipped  ;    standard    broad,    reflexed  ; .  stamens 
diadelphous.     Pod  many-seeded,     y. 

A.  TUBEROSA  (Ground -  Nut). —  Sterti  twining;  leaves  5-y-foliate  ; 
leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  entire ;  flowers  dark  purple,  of  a  peculiar  leathery 
appearance.  The  root  bears  numerous  nutritious  tubers.  Low  grounds 
and  thickets.  July-August. 

5.  Wistaria. — Calyx  campanulate  ;  upper  lip  with  2  short  teeth. 
Banner  with  2  callosities.     Wings  and  keel  falcate.     Legume  many- 
seeded,     y. 

W.  FRUTESCENS  (Common  Wistaria}.— Stem  long,  climbing;  leaves 
o/-i3-foliate ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  slightly  pubescent ;  racemes 
long,  pendulous,  with  large,  colored  bracts  ;  flowers  lilac-colored.  Common 
in  cultivation.  May. 

6.  Amphicarpaea. — Calyx  tubular,  campanulate,  4,  sometimes  5- 
toothed  ;   segments  nearly   equal.     Petals  oblong.     Banner  with  ap- 
pressed  sides.     Stigma  capitate.     Ovary  stipitate.     Legume  flat,  2-4 
seeded.     Flowers  of  two  kinds.     ® 

A.  MONOICA  ( Wild  Pea-vine']. — Stem  slender,  hairy,  twining  ;  leaves 
pinnately  trifoliate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  smooth  ;  upper  and  perfect  flowers 


218  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

nodding,  in  axillary  racemes  ;  lower  imperfect  flowers  on  radical  peduncles  : 
cauline  legumes  3~7-seeded  ;  radical  ones  often  beneath  the  surface,  i-seeded. 
A  very  delicate  vine  in  low  woods  and  thickets.  July-September. 

7.  Robinia. — Calyx  short,  campanulate,  5-toothed.     Banner  large. 
Keel  obtuse.      Stamens  diadelphous.     Style  bearded  on  the  inside. 
Legume  compressed,  many-seeded.     Trees  and  shrubs.     y. 

R.  PSEUDACACIA  (Locust-Tree}. —  Branches  with  stipular  prickles; 
leaves  Q-ig-foliate ;  leaflets  ovate,  or  oblong-ovate,  thin,  smooth  ;  flowers 
large,  white ;  legumes  smooth.  A  beautiful  tree  with  elegant  foliage.  May- 
June. 

8.  Tephrosia.— Calyx  equally  5-cleft  ;    standard  roundish.     Pod 
linear.     Hoary  herbs,     y. 

T.  VIRGINIANA  (Goafs  Rue).—  Villous  ;  stem  simple,  erect ;  leaves  17-29- 
foliate ;  leaflets  oblong,  softly  villous  beneath  ;  racemes  terminal,  oblong ; 
flowers  large,  pale  yellow  and  purple  ;  legumes  falcate,  villous.  In  sandy 
soils,  1-2  feet  high.  July. 

9.  Trifolium. — Calyx  tubular,  campanulate,  5 -cleft,  persistent.  Pet- 
als withering.     Banner  larger  than  the  wings,  reflexed.    Wings  oblong. 
Legume    small,    membranaceous,    indehiscent.      Seeds    sub-globose. 
Leaves  trifoliate.     Flowers  in  dense  heads. 

1.  T.   REPENS  (White  Clover). — Smooth;    stem   creeping,   spreading; 
leaflets  obcordate,  denticulate  ;   petioles  long ;   stipules  narrow-lanceolate ; 
heads  globose  ;  corollas  white,  becoming  pale  brown,  very  fragrant,  reflexed 
when  past  flowering ;  legume  4-seeded.     In  damp  soils. 

2.  T.   ARVENSE   (Rabbi? 's-foot   Clover}.— Silky-pubescent ;     stem    erect, 
branching ;    leaflets  oblong-obovate,   minutely  3-toothed  at  apex ;   petioles 
very  short;  flowers  pale  red  or  whitish,  in  cylindrical,  very  hairy  heads.     A 
hairy  plant,  3'-8'  high,  in  pastures  and  dry  soils.     July-August. 

3.  T.  PRATENSE  (Red  Clover).— Stems  hairy,  slightly  pubescent ;  leaflets 
ovate,  with  a  large,  lighter-colored  spot  in  the  center  ;  stipules  ovate-lanceo- 
late, membranaceous,  strongly  nerved  ;  flowers  red,  in  dense,  short,  fragrant 
heads.     Cultivated  for  hay. 

10.  Melilotus. — Calyx  tubular,  persistent,  5-toothed.     Corolla  de- 
ciduous.      Keel-petals   completely  united,   cohering  with  the  wings. 
Stamens  in  2  sets  (9  and  i).     Legume  coriaceous,     i-few  seeded,     y 

M.  OFFICINALIS  (Yellow  Mellilot  Clover}.—  Stem  erect,  branching, 
smooth  ;  leaves  pinnately  3-foliate  ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse ;  flowers 
yellow,  in  loose,  axillary  racemes  ;  legume  ovate,  2-seeded.  In  alluvial  soils, 
2-3  feet  high.  June-August. 

11.  Medicago. — Calyx  5-cleft,  somewhat  cylindric.     Keel  of  the 
corolla  remote  from  the  standard.     Legume  falcate,  or  spirally  coiled, 
usually  many-seeded.     © 


LEGUMINOS^E. 


2I9 


M.  LUPULINA  (None-such). — Stem  procumbent,  angular ;  leaves  trifoli- 
ate ;  leaflets  obovate ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acute ;  flowers  small,  yellow,  in 
small  ovate  heads,  on  slender,  pubescent  peduncles,  longer  than  the  petioles  ; 
legumes  reniform,  i-seeded.  In  fields  and  roadsides.  May-October. 

12.  Desmodium. — Calyx  with  2  bracteoles  at  base,  bilabiate,  5- 
cleft.     Corolla  inserted  on  the  calyx  at  the  base.     Banner  roundish.- 
Keel  obtuse.     Style  filiform.     Stigma  capitate.     Legume  compressed, 
of  several,  i-seeded,  separate  joints.     Leaves  pirmately  trifoliate.     2f 

1.  D.  NUDIFLORUM  (Scape  Trefoil}. — Stem  erect,  leafy  at  summit ;  leaf- 
lets ovate ;   flowers  small,    in  racemes,    purple  ;   stamens  monadelphous ; 
legume  with  obtusely  triangular  joints.     July-August. 

2.  D.    ROTUNDIFOLIUM    (Creeping    Trefoil}. — Stem  prostrate,    hairy ; 
petioles  hairy  ;  leaflets  orbicular,  hairy  ;  terminal  one  largest ;  stipules  large, 
reflexed  ;  racemes  with  long  peduncles  ;  flowers  light  purple ;  legumes  with 
3-5  rhomboidal  hispid  joints.     August. 

13.  Lespedeza. — Calyx  5-cleft,  with  2  bracteoles  at  base.     Keel- 
petals  very  obtuse,  on  slender  claws.     Legume  lenticular,  small,  reticu- 
lated, unarmed,  indehiscent,  i-seeded.     %. 

1.  L.   CAPITATA   (Headed  Bush  Clover). — Stem  erect,  villous  ;    leaves 
crowded  ;  leaflets  elliptical,  silky  beneath  ;  flowers  in  axillary  racemes  ;  corolla 
white.     Dry  fields  and  hills,  2-3  feet  high.     August-September. 

2.  L.  VIOLACEA  (Bush  Clover). — Stem  erect  or  diffuse,  branching,  pu- 
bescent, leaves  on  short  petioles  ;  leaflets  hairy  beneath  ;  flowers  in  axillary, 
few-flowered  racemes,  slender  ones  violet-purple  ;  apetalous  flowers  glomer- 
ate and  subsessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  ;  legumes  much  longer  than  the 
calyx.     August-September. 

14.  Baptisia. — Calyx  4-5  toothed  ;  standard  reflexed.    Stamens  10, 
distinct.     Leaves  3-foliolate.     y. 

B.  TINCTORIA  (Indigo  Weed}. — Stem  erect,  smooth,  branching;  leaves 
palmately  trifoliate,   on  short  petioles  ;   leaflets  roundish  ;   flowers  rather 
small,  yellow,  in  few-flowered  racemes,  terminating  the  branches.     In  dry 
fields  and  woods,  2-4  feet  high.     July-September. 

15.  Cassia. — Sepals  5,  slightly  united  at  base,  nearly  equal.    Petals 
5,  unequal.     Stamens  10,  distinct.     Legume  many-seeded,     ij. 

C.  MARILANDICA  ( Wild  Senna}.— Glabrous  ;  stem  erect ;  leaves  I2-I& 
foliate  ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  ;  flowers  bright  yellow,  numerous,  in  axil- 
lary racemes  and  terminal  panicles  ;  legumes  linear ;  anthers  blackish.     In 
alluvial  soils,  4-6  feet  high.     July-August. 

16.  Gleditschia. — Polygamous.     Sepals  3-5,  equal,  united  at  base. 
Petals  3-5,  distinct,  opposite  the  sepals.     Stamens  3-5.     Styles  short. 
Stigma  pubescent.    Legume  compressed,  often  interrupted  between  the 
seeds  by  sweet  pulp. 


220  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

G.  TRIACANTHOS  (Honey  Locust}.— Branches  armed  with  stout,  most- 
ly  branching,  triple  thorns  ;  leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  or  bipinnate  ;  leaflets 
alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  flowers  small,  white,  spicate  ;  pods 
long,  flat,  curved,  pendulous.  A  handsome,  thorny  tree.  June. 

Order  XXVIII.— ROSACES  (Rose  Family]. 
Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Stipules  usually 
present.  Flowers  regular,  usually  perfect.  Sepals  5,  rarely  less, 
more  or  less  united,  commonly  persistent.  Petals  5,  perigynous, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  numerous,  rarely  few,  inserted  on 
the  calyx,  distinct.  Ovaries  several,  or  i,  often  adherent  to  the 
calyx-tube,  and  to  each  other.  Styles  distinct,  or  united.  Fruit 
a  drupe,  pome,  achenium,  or  follicle. 

f  i.  Fruit  a  drupe — Prunus. 

f  Petals  equal— Spircea. 
2.  Fruit  a  follicle—-^ 

t  Petals  unequal — Gillenia. 


f  Achenia  pulpy — Rubus. 


3.  Fruit 
achenia — 


Achenia 
I      dry- 


Receptacle  fleshy — Fragaria. 


Recep- 
tacle 
dry — 


Achenia 
without 
long  styles — 


Achenia  izw—Waldsteinia. 
Achenia  many — Potentilla. 

{  Dry — Agrimo- 
Achenia  on  the  |      nia. 
calyx-tube —  4 


( Fleshy—  Rosa. 

[Achenia  with  long  persistent  styles — Geum. 
f  1-5  bony  seeds — Crat&gus. 

\  2-5  two-seeded  carpels — Pyrus. 
4.  Fruit  a  pome —  <{ 

3-5  one-seeded  carpels — Amelanchier. 

[5  many-seeded  carpels—  Cydon ia. 

I.  Prunus. — Calyx  5-cleft,  regular,  deciduous.     Petals  spreading. 
Stamens  25-30.     Drupe  globose,  fleshy,  destitute  of  bloom,     y. 

1.  P.  CERASUS  (Ctierry). — Leaves  oblong-ovate,  hairy  beneath  ;  flowers 
large,  white,  in  umbels  ;  drupe  ovoid.     Cultivated,  and  esteemed  for  its  de- 
licious fruit.     May. 

2.  P.  AMERICANA  (Wild Plum}. — Leaves  oval,  varying  to  ovate,  doubly 
serrate  ;   flowers  white,  in  sessile  umbels  ;   drupe  roundish-oval,  red  and 
orange,  very  smooth,  sweet  and  pleasant,  with  yellow  pulp,  and  a  thick, 
tough  skin.    A  straggling  shrub,  8-10  feet  high,  with  somewhat  thorny 
branches.     May. 

3.  P.  PERSICA  (Peach). — Flowers  rose-colored  ;  calyx  bell-shaped.    Fruit 
globular,  with  thick  pulp.    A  small  tree,  largely  grown  for  its  excellent  fruit 


ROSACES.  221 

4.  P.   DOMESTICA   (Plum), — Leaves  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate  ;   flowers 
white  ;  drupe  round,  to  ovoid.     A  small  tree,  10-15  feet  high,  with  unarmed 
branches,  long  cultivated  for  its  delicious  fruit,  sometimes  black,  sometimes 
white.     May. 

5.  P.  SEROTINA  (Wild  Black  Cherry). — Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  smooth, 
finely  serrate,  shining  above  ;  petioles  with  2  or  more  glands  ;  flowers  white, 
in  spreading  racemes  ;  drupe  black,  somewhat  bitter  ;  bark  bitter,  tonic.    A 
tall,  elegant  tree.     May. 

6.  P.  VIRGIN! ANA  (Choke-Cherry).— Leaves  obovate,  to  oval,  sharply  ser- 
rate ;  petiole  with  2  glands  ;  flowers  sessile,  in  short,  erect,  spreading  ra- 
cemes ;    drupes  sub-globose,    dark  red  ;    extremely  bitter  and  astringent. 
Small  tree,  5-20  feet  high.     May. 

2.  Spiraea. — Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5,  roundish,  equal. 
Stamens  10-50.  Carpels  3-12,  distinct,  follicular,  i-celled,  l-io- 
seeded. 

1.  S.  TOMENTOSA   (Hardback). — Stem  shrubby,  brittle,  woolly-tomen- 
tose,  and  rust-colored  ;   leaves  ovate,  or  oblong,  numerous,   ferruginous- 
tomentose  beneath ;  racemes  short,  dense,  numerous,  in  a  dense  panicle  ; 
flowers  pale  purple,  very  small,  numerous.     A  shrub,  2-3  feet  high,  in  past- 
ures and  low  grounds.     July. 

2.  S.  SALICIFOLIA  (Meadow-sweet). — Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  oblong-obo- 
vate,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate  ;  flowers  white,  often  tinged  with  red,  in 
dense,  terminal  panicles  ;  carpels  5,  smooth.    A  common  shrub,  in  meadows, 
2-4  feet  high.     July-August. 

3.  Gillenia. — Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-cleft.     Petals  5,  linear- 
lanceolate.     Stamens   10-15.     Carpels    5.      Styles    filiform,   terminal. 
Follicles  3,  2-valved,  2-4-seeded.     ^ 

G.  TRIFOLIATA  {Indian  Physic). — Stem  shrubby  at  base,  slender,  and 
nearly  smooth,  branching  ;  leaves  3-foliate  ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong ;  stipules 
linear ;  flowers  rose-color,  or  nearly  white,  on  long  pedicels,  in  corymbose 
panicles  ;  root  emetic  and  cathartic.  In  woods,  2-3  feet  high.  June-July. 

4.  Agrimonia. — Calyx-tube  armed  with  hooked  bristles,  contracted 
at  the  throat,  with  a  5-cleft  limb.    Petals  5.     Stamens  12-15.    Ovaries 
2.     Styles  terminal.     Achenia  included  in  rim  of  the  calyx,     y. 

A.  EUPATORIA  (Agrimony). — Stem  erect,  hirsute,  branching  ;  leaves  5-7- 
foliate,  upper  ones  3-foliate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  oval,  coarsely  toothed ;  stipules 
large ;  flowers  yellow,  in  spikes,  on  very  short  pedicels.  A  hairy  plant,  2-4 
feet  high.  July. 

5.  Geum. — Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  with  5  alternate  segments.    Petals 
5.     Stamens  numerous.     Achenia  numerous  on  the  conical,  dry  recep- 
tacle,    it 

G.  RIVALS  (Water  Avens). — Stem  erect,  pubescent ;  radical  leaves  inter- 
rupted and  lyrately  pinnate  ;  cauline  ones  3-foliate,  or  3-lobed  ;  flowers  few, 


222  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

purple,  nodding ;  petals  purplish-yellow,  broad  obovate.     In  bogs  and  wat 
meadows.     June. 

6.  Potentilla. — Calyx  4-5-cleft,  with  4-5  alternate,  exterior  seg- 
ments.   Petals  4-5,  dentate,  deciduous.    Stamens  numerous,  with  slen- 
der filaments.     Ovaries  numerous,   in   a  head,  on  a  dry  receptacle. 
Styles  deciduous.     Achenia  numerous,     if 

1.  P.  CANADENSIS  (Five-finger}.—  Hirsute-pubescent;  procumbent;  leaves 
palmately  3-5-foliate ;  leaflets  obovate,  silky  beneath  ;  stipules  2-3-cleft,  or 
entire  ;  flowers  yellow,  on  axillary,  solitary  pedicels.     A  very  common  and 
variable  species,  sporting  into  apparently  distinct  varieties  under  the  influ- 
ence of  different  soils.     April-August. 

Var.  PUMILA. — Very  small  and  delicate.     In  dry  soils.     April-May. 

2.  P.  ARGENTEA  {Silvery  Cinquefoil). — Stems  ascending,  hoary-tomen- 
tose  ;  leaves  palmately  3-5-foliate  ;  leaflets  oblong,  incised,  entire  at  base, 
with  a  revolute  margin,  silvery  beneath  ;  flowers  small,  yellow,  in  crowded 
corymbs  ;  petals  longer  than  the  canescent  sepals.     June-September. 

7.  Fragaria. — Calyx  concave,  deeply  5-cleft.    Petals  5,  obcordate. 
Stamens  numerous.     Achenia  dry,  smooth,  scattered  on  the  enlarged, 
pulpy,    deciduous   receptacle.      Leaves   trifoliate.      Stems   stolonifer- 

OUS.       2f 

1.  F.  VIRGINIANA  (Field  Strawberry}. — Plants  pubescent ;  leaflets  oval, 
coarsely  serrate  ;  flowers  white,  on  few-flowered  scapes  ;  fruit  roundish-ovoid  ; 
achenia  imbedded  in  pits  on  the  receptacle  ;  calyx  spreading  in  fruit.    A  well- 
known  plant,  in  fields  and  meadows,  universally  a  favorite  for  its  delicious 
fruit.     April-May. 

2.  F.  VESCA  (English  Strawberry], — Plant  pubescent,  leaflets  oval,  coarse- 
ly serrate,  or  dentate  ;   flowers  white,  on  scapes  longer  than  the   leaves ; 
achenia  scattered  in  the  surface  of  the  conical  or  semi-spherical  fruit,  which 
is  not  pitted.     Common  in  cultivation.     April-May. 

8.  Waldsteinia.  —  Calyx    5-cleft,    with    5    alternate    bracteoles. 
Petals  sessile,  deciduous.     Stamens  numerous,  inserted  into  the  calyx. 
Achenia  few,  dry,  on  a  short  receptacle,     y. 

W.  FRAGARIOIDES  (Dry  Strawberry). — Leaves  trifoliate,  with  pubescent 
petioles  ;  leaflets  crenately  toothed,  and  incised  ;  scapes  many-flowered  ;  flow- 
ers yellow  ;  petals  obovate.  In  shady  and  hilly  woods.  June. 

9.  Rubus. — Calyx  5-parted,  spreading.    Petals  5,  deciduous.    Sta- 
mens numerous.     Ovaries  numerous,  with  2  ovules.     Achenia  pulpy, 
aggregated  on  a  conical,  juicy  receptacle.     Receptacle  deciduous,     y. 

1.  R.  VILLOSUS  (High  Blackberry]. — Stem  mostly  erect,  angular,  armed 
with  stout,  curved  prickles  ;  young  branches  and  peduncles  villous  and  gland- 
ular ;  leaves  palmately  3-5-foliate  ;  leaflets  ovate ;  flowers  white,  in  leafless 
racemes  of  20-25.     Fruit  oblong,  large,  black,  sweet  and  delicious. 

2.  R.  HISPIDUS  (Bristly  Blackberry}. — Stem  slender,  prostrate,  clothed 


ROSACES.  223 

with  retrorse  bristles  ;  leaves  3-foliate  ;  leaflets  obovate,  mostly  obtuse, 
smooth,  entire  toward  the  base,  coarsely  serrate  ;  peduncles  corymbose,  with 
several  flowers,  often  bristly  ;  flowers  small,  white ;  petals  obovate.  Fruit 
small,  dark  purple,  or  blackish,  sour.  May- June. 

3.  R.  ID.EUS  {Garden  Raspberry}. — Stem  hispid;  leaves  pinnately  3-5- 
foliate ;   leaflets  broad-ovate,  unequally  serrate,  hoary -torn  entose  beneath ; 
flowers  white,  corymbosely  paniculate  ;  petals  entire,  shorter  than  the  tomen- 
tose,  acuminate  calyx.     Fruit  red.     May. 

4.  R.  STRIGOSUS  (Raspberry). — Stem  unarmed,  shrubby,  strongly  hispid  ; 
leaves  pinnately  3-5-foliate  ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  hoary- 
tomentose  beneath ;   peduncles  3-6-flowered,  hispid  ;   petals  white.     Fruit 
light  red,  juicy,  of  a  peculiar  and  very  pleasant  flavor.     May. 

5.  R.  OCCIDENTALS  (Black  Raspberry). — Stem  shrubby,  glaucous,  armed 
with  hooked  prickles  ;  leaves  pinnately  3-foliate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  coarsely  and 
doubly  serrate,  hoary-tomentose  beneath  ;  peduncles  i-3-flowered,  with  short 
pedicels  ;  petals  white.     Fruit  dark  purple,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom, 
pleasant  flavor.     May. 

10.  Rosa. — Calyx-tube  contracted  at  the  mouth,  at  length  fleshy, 
with  5  segments.     Petals  5.     Achenia  numerous,  bony,  hairy,  attached 
to  the  inside  of  the  fleshy  calyx-tube.     Leaves  pinnate.     Shrubs. 

i.  R.  CAROLINA  (Swamp  Rose}. — Stem  smooth,  armed  with  stout- 
hooked  prickles  ;  leaflets  5-9,  oblong,  serrate,  pale  beneath  ;  petioles  some- 
what prickly  ;  flowers  3-5,  in  leafy  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  light 
red  ;  calyx  and  peduncles  glandular-hispid.  Common  in  swamps,  4-8  feet 
high.  June-July. 

•2.  R.  LUCIDA  (Wild  Rose}. — Stems  armed  with  scattered  prickles;  leaf- 
lets 5-9,  elliptical,  sharply  serrate,  smooth  and  shining  above ;  flowers  1-3, 
pale  red  ;  peduncles  and  appendaged  calyx-segments  glandular-hispid  ;  fruit 
depressed,  globose,  small,  red,  hispid.  A  shrub,  in  dry  fields,  1-4  feet  high. 
June-July. 

3.  R.  SETIGERA  (Prairie  Rose}. — Branches  elongated,  glabrous,  with  a 
few,  stout,  somewhat  hooked  prickles  ;  leaflets  3-5,  large,  ovate,  smooth  and 
shining  above,  sharply  serrate ;    flowers  in  very  large,  corymbose  clusters, 
nearly  scentless,  of  a  changeable  reddish  color ;  styles  united  ;  fruit  globose. 
A  climbing  species,  10-20  feet  high.     June- July. 

4.  R.  RUBIGINOSA  (Sweet  Brier}. — Stem  smooth,  armed  with  stout,  re- 
curved prickles  ;  leaflets  5-7,  roundish-oval,   sharply  serrate,  and  with  the 
petioles  and  stipules  clothed  with  ferruginous  glands  beneath  ;  flowers  light 
red,  or  white,  fragant,  mostly  solitary  ;  fruit  ovate,  or  obovate,  reddish-orange 
when  full  grown.     Common  in  fields  ;  often  cultivated.     June. 

11.  Crataegus. — Calyx-tube  urceolate,  with  a  5-cleft  limb.    Petals 
5,  spreading.     Stamens  numerous      Styles  1-5.     Pome  fleshy,  contain- 
ing 1-5  long,  i-seeded  carpels. 

i.  C.  COCCINEA  (White  Thorn}.— Leaves  roundish-ovate,  5-Q-lobed, 
sharply  incised,  thin,  acutely  serrate,  on  slender  petioles  ;  flowers  white, 


224  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

corymbed  ;  calyx  and  pedicels  usually  smooth  ;  styles  3-5  ;  fruit  large,  glo- 
bose, bright  red.     A  small  tree,  10-20  feet  high.     May. 

2.  C.  TOMENTOSA  (Black  Thorn}.— Leaves  oval,  or  elliptic  -ovate,  doubly 
serrate,  dentate  toward  the  apex,  nearly  smooth  above,  tomentose  beneath  ; 
flowers  large,  fragrant,  white,  in  large,  leafy  corymbs,  with  calyx  and  pedi- 
cels villous-tomentose  ;  styles  3-5 ;  fruit  pyriform,  ovary  red,  eatable,  but 
rather  insipid.  In  wet  thickets,  10-15  feet  high.  May. 

12.  Pyrus. — Calyx  urceolate,  with  a  5-cleft  limb.    Petals  5,  round- 
ish.    Styles  2-5,  often  united  at  base.     Pome  closed,  fleshy,  2-5  car- 
peled.     Carpels  cartilaginous,  2-seeded, 

1.  P.  MALUS  (Apple). — Leaves  ovate,  or  oblong-ovate,  serrate,  acute,  or 
briefly  acuminate,  tomentose  beneath,  petiolate ;   flowers  large,  light  rose- 
color,  fragrant,  in  corymbs ;  petals  short ;  styles  5,  united  and  villous  at 
base  ;  pome  globose.     A  fruit-tree,  cultivated,  and  almost  naturalized,  20-40 
feet  high.     May. 

2.  P.  COMMUNIS  (Pear). — Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth  above,  pubes- 
csnt  beneath  ;  flowers  smaller  than  in  the  apple,  white,  in  racemose  corymbs, 
styles  5,  distinct  and  villous  at  base  ;  pome  usually  pyriform.     A  tree,  20-50 
feet  high.     May. 

3.  P.   ARBUTIFOLIA    (Choke-berry).— Leaves    oblong-ovate,   obtuse,   or 
acute,  smooth  and  shining  above ;  flowers  in  compound,  terminal  corymbs  ; 
calyx  and  pedicels  tomentose  when  young  ;  fruit  pyriform,  dark  red,  or  pur- 
ple when  ripe,  astringent.     A  shrub,  2-5  feet  high,  in  low  grounds.     May. 

4.  P.   AMERICANA   (Mountain  Ash).  —  Leaves    pinnate,    i3-i5-foliate, 
smooth  ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate ;  flowers  white,  in  com- 
pound cymes  ;  fruit  bright  red,  or  scarlet,  globose,  sour.    A  small  tree,  15-25 
feet  high,  common  in  damp  woods  in  mountainous  districts.    May-June. 

13.  Amelanchier. — Calyx  5-cleft.     Petals  oblong-ovate.     Stamens 
short.    Styles  5,  more  or  less  connected.    Pome  3-5-celled,  cells  partly 
divided  by  a  false  dissepiment. 

A.  CANADENSIS  (Shad-flower). — Leaves  ovate,  or  oval,  softly  tomentose 
when  very  young,  smooth  when  fully  grown,  sharply  serrate  ;  flowers  white, 
racemose  ;  berries  purple,  eatable.  A  common  and  variable  shrub  in  damp, 
rocky  woods,  and  low  grounds,  6-15  feet  high.  May. 

Var.  OBLONGIFOLIA.  —  Leaves  oval-oblong,  serrate,  with  short  acute 
teeth,  tomentose  on  the  lower  surface  during  flowering ;  flowers  smaller  than 
in  normal  form  ;  petals  obovate-oblong.  Apparently  well  marked  while  in 
flower,  but  difficult  to  distinguish  afterward. 

14.  Cydonia. — Calyx  urceolate,  with  a  5-cleft  limb.      Petals  5. 
Styles  5.     Pome  with   5   cartilaginous,   many-seeded  carpels.     Seeds 
covered  with  a  mucilaginous  pulp. 

C.  VULGARIS  (Quince).—  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  entire,  smooth  above, 
woolly  beneath  ;  flowers  large,  solitary,  on  woolly  peduncles  ;  calyx  woolly  ; 
petals  white ;  pome  soft,  downy,  obovoid,  yellow.  A  large  shrub  of  strag- 
gling growth.  May. 


SAXIFRAGACE&.  225 

Order  XXIX. — SAXIFRAGACE^E  (Saxifrage  Family). 

Herbs,  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  or  opposite,  sometimes 
stipulate.  Sepals  4  or  5,  more  or  less  cohering,  persistent.  Pet- 
als 4  or  5,  inserted  between  the  calyx-lobes,  rarely  wanting.  Sta- 
mens 5-10,  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Ovary  adherent  to  the 
calyx-tube,  of  2,  or  sometimes  3-5  carpels,  cohering  below,  distinct 
above.  Styles  2,  sometimes  3-5.  Fruit  a  I,  or  rarely  3~5-celled 
capsule. 

Leaves  alternate — Ribes. 

Leaves  f  Stamens  vo-qz-Philadelphus. 

opposite —  -| 

(^Stamens  8-10 — Hydrangea. 
SAXIFRAGACE^E.  \ 

f  Petals          f  Flowers  in  racemes —  Tiarella. 

I       entire —  \ 
I  Flowers  not  in  racemes — Saxifraga, 
Herbs-  \ 

Petals  pinnatifid — 'Mitella. 


Petals  none — Chrysosplenium. 
I.  Saxifraga. — Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united.     Petals  5,  inserted 
on   the    calyx-tube,   entire.     Stamens   10.     Anthers  2-celled,  opening 
longitudinally.     Capsule  of  2  carpels,  2-celled  below,  opening  between 
the  2  divergent  beaks.     Seeds  numerous,     y. 

1.  S.  VIRGINIENSIS  (Early  Saxifrage}. — Leaves  mostly  radical,  ovate, 
spatulate,  on  broad  petioles  ;   scape  mostly  naked  ;  flowers  small,   white, 
numerous,  cymose.     Early  flowering  plant,  on  rocks  and  dry  hills,  scape  3'- 
10'  high.     April-May. 

2.  S.  PENNSYLVANIA  (Tall  Saxifrage). — Leaves  radical,  oval,  rather 
acute,  tapering  at  base,  with  short,  margined  petioles  ;  scape  almost  leafless, 
striate,  viscid  pubescent ;  flowers  yellowish-green,  pedicellate  ;  petals  linear- 
lanceolate.     In  swamps  and  meadows,  with  hollow  scapes  1-3  feet  high. 
May. 

2.  Mitella. — Calyx   campanulate,    5-cleft.      Petals    5,   pinnatifid. 
Stamens  5-10,  included.     Styles  2,  short,  distinct.     Capsule  i-cclled, 
2-valved.     y. 

M.  DIPHYLLA  (Common  Mitella). — Stem  simple,  pubescent;  leaves  cor- 
date, serrately  toothed,  pubescent ;  flowers  white,  in  long,  terminal  racemes 
on  short  pedicels,  beautifully  marked  by  the  pectinate  petals  ;  styles  short. 
A  plant  6'-i2'  high.  May-June. 

3.  Tiarella. — Calyx  5-parted,  with  obtuse  lobes,  valvate  in  preflora- 
tion.     Petals  5,  entire.     Stamens  10,  inserted  with  the  petals.     Styles 
2.     Capsule  i-celled,  2-valved.     y. 

T.  CORDIFOLIA  (Mitreworf). — Acaulescent ;  leaves  cordate,  acutely  3-5- 
lobed,  dentate,  with  mucronate  teeth,  hirsute  above  ;  stolons  creeping;  flow- 
ers white,  in  racemes  ;  bracts  minute  ;  petals  oblong.  May-June. 


226  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

4.  Chrysosplenium. — Calyx  coherent  with  the  ovary,  4~5-lobed, 
colored  within.     Petals  none.     Stamens   8-10,  with  short  filaments. 
Styles  2.     Capsule  obcordate,  compressed,  i-celled,  2-valved.     Seeds 
numerous,     if. 

C.  AMERICANUM  ( Water-carpet}. — Stem  slender,  square,  decumbent ; 
leaves  roundish-ovate,  smooth  ;  flowers  remote,  sessile  ;  calyx  usually  4-cleft, 
greenish  yellow,  marked  with  purple  lines  ;  stamens  8,  very  short,  with 
orange-colored  anthers.  In  shady  springs  and  streams.  March-May. 

5.  Hydrangea. — Flowers  either  all  fertile,  or  more  commonly  the 
marginal  ones  are  sterile.     STERILE  FLOWERS. — Calyx  colored,  mem- 
branaceous,  veiny,  4-5-cleft.      Petals,  stamens,  and  styles  none.     FER- 
TILE FLOWERS. — Calyx-tube  hemispherical,  with  a  4~5-toothed,  persist- 
ent limb.     Petals  ovate,  sessile.     Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Styles  2,  distinct.     Capsule  2-beaked. 

H.  HORTENSIS  (Changeable  Hydrangea}. — Leaves  elliptical,  serrated  or 
toothed,  strongly  veined,  smooth  ;  cymes  radiant ;  flowers  mostly  sterile.  In 
cultivation,  1-2  feet  high. 

6.  Philadelphus. — Calyx  4~5-parted,  persistent,  with  the  tube  half 
adherent  to  the  ovary.    Petals  4-5,  convolute  in  prefloration.    Stamens 
20-40.     Capsule  4-celled,  4-valved.     Seeds  with  an  aril. 

P.  CORONARIUS  (False  Syringa). — Leaves  ovate,  smooth,  petiolate ; 
flowers  numerous,  white,  very  fragrant,  in  leafy  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches.  A  cultivated  shrub,  5-7  feet  high.  June. 

7.  Ribes. — Leaves  alternate  and  palmately  lobed.     Calyx  5-lobed. 
Petals  5.     Stamens  5,  alternate  with  petals.     Low  shrubs,     if 

1.  R.   RUBRUM   (Currant}.  —  Leaves  subcordate,   obliquely  3~5-lobed, 
mostly  pubescent  beneath,    serrate ;   racemes   nearly   smooth,    pendulous ; 
flowers   greenish,  calyx   rotate  ;    fruit   globose,  smooth,  red,  or  sometimes 
white.     In  gardens,  it  varying  much  in  the  size  and  color  of  fruit. 

2.  R.  AUREUM  (Golden  Currant}.— Glabrous ;  leaves  3-lobed  ;  flowers 
numerous,   golden  yellow,  very  fragrant,  in  lax,   many-flowered  racemes  ; 
fruit  smooth,  globose,  yellow,  at  length  brown,  pleasant.     An  ornamental 
shrub. 

Order  XXX. — CRASSULACE/E. 

Succulent  herbs,  or  shrubby  plants.  Leaves  simple,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  usually  in  cymes.  Sepals  3-20,  more  or  less 
united  at  base,  persistent.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Sta- 
mens as  many  as  the  sepals,  and  alternate  with  them,  or  twice 
as  many,  inserted  on  the  calyx,  Ovaries  as  many  as  the  petals, 
and  opposite  to  them.  Follicles  as  many  as  the  ovaries,  many 
seeded. 


DROSERACE^:.  227 

Leaves  not  fleshy — Penthorum. 

CRASSULACE/E.  1  f  Pistils  6-i2—Sempervivum. 

Leaves  fleshy — -i 

[.Pistils  4-5 — Sedum. 

I.  Sedum. — Sepals  4-5,  more  or  less  united  at  base.  Petals  4-5, 
distinct.  Stamens  8-10.  Carpels  4-5,  distinct,  many-seeded,  with  an 
entire  scale  at  the  base  of  each,  y 

1.  S.  TERNATUM  (Stone-crop). — Leaves  smooth,  entire,  lower  ones  ter- 
nately  verticillate,  obovate,  tapering  at  base  ;  cyme  of  3  spikes  ;  flowers  sev- 
eral, white,  sessile.     In  cultivation.     July-August. 

2.  S.  TELEPHIUM  (Orpine,  Live-forever). — Root  tuberous,  fleshy,  white  ; 
stem  simple,  erect,  round,  leafy ;  leaves  flattish,  ovate,  serrate,  obtuse,  scat- 
tered, sessile  ;  cymes  corymbose,  leafy ;  flowers  white  and  purple.     In  gar- 
dens.    August. 

3.  S.  ACRE  ( Wall-pepper). — Stems  procumbent,  branching  at  base  ;  leaves 
minute,  somewhat  ovate,  fleshy,  obtuse,  alternate,  crowded,  sessile ;  cymes 
few-flowered  in  3  divisions,  leafy  ;   flowers  yellow.     A  little  fleshy  plant, 
rapidly  spreading  wherever  it  is  planted,  and  thickly  covering  the  surface. 
June-July. 

2.  Sempervivum. — Sepals  6-20,  slightly  united  at  base.     Petals 
6-20,  acuminate.     Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.     Ovaries  with 
lacerated  scales  at  base.     Carpels  6-20.     2f 

S.  TECTORUM  (House-leek}. —  Herbaceous;  leaves  thick  and  fleshy, 
fringed  ;  offsets  spreading.  A  common  plant  in  gardens,  which  sends  out 
runners  with  offsets,  and  thus  propagates  itself,  flowering  only  occasionally. 

3.  Penthorum. — Sepals  5,  united  at  base.    Petals  5,  or  none.    Sta- 
mens  10.     Capsules  of  5   united  carpels,   5-angled,   5-celled,  and  5- 
beaked.     •% 

P.  SEDOIDES  (Virginia  Stone-crop}. — Stem  erect,  somewhat  branched, 
angular  above  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  smooth,  acute  at  both  ends,  serrate,  almost 
sessile ;  flowers  yellowish-green,  inodorous.  In  moist  ground,  8'-i5'  high. 
A  ugust-September. 

Order  XXXI. — DROSERACE^E  (Sundew  Family]. 

Marsh  herbs  with  regular  flowers  in  scapes,  from  a  tuft  of 
glandular  leaves.  Sepals  and  petals  5.  Stamens  5-15.  Pod  i- 
celled  and  many-seeded. 

Drosera. — Sepals  5,  united  at  base,  equal,  persistent ;  petals  5  ; 
stamens  5  ;  styles  3-5  ;  capsule  sub-globose,  3-valved,  i-celled,  many- 
seeded. 

D.  ROTUNDIFOLIA  (Sundew).— Leaves  radical,  in  tufts,  orbicular,  on  long 
petioles,  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  with  long,  reddish,  glandular  hairs  ;  scapes 
circinate,  racemose,  i-sided  ;  flowers  small,  white.  Marshes.  August. 


228  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

Order  XXXII.— HAMAMELACE^  (Witch- Hazel  Family). 

Shrubs.  Leaves  alternate.  Stipules  deciduous.  Calyx  4- 
cleft.  Petals  4,  linear,  sometimes  none.  Stamens  8,  those  op- 
posite the  petals  barren,  or  else  many,  and  all  fertile ;  inserted  on 
the  calyx.  Ovary  2-celled.  Styles  2,  distinct.  Capsule  coria- 
ceous, or  woody,  2-beaked,  2-celled,  free  from  the  calyx  at  apex. 

Hamamelis. — Calyx  4-parted,  2-3-bracted  at  base.  Petals  4,  very 
long,  linear.  Fertile  stamens  4.  Sterile  ones  4,  scale-like.  Capsule 
2-celled.  2f 

H.  VIRGINIANA  ( Witch  Hazel).— Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  toothed,  on 
short  petioles,  nearly  smooth  ;  flowers  sessile,  3-4  together,  axillary  ;  petals 
narrowly  linear,  curled  or  twisted,  yellow  ;  calyx  downy  ;  ovary  hirsute.  A 
shrub  of  irregular  growth,  10-15  feet  high.  December. 

Order  XXXIII. —HALORAGEJE  (Water- Milfoil  Family]. 

Marshy  plants  with  small  flowers,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  leaves. 
Calyx-tube  united  with  ovary.  Stamens  1-8.  Cotyledons  small ; 
embryo  in  the  axis  of  the  albumen. 

Floral  parts  in  ^s—Myriopkytlum. 

Floral  parts  in  3's — Proserpmaca. 

1.  Myriophyllum. — Flowers   monoecious,   or   frequently   perfect. 
Calyx   4-toothed   or  4-parted.     Petals   4,    often  minute   or   wanting. 
Stamens  4-8.     Fruit  consisting  of  4  nut-like,  indehiscent  carpels,  co- 
hering by  their  inner  angles,     y. 

i.'M.  SPICATUM  (Water  Milfoil). — Leaves  in  3's,  pinnately  parted,  with 
capillary  segments  ;  flowers  greenish,  small,  in  terminal,  nearly  naked  spikes  ; 
petals  broad-ovate.  An  aquatic  plant  in  deep  ponds.  July-August. 

2.  M.  AMBIGUUM  (Milfoil). — Leaves  alternate  ;  submersed  ones  pin- 
nately parted,  with  capillary  segments  ;  upper  ones  linear,  entire,  or  slightly 
toothed,  petiolate ;  flowers  axillary,  minute  ;  petals  oblong,  somewhat  per- 
sistent. An  aquatic,  with  floating  stems,  in  ponds  and  ditches. 

2.  Proserpinaca. — Calyx-tube    3-sided,   with    a    3-parted    limb. 
Petals  none.     Stamens  3.     Stigmas  3,  oblong.     Fruit  bony,  3-sided, 
3-celled,  crowned  with  the  pei^sistent  calyx.     -%. 

P.  PALUSTRIS  (Mermaid -weed). — Stem  ascending  at  base,  striate, 
smooth  ;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  ;  those  below  the  water 
pinnatifid ;  flowers  small,  green,  axillary,  1-3  together,  followed  by  a  hard, 
triangular  nut.  In  shaded,  shallow  water,  6'-i2'  high.  June-July. 

Order  XXXIV. — MELASTOMACE.E. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  square  branches.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, ribbed,  entire.  Sepals  4-6,  united,  persistent,  forming  an 


L  YTHRACE&.—ONAGRACE&. 


229 


urceolate  tube,  which  coheres  only  with  the  angles  of  the  ovary. 
Petals  as  many  as  the  calyx-segments,  twisted  in  prefloratton, 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Anthers  I -celled,  before 
flowering  contained  in  the  cavities  between  the  calyx  and  ovary. 
Fruit  a  capsule. 

Rhexia. — Calyx-tube  with  a  4-cleft,  persistent  limb.  Petals  4. 
Stamens  8.  Style  declined.  Capsule  4-celled,  with  prominent  pla- 
centoe.  if. 

R.  VIRGINICA  (Meadow  Beauty). — Stem  somewhat  hispid,  with  4  slightly 
winged  angles  ;  leaves  sessile,  oval- lanceolate,  strongly  3-nerved  ;  flowers 
large,  bright  purple,  showy  and  numerous,  in  corymbose  cymes  ;  petals  obo- 
vate ;  anthers  long,  yellow,  crooked.  A  very  showy  plant,  6'-i2'  high,  in 
wet  ground.  July- August. 

Order  XXXV. — LYTHRACE^E  (Loosestrife  Family]. 

Herbs  with  4-sided  branches  and  exstipulate,  entire  leaves. 
Calyx  inclosing  the  many-seeded  pod,  and  bearing  petals  and 
stamens  on  its  throat.  Style  I  ;  stigma  capitate.  The  flowers 
axillary  or  \vhorled.  Seeds  exalbuminous. 

Nesaea. — Calyx  broadly  campanulate,  5  erect  teeth  and  5  elon- 
gated horns.  Stamens  10,  those  opposite  calyx-teeth  very  long.  Style 
filiform.  Stigma  small.  Capsule  globose  within  calyx  ;  many-seeded. 

N.  VERTICILLATA  (Swamp  Loosestrife}.—  Stem  simple,  woody,  with 
recurved  branches  rooting  at  the  summit ;  4-6-angled  ;  leaves  opposite  or 
whorled,  entire,  on  short  petioles ;  flowers  purple,  axillary,  nearly  sessile. 
Common  in  swamps.  August-September. 

Order  XXXVI. — ONAGRACE^E  (Evening  Primrose  Family]. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Flowers  axillary,  in  spikes  or  racemes. 
Sepals  united  in  a  tubular  2-6-lobed  calyx.  Petals  usually  as 
many  as  the  calyx-lobes,  and  alternate  with  them,  sometimes 
none.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many,  inserted  in  the  calyx - 
throat ;  filaments  distinct.  Ovary  coherent  with  the  calyx-tube, 
2-4,  or  by  abortion  i-2-celled.  Style  prolonged.  Fruit  baccate, 
or  capsular. 

C  Calyx-tube  not  above  ovary — Epilobium, 
'Stamens  8 — \ 


above  ovary- 
DNAGRACE^E.^  [Capsule  berry-like-/«^«a. 

[Petals  4  or  nonz—Ludwigza, 
[Stamens  2-4 — •? 

I  Petals  2 — Circata. 


230  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

I.  Epilobium. —  Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 
Limb  4-cleft.  with  spreading  and  deciduous  segments.  Petals  4. 
Stamens  8.  Anthers  attached  near  the  middle.  Capsule  linear,  4- 
sided,  4-celled,  4-valved.  if. 

1.  E.  ANGUSTIFOLIUM  (Willow  Herb}. — Stem  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, sessile  ;  flowers  numerous,  large,  of  a  purplish  lilac  color,  in  a  long, 
terminal,  spicate  raceme  ;  stamens  and  styles  declined.     A  showy  plant  in 
low  grounds  ;  2-6  feat  high.     July-August. 

2.  E.  COLORATUM  (Colored  Willow  Herb}. — Stem  erect,  nearly  terete,  very 
branching ;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  lanceolate,  acute,  very  shortly  petiolate  ; 
flowers  numerous,  rose-colored,  small ;  petals  cleft  at  apex,  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals  ;  stigma  clavate.     In  wet,  swampy  grounds  ;  1-3  feet  high. 

2.  QEnothera. — Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  the  seg- 
ments 4,  reflexed.  Petals  4,  equal.  Stamens  8.  Capsule  4-celled,  4- 
valved,  many-seeded.  Stigma  4-lobed.  © — y 

1.  CE.  BIENNIS  (Evening Primrose}. — Stem  erect,  simple  or  branched; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent ;  flowers  large,  yellow,  in  a  terminal  leafy 
spike,  sessile.     In  fields.     Plant  3-5  feet  high.     June- August. 

2.  CE.  PUMILA  (Dwarf  Primrose}. — Stem   slender,    simple,    reclined  at 
base,  ascending  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse,  tapering  at  base,  sessile ; 
flowers  rather  small,  yellow,  in  a  terminal,  leafy  spike ;  petals  obcordate ; 
capsule  oblong-clavate.     In  grassy  fields,  8'-i2'  high.     June-August. 

3.  Fuchsia. — Calyx  tubular,  funnel-form,  colored,  deciduous,  with 
a  4-lobed  limb.     Petals  4.     Disk  glandular,  8-furrowed,     Capsule  bac- 
cate, oblong,  obtuse,  4-sided. 

F.  COCCINEA  (Lady's  Eardrop}. — Stem  shrubby,  with  smooth  branches  ; 
ovate,  acute,  on  short  petioles ;  flowers  axillary,  nodding  ;  sepals  oblong, 
acute  ;  petals  convolute,  half  as  long  as  the  calyx.  In  cultivation,  growing 
1-6  feet  high. 

4.  Ludwigia. — Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary.     Pet- 
als 4,  equal.     Stamens  4,  opposite  the  calyx-segments.     Capsules  short, 
4-celled,  4-valved.     y. 

1.  L.  ALTERNIFOLIA  (Seedbox}. — Stem  erect,  branching,  slightly  angled  ; 
nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  ;  flowers  yel- 
low, on  axillary,  solitary  peduncles  ;  calyx-segments  broadly  ovate  ;  capsule 
4-winged,  crowned  with  the  calyx.    In  swamps,  i8'-25'  high.    July-August. 

2.  L.  PALUSTRIS  (Water  Purslane). — Smooth  and  somewhat  succulent ; 
stems  procumbent ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  entire,  petiolate,  acute  ;  flowers 
sessile,  axillary  ;  capsule  oblong,  4-angled,  short.     Creeping  plant  in  muddy 
place's.      June-September. 

5.  Circaea. — Calyx-tube  slightly  produced  beyond  the  ovary,  de- 
ciduous.    Petals  2,  obcordate.     Stamens  2,  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Capsule  obovate,  hispid,  2-celled,  at  length  2-valved,  2-seeded.     11 


CUCURBITACE&.  231 

C.  LUTETIANA  (Enchanters  Nightshade). — Stem  erect,  branching,  pu- 
bescent above  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate  ;  flowers  small,  white,  or  pale  rose- 
color,  in  elongated,  naked  racemes  ;  bracts  none  ;  calyx  reflexed  ;  fruit  cov- 
ered with  hooked  bristles.  Plant  1-2  feet  high. 

Order  XXXVIL— CUCURBITACE.E. 

Succulent  herbs,  climbing,  or  creeping  by  tendrils.  Leaves 
alternate,  palmately  lobed  and  veined,  coarse  and  rough.  Flowers 
monoecious,  or  polygamous.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  united  to- 
gether, attached  to  the  calyx,  very  cellular,  and  much  reticulated 
in  structure.  Stamens  5.  Anthers  very  long,  variously  wavy  and 
contorted,  2-celled.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube,  i-celled, 
with  3  parietal  placentas.  Fruit  a  pepo,  rarely  membranous,  and 
i-4-seeded.  Seeds  flat. 


f  Both  kinds  of  flowers  solitary — Cucurbita. 
CUCURBITACE^E.  \  [Sterile  flowers  clustered— Cucumis. 


f  Flowers  large —  \ 

u 


Flowers  small,  fruit  i-seeded — Sicyos. 
BEGONIACE^E.— Begonia. 

1.  Sicyos. — Flowers  monoecious.     STERILE   FLOWERS — Calyx   5- 
toothed  ;  teeth  subulate  or  minute.     Corolla  rotate.     Stamens  5,  mona- 
delphous,  or  in  3  parcels.     Anthers  contorted.     FERTILE  FLOWERS — 
Calyx   campanulate,    5-toothed,    contracted   above.     Petals  5.     Fruit 
ovate,  membranaceous,  hispid  or  echinate   with  spiny  bristles.    Seed 
large.     © 

S.  ANGULATUS  (Wild  Cucumber). — Stem  climbing  by  tendrils,  branching, 
hairy  ;  leaves  roundish,  cordate  at  base,  5-angled,  5-lobed  ;  lobes  acuminate, 
denticulate  ;  tendrils  3-5-cleft  ;  flowers  whitish  ;  sterile  ones  in  crowded  ra- 
cemes, on  long  peduncles  ;  fertile  ones  on  short  peduncles,  smaller ;  both 
usually  from  the  same  axils  ;  fruit  somewhat  spiny,  in  crowded  clusters,  each 
containing  one  large  seed.  July. 

2.  Cucumis. — Flowers  monoecious   or   perfect.       Calyx   tubular- 
campanulate.     Corolla  deeply  5-parted.     STERILE  FLOWERS  — Stamens 
5,  triadelphous.     FERTILE  FLOWERS — Style  short.     Stigmas  thick,  2- 
parted.     Pepo  fleshy.     Seeds  ovate,  without  margins.     © 

1.  C.  SATIVUS  (Cucumber). — Stem  rough,  prostrate  and  trailing  ;    ten- 
drils simple  ;  leaves  palmately  5-angled  or  lobed  ;  lobes  nearly  entire,  acute  ; 
the  terminal  one  longest  ;  fruit  oblong,  obtusely  angled,  on  a  short  peduncle, 
prickly  when  young  ;  flowers  yellow,  solitary,  axillary.     Cultivated  for  its 
green  fruit.     June-September. 

2.  C.   MELO  (Musk-melon).—  Stem  prostrate,   trailing,  rough  ;    tendrls 
simple ;  leaves  roundish,  palmately  5-angled  or  lobed  ;  lobes  rounded,  ob- 
tuse ;  flowers  sterile,  fertile,  and  perfect,  yellow  ;  fruit  oval  or  sub-globose. 
Cultivated.     June- July. 


232  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

3.  C.  CITRULLUS  (Water-melon).— Stem  slender,  prostrate,  trailing, 
hairy ;  leaves  palmately  5-lobed,  very  glaucous  beneath  ;  flowers  yellow, 
solitary  ;  fruit  smooth,  marked  with  various  shades  of  green,  very  juicy.  Cul- 
tivated. June- August. 

3.  Cucurbita. — Flowers  monoecious.  Corolla  campanulate.  Petals 
united  and  cohering  with  the  calyx.  STERILE  FLOWERS — Calyx  5- 
toothed.  Stamens  5,  triadelphous,  with  united,  straight  anthers.  FER- 
TILE FLOWERS — Calyx  5-toothed.  Stigmas  3,  thick,  2-lobed.  Pepo 
fleshy  or  woody,  3-5-celled.  Seeds  obovate,  smooth,  with  thickened 
margins.  © 

C.  PEPO  (Pumpkin). — Plant  rough  and  hispid  ;  stem  procumbent ;  ten- 
drils branched  ;  leaves  very  large,  cordate,  palmately  5-lobed  ;  flowers  large, 
axillary,  yellow  ;  sterile  ones  on  long  peduncles  ;  fruit  very  large,  roundish, 
and  yellow  when  ripe.  Common  in  cultivation.  July. 

Order  XXX VIII.  —  CACTACE^E  (Cactus  Family^. 

Succulent,  shrubby  plants,  almost  always  destitute  of  leaves, 
and  producing  spinose  buds.  Stems  usually  angular,  or  flattened. 
Flowers  sessile,  showy.  Sepals  numerous,  forming  a  tube,  which 
adheres  to  the  ovary,  completely  inclosing  it.  Petals  indefinite, 
often  passing  into  the  sepals,  inserted  into  the  calyx-tube  over  the 
summit  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  indefinite,  attached  to  the  petals, 
with  long  filaments  and  versatile  anthers.  Ovary  i -celled,  fleshy. 
Style  single,  forming  a  stellate  cluster  with  several  anthers.  Fruit 
a  many-seeded  berry. 

Opuntia. — Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  united  in  a  tube  which 
adheres  to  the  ovary.  Stamens  numerous,  shorter  than  the  petals. 
Style  cylindrical,  with  numerous,  thick,  erect  stigmas.  Berry  prickly,  jj. 

O.  VULGARIS  (Prickly  Pear). —  Prostrate,  creeping,  with  articulated 
branches  and  broad  and  flattened  joints,  with  fascicles  of  prickles  regularly 
arranged ;  prickles  short  and  numerous,  each  fascicle  usually  consisting  of 
several  strong  subulate  spines  ;  flowers  yellow  ;  fruit  crimson,  nearly  smooth, 
eatable.  In  sandy  fields.  June-July. 

Order  XXXIX. — UMBELLIFER^E. 

Herbs,  rarely  suffrutescent.  Stems  usually  hollow  and  fur- 
rowed. Leaves  alternate,  usually  compound,  the  petioles  becom- 
ing dilated,  and  sheathing  at  base.  Flowers  in  umbels,  usually 
with  an  involucre.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  very  small 
border  5-toothed,  or  entire.  Petals  5,  usually  with  an  inflexed 
point,  inserted  between  the  calyx-teeth  in  a  disk  which  crowns 


UMBELLIFER^E. 


233 


the  ovary.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  of  2 
united  carpels,  2-celled,  with  I  ovule  in  each  cell.  Styles  2,  dis- 
tinct, or  united  and  thickened  at  the  base.  Fruit  consisting  of  2 
dry  carpels,  which  adhere  by  their  opposite  faces  (commissure) 
to  a  common  axis  (carpophore),  at  length  separating,  and  sus- 
pended from  the  forked  summit  of  the  carpophore.  Each  carpel 
is  indehiscent,  mar.ked  with  5  longitudinal  primary  ribs,  and  often 
with  secondary  ones  alternate  with  the  first.  In  the  substance  of 
the  pericarp,  little  oil-tubes  (vittce)  are  usually  imbedded  opposite 
the  intervals  between  the  ribs,  or  opposite  the  ribs  themselves. 

{  Flowers  in  simple  umbels — Hydrocotyle, 

f  Fruit  prickly — Sanicula, 
f  Flowers  greenish—-^ 

[ Fruit  not  prickly — Archangelica. 

(  Leaves  3-parted — Cryptotcemia. 
\  Leaves  (lower)  pinnately  parted — Apium. 
Leaves  bi-pinnatifid — Carum. 


Flowers 
in  com- 
pound 
umbels. 


f  Calyx  teeth     | 
obsolete — -{ 


Flowers 
white — 


Flowers  yellow — 


Leaves  bi-ternately  divided — Osmorhiza. 

Leaves  bi-  or  tri-ternately  decompound — Co- 
nium. 

f  Leaves  pinnate — Stum. 
Calyx  teeth  small —  < 

[  Leaves  ternately  parted — Hera.leum. 

f  Fruit  with  prickles — Daucus. 
Calyx  teeth  broad — 4 

[Fruit  smooth — Cicuta. 

[Calyx  with  distinct  tube — Coriandrum. 
f  Fruit  winged — Pastinaca. 
[Fruit  not  winged — Faeniculum. 

1.  Hydrocotyle.— Calyx   obsolete.      Petals   ovate,   entire,   acute, 
spreading,  with  the  point  not  inflexed.     Fruit  flattened  laterally,  with 
a  narrow  commissure.     Carpels  without  vittae.     ^ 

H.  AMERICANA  (Penny-wort). — Smooth  and  shining  ;  stem  branching, 
often  decumbent ;  leaves  orbicular-reniform,  somewhat  lobed,  doubly  cre- 
nate  ;  flowers  minute,  greenish,  in  axillary,  sessile,  few-flowered,  greenish, 
capitate  umbels ;  fruit  very  minute,  orbicular.  In  wet  places.  2-4'  long. 
June- A  ugust. 

2.  Sanicula. — Flowers  polygamous.     Calyx-tube  echinate.     Petals 
obovate,  erect,  with  a  long  inflexed  point.   Fruit  sub-globose,  armed  with 
hooked  prickles.    Carpels  not  ribbed,  furnished  with  numerous  vittse.   y. 

S.  MARILANDICA  (Sanicle).— Leaves  digitately  5-y-parted  ;  segments  ob- 
long, incisely  serrate ;  cauline  leaves  few,  nearly  sessile  ;  flowers  greenish, 


234 


SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 


small  ;  umbels  with  few  rays ;  umbellets  with  numerous  rays ;  involucre  6- 
leaved,  serrate  ;  sterile  flowers  numerous,  on  pedicels  as  long  as  the  fertile, 
sessile  flowers ;  style  elongated,  conspicuous  and  recurved.  In  thickets, 
2-3-feet  high.  June-July. 

3.  Cicuta. — Calyx-margin  with  5  broad  teelh.     Petals  obcordate, 
with  an  inflexed  point.     Fruit  roundish.     Carpels  with  5  flattish,  equal 
ribs.     Intervals  filled  with  single  vittse.     Commissure  with  2  vittse. 
Carpophore  2-parted.     Seeds  terete.     Involucels  many-leaved. 

C.  MACULATA  ( Water  Hemlock}. — Stem  smooth,  hollow,  often  streaked 
with  purple  ;  lower  leaves  triternately  divided  ;  upper  ones  biternately  di- 
vided ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  serrate,  smooth  ;  flowers  white,  in  umbels ;  invo- 
lucel  of  5-6  linear  divisions  ;  calyx  and  style  persistent ;  root  thick,  fleshy, 
poisonous.  In  wet  meadows,  4-8  feet  high.  July-August. 

4.  Sium. — Calyx-margin  5-toothed  or  obsolete.     Petals  obcordate, 
with   an   inflexed  point.     Fruit  nearly  oval.     Carpels  with  5  obtuse 
ribs.    Vittae  usually  several  in  each  interval.    Carpophore  2-parted.     if 

5.  LINEARE  (Long-leaved  Sium}. — Stem  angular,    sulcate  ;   leaves  pin- 
nate ;   leaflets  linear,  finely  serrate  ;  flowers  white,  small ;   involucres  with 
5-6  linear  divisions  ;  calyx-teeth  minute  ;  fruit  obovate.     A  stout  plant,  3-5 
feet  high.     July. 

5.  Cryptotaenia. — Calyx-margin  obsolete.     Petals  obcordate,  with 
an  inflexed  point.     Fruit  linear-oblong  or  ovate-oblong.     Carpels  with 
5  equal,  obtuse  ribs.     Vittae  very  narrow,  twice  as  many  as  the  ribs. 
Carphohore  free,  2-parted.     y. 

C.  CANADENSIS  (Honewort}. — Stem  smooth,  branching  above ;  leaves 
3-parted,  petiolate  ;  teeth  coarse,  mucronate  ;  umbels  irregular,  somewhat 
paniculate,  with  very  unequal  rays  ;  flowers  small,  white  ;  involucres  none  ; 
involucels  few-leaved  ;  fruit  oblong-elliptical.  In  moist  woods,  1-2  feet  high. 
July. 

6.  Carum. — Calyx-margin  obsolete.     Petals  obovate,  emarginate, 
with  an  inflexed  point.     Styles  spreading,  dilated  at  base.     Fruit  oval, 
compressed  laterally.     Carpels  5-ribbed,  lateral  ribs  marginal.     Inter- 
vals with  single  vittae  ;  commissure  with  2.     y. 

C.  CARUI  (Caraway). — Leaves  bi-pinnatifidly  divided  ;  segments  numer- 
ous, linear ;  involucre  i-leaved,  or  none  ;  involucels  none  ;  flowers  white. 
Cultivated  for  its  aromatic  fruit.  June. 

7.  Apium. — Calyx-margin  obsolete.     Petals  roundish,  with  an  in- 
flexed  point.     Fruit  roundish,  laterally  compressed.    Carpels  5-ribbed  ; 
the  lateral  ribs  marginal.     Intervals  with  single  vittae.      Carpophore 
undivided.     @ 

A.  GRAVEOLENS  (Celery}. — Stem  branching,  furrowed  ;  lower  leaves  pin- 
nately  dissected,  on  very  long  petioles ;  segments  incised  ;  upper  leaves  3- 


UMBELLIFER&. 


235 


parted  ;  segments  lobed  and  dentate  at  apex  ;  flowers  white,  in  umbels,  with 
unequal,  spreading  rays.     Cultivated  in  gardens.     July-August. 

8.  Fceniculum. — Calyx-margin  obsolete.     Petals  revolute,  with  a 
broad,  retuse  apex.     Fruit  oblong,  laterally  compressed.     Carpels  with 
5  obtuse  ribs ;  marginal  ones  a  little  broader.     Intervals  with  single 
vittse.     © 

F.  VULGARE  {Fennel}. — Stem  round,  smoothed,  branched  ;  leaves.biter- 
nately  dissected,  with  linear-subulate,  elongated  segments  ;  umbels  with 
numerous  unequal,  spreading  rays  ;  involucre  and  involucels  none  ;  carpels 
turgid,  oblong-ovate  ;  flowers  yellow.  Common  in  gardens.  July. 

9.  Archangelica. — Calyx-teeth  short.      Petals  equal,  entire,  acu- 
minate, with  the  point  inflexed.     Fruit  dorsally  compressed.     Carpels 
with  3  carinate  dorsal  ribs,  with  the  2  lateral  ones  dilated  into  wings. 
Vittoe  very  numerous.     2f 

A.  ATROPURPUREA  (Angelica}. — Stem  mostly  dark  purple,  furrowed  ; 
leaves  3-parted,  on  large,  inflated  petioles  ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  bipinnately 
divided,  with  5-7  segments ;  flowers  greenish,  in  very  large  umbels,  on 
nearly  smooth  peduncles  ;  involucels  many-leaved  ;  fruit  smooth.  A  rank 
plant  in  meadows,  4-6  feet  high.  June. 

10.  Pastinaca. — Calyx-teeth  obsolete,  or  minute.     Petals  round- 
ish, entire,  involute,  with  an  inflexed  point.     Fruit  much  compressed, 
with  a  broad,  flat  margin.     Carpels  with  5  nearly  obsolete  ribs.     Inter- 
vals with  single  vittoe ;    commissure  with  2  or  none.     Carpophore  2- 
parted.    Seeds  flat.    Involucre  and  involucels  few-leaved  ;  or  none.    y. 

P.  SATIVA  (Parsnip). — Roots  fleshy,  stem  smooth  ;  leaves  pinnately  di- 
vided, slightly  pubescent,  especially  beneath  ;  leaflets  ovate,  or  oblong ;  um- 
bels large,  on  long  peduncles  ;  flowers  yellow  ;  fruit  oval.  Common  in  cul- 
tivation, and  also  naturalized  in  waste  places.  Stem  3-5  feet  high.  July- 
September.  @ 

11.  Heracleum. — Calyx  with  5  small,  distinct  teeth.     Petals  ob- 
cordate,  with  an  inflexed  point,  in  the  exterior  flowers  deeply  2-cleft. 
Fruit  compressed,  flat,  with  broad,  flat  margins.     Carpels  with  3  ob- 
tuse dorsal  ribs.     Seeds  flat.     Involucre  caducous,  mostly  few-leaved. 
Involucels  many-leaved,     if 

H.  LANATUM. — Stem  branching,  hollow,  pubescent ;  leaves  very  large  and 
broad  ;  leaflets,  petiolate,  cordate  ;  lobes  acuminate  ;  flowers  white,  in  very 
large  umbels  ;  segments  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  deciduous,  those  of  the 
involucels  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  fruit  nearly  orbicular.  A  rank  plant,  4-8 
feet  high,  in  meadows.  June. 

12.  Daucus. — Calyx-margin  5-toothed.      Petals  obovate,  emargi- 
nate,  with  an  inflexed  point.     Fruit  ovoid,  or  oblong.     Carpels  with  5 
primary  ribs,  3  dorsal  and  2  on  the  flat  commissure,  and  4  secondary 


236  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

ribs,  the  latter  more  prominent,  winged,  and  each  bearing  a  single 
row  of  prickles,  with  single  vittse  beneath.  Carpophore  entirely 
free.  ® 

D.  CAROTA  (Carrot}.  —  Stem  hispid,  branching;  leaves  bi-  or  tri-pinnati- 
fid  ;  segments  pinnatifid  ;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  linear  ;  leaflets  of  the  invo- 
lucre pinnatifid  ;  flowers  white,  sometimes  yellowish  ;  the  central  flower  in 
each  umbellet  abortive,  rose-colored.  Root  conical.  Common  in  cultiva- 
tion. "  July. 

13.  Osmorhiza.  —  Calyx-margin  obsolete.     Petals  oblong,  entire  ; 
the  cuspidate  point  inflexed.     Styles  conical  at  base.     Fruit  very  long, 
linear,  clavate,  attenuate  at  base.     Carpels  with  5  acute,  bristly  ribs. 
Intervals  without  vittse.     Commissure  with  a  deep  bristly  channel,     y. 

O.  BREVISTYLIS  (Hairy  Cicely).  —  Stem  erect,  branching;  leaves  biter- 
nately  divided  ;  segments  pinnatifid,  hairy  ;  flowers  white  ;  fruit  somewhat 
tapering,  with  the  persistent  styles  at  length  converging.  In  woods,  1-3 
feet  high.  May-June. 

14.  Conium.  —  Calyx-margin  "obsolete.      Petals  obcordate,  with  a 
short  inflexed  point.     Fruit  ovate,  with  compressed  sides.      Carpels 
with  5  prominent,  equal,  undulate-crenulate  ribs  ;  the  lateral  ones  mar- 
ginal.    Intervals  without  vittre.     Seeds  with  a  deep,  narrow  groove  in 
the  face.     ® 

C.  MACULATUM  (Poison  HemlocK).  —  Stem  smooth,  branching,  hollow, 
spotted  ;  leaves  decompound,  bipinnately  divided  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  pinnati- 
fid, with  acute  lobes  ;  involucel  of  3-5  unilateral  leaflets  ;  flowers  small, 
white,  in  terminal  umbels  ;  fruit  smooth.  A  poisonous  weed,  3-8  feet  high, 
in  waste  places.  July-  August. 

15.  Coriandrum.  —  Calyx  with  5  conspicuous  teeth.     Petals  obcor- 
date, inflexed  at  the  point  ;  outer  ones  much  larger,  bifid.     Fruit  glo- 
bose.    Carpels  cohering  together,  with  5  depressed,  primary  ribs,  and 
4  secondary,  more  prominent  ones.     Seeds  concave  on  the  face.     © 

C.  SATIVUM  (Coriander).  —  Glabrous  ;  leaves  bipinnately  divided  ;  lower 
ones  with  broad,  cuneate  segments  ;  upper  ones  with  linear  segments  ;  in- 
volucel 3-leaved,  unilateral  ;  flowers  white  ;  carpels  hemispherical.  A  gar- 
den plant,  2-3  feet  high. 


Order  XL.  —  ARALIACE^:  (Ginseng  Family]. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  compound  or  simple,  exstipu- 
late.  Flowers  in  umbels,  which  are  often  arranged  in  racemes 
or  panicles.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  with  a  small,  entire,  or 
5-toothed  limb.  Petals  5-10,  very  rarely  wanting,  inserted  in  a 
disk  which  crowns  the  ovary.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals, 


CORNACEsE.  237 

alternate  with  them,  Ovaiy  2-i5-celled,  with  I  ovule  in  each  cell. 
Styles  erect,  connivrent,  as  many  as  the  cells.  Fruit  drupaceous, 
or  baccate. 

{Leaves  compound — Aralia. 
•t 
Leaves  simple — Hedera. 

I.  Aralia. —  Calyx-limb  5-toothed  or  entire,  short.  Petals  5, 
f  preading.  Stamens  5,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Styles  5,  at  length 
diverging.  Fruit  baccate,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-seeded.  if. 

1.  A.  RACEMOSA  (Spikenard}. — Stem  smooth,  herbaceous;  leaves  decom- 
pound, 3~5-parted  ;    each  division  with  3-5  ovate  leaflets ;    umbels  small, 
numerous,  arranged  in  branching,  compound  racemes,  forming  panicles  on 
axillary  peduncles  ;  flowers  small,  greenish  white  ;  fruit  small,  dark  purple. 
In  rich,  rocky  woodlands,  3-6  feet  high.     July. 

2.  A.    NUDICAULIS  (Sarsaparilla). — Nearly  acaulescent ;    leaf  radical, 
solitary,  on  a  long,  3-cleft  petiole  ;  each  division  pinnately  3-5  foliate  ;  leaf- 
ets  oval  or  obovate,  sharply  serrate  ;  scape  naked,  baaring  3  simple,  pedun- 
culate umbels  ;  flowers  small,  greenish ;  root  long,  creeping,  aromatic.     In 
rich  woods,  with  a  scape  i  foot  high.     May- June. 

3.  A.  TRIFOLIUM  (Dwarf  Ginseng], — Root  globose  ;  leaves  3,  verticil- 
late,   3~5-foliate ;    leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,   subsessile  ;    peduncle 
nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  flowers  white,  on  short  pedicels  ;  styles  3  ; 
berries  3-seeded.     In  low  woods,  3'-6'  high.     May. 

2.  Hedera. — Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  dilated  at  base.  Berry  5- 
seeded,  surrounded  by  the  persistent  calyx.  Evergreen,  if. 

H.  HELIX  (English  Ivy). — Stem  and  branches  long  and  flexible,  attaching 
themselves  to  the  earth,  walls,  or  trees,  by  numerous  rootlets ;  leaves  dark 
green,  smooth,  petiolate,  with  white  veins  ;  lower  ones  5-lobed  ;  upper 
ovate  ;  flowers  green,  in  numerous  umbels,  arranged  in  corymbs ;  berry  black. 
A  climbing,  shrubby  plant,  in  cultivation. 

Order  XLI. — CORNACE.E  (Cornel  Family]. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  simple.  Flowers  small ;  calyx  united 
to  the  i-2-celled  ovary.  Petals  valvate  in  bud.  Style  i.  Fruit 
a  drupe  or  berry. 

I.  Cornus. — Calyx-limb  4-toothed,  with  minute  segments.  Petals 
4,  oblong,  spreading.  Stamens  4,  with  filiform  filaments.  Style  i. 
Drupes  baccate.  Trees,  shrubs,  and  perennial  herbs. 

i.  C.  FLORIDA  (Boxwood}. — Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  entire ;  flowers 
small,  greenish-yellow,  surrounded  by  a  large  4-leaved  involucre,  the  segments 
of  which  are  obcordate,  with  a  callous  point  at  apex,  white  and  showy,  often 
tinged  with  red  ;  drupes  oval,  bright  red.  A  tree  15-30  feet  high.  May~ 


238  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

2.  C.  CANADENSIS  (Low  Cornel). — Herbaceous ;  flowering  stems  low, 
simple,  erect ;  rhizoma  creeping,  somewhat  woody ;  upper  leaves  about  6, 
somewhat  verticillate,  oval,  acute  ;  involucre  4-leaved,  much  larger  than  the 
flowers ;  leaflets  broad-ovate,  greenish-white,  petaloid,  inclosing  the  umbel 
of  greenish-yellow  flowers ;  drupes  red,  baccate,  rather  large,  and  of  a 
sweetish  taste.  In  damp  woods,  4-6'  high.  May-June. 


SUPERIOR  MONOPETALOUS  EXOGENS. 
Order  XLIL — CAPRIFOLIACE^E  {Honeysuckle  Family). 

Shrubs,  often  climbing,  rarely  herbs.  Leaves  opposite.  Stip- 
ules none.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary;  limb  4-5-cleft. 
Corolla  regular,  or  irregular ;  limb  4~5-lobed.  Stamens  4-5,  al- 
ternate with  the  corolla-segments  when  equaling  them  in  num- 
ber. Ovary  3-5-celled.  Style  I .  Fruit  always  crowned  with  the 
persistent  calyx-teeth.  Seeds  pendulous. 


f  Corolla 


CAPRIFOLIACE.E.  \ 


f  Trailing,  evergreen — Linn<za. 
5-  -I 


Herbs- 

(^  Erect,  not  evergreen — Triosteum. 
tubular — 

f  2-seeded  berry — Symj>horicarpus. 
Shrubs—  \ 

\  Several-seeded  \>erry—Lonicera. 

f  Leaves  simple — Viburnum. 
L  Corolla  rotate —  •< 

[  Leaves  pinnate — Sambucus. 

I.  Lonicera. — Calyx-limb  with  5  short  teeth.  Corolla  tubular  or 
funnel-form,  with  a  5-cleft,  usually  quite  irregular  limb.  Stamens  5. 
Ovary  2-3-celled.  Berry  few-seeded,  y. 

1.  L.    SEMPERVIRENS  (Trumpet  Honeysuckle). — Leaves  oblong,  ever- 
green, pale  beneath,  upper  pairs  connate  ;  flowers  in  whorls,  almost  regular, 
ventricose  above,  scarlet  without  and  yellow  within,  nearly  2'  long,  inodor- 
ous.    A  climbing  evergreen,  in  cultivation.     May-August. 

2.  L.  CAPRIFOLIUM  (Italian  Honeysuckle}. — Leaves  deciduous,  the  upper 
pair  connate ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  whorl ;  corolla  ringent,  varying  through 
red,  yellow,  and  white,  very  fragrant.     Cultivated  species.     June-August. 

2.  Triosteum. — Calyx-limb  with  5  linear,  foliaceous,  persistent 
teeth.  Corolla  tubular  ;  limb  with  5  subequal  lobes.  Stigma  capitate. 
Fruit  dry,  drupaceous.  Seeds  3-angled,  bony.  24 

T.  PERFOLIATUM  (Feverworf). — Herbaceous ;  stem  hollow,  pubescent, 
simple  ;  leaves  ovate,  entire,  connate,  pubescent ;  flowers  sessile,  in  verticils 
of  5-8 ;  corolla  viscid-pubescent,  dull  purple,  with  a  curved  tube  ;  fruit  some- 
what 3-sided,  orange-colored  when  ripe.  A  coarse,  hairy  plant,  2-3  feet 
high.  June. 


CAPRIFOLIACE^E.  239 

3.  Symphoricarpus. — Calyx-tube  globose  ;  limb  with  4-5  persist- 
ent teeth.     Corolla  bell-shaped.     Stamens  4-5,  inserted  on  the  corolla. 
Berry  globose,  4-celled,  2-seeded  ;  2  cells  abortive,     y. 

S.  RACEMOSUS  (Snow-berry},— Leaves  oval,  often  undulate  at  the  margin, 
mostly  smooth,  paler  beneath,  on  short  petioles  ;  flowers  in  terminal,  loose, 
interrupted,  and  somewhat  leafy  racemes ;  corolla  densely  bearded  within, 
rose-colored  ;  stamens  and  style  included  ;  berries  large,  roundish.  In  culti- 
vation. June-September. 

4.  Linnaea. — Calyx-limb  deciduous,  with  5  subulate  teeth.    Corolla 
campanulate  ;  limb  with  5  nearly  equal  lobes.     Stamens  4,  2  longer 
than  the  other  2.     Berry  3-celled,  dry,  indehiscent,  i-seeded,  with  2 
abortive  cells.     2f 

L.  BOREALIS  ( Twin  -flower).  —  Evergreen  ;  stems  filiform,  creeping, 
branching  and  rooting  through  their  whole  length ;  leaves  small,  round- 
ish, crenate,  with  short  petioles  and  a  few  scattered  hairs  ;  peduncles  erect, 
filiform  ;  corolla  rose-colored,  of  a  deeper  hue  inside.  In  moist  woods. 
June. 

5.  Sambucus. — Calyx  with  5  minute  or  obsolete  teeth.     Corolla 
with  5  spreading  segments.     Stamens  .5.     Stigmas  3.     Berry  globose, 
pulpy,  3-seeded.     21 

1.  S.  CANADENSIS  (Elder). — Stem  shrubby  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  5-11, 
oblong  or  oval,  serrate,  smooth  ;  cyme  flat,  5-parted  ;  flowers  white,  very 
numerous,  with  a  rather  oppressive  odor  ;  berry  dark  purple,  juicy.     Shrub, 
in  waste  grounds,  6-10  feet  high.     May- July. 

2.  S.  PUBENS  (Red-berried  Elder}. — Stem  shrubby,  with  a  warted  bark  ; 
leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  5-7,  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate,  and  with  the  petiole 
pubescent  beneath ;  cymes  densely  panicled,  or  pyramidal ;  flowers  white  ; 
fruit  scarlet,  small.     May-June. 

6.  Viburnum. — Calyx  persistent,  5-toothed.    Corolla  with  5  obtuse, 
spreading   segments.     Stamens    5.     Stigmas   3.     Fruit  a   i-celled,   I- 
seeded  drupe. 

1.  V.  OPULUS  (Cranberry-Tree}. — Leaves  chiefly  3-lobed,  rounded,  rarely 
tapering  at  base  ;  dentate  ;  cymes  pedunculate  ;  fruit  ovoid,  red,  acid.     A 
handsome  shrub  of  erect  growth. 

2.  V.   ACERIFOLIUM    (Maple-leaved    Viburnum). — Leaves  3-veined,   3- 
lobed,   somewhat    cordate   at    base,   sharply  serrate,    pubescent   beneath ; 
petioles  and  young  branches  pubescent ;  cymes  on  long  peduncles,  flat ; 
fruit    oval,    compressed ;    flowers   dull    white.      A    shrub    4-6  feet  high. 
June. 

3.  V.  LENTAGO  (Sweet  Viburnum}. — Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  finely  and 
sharply  serrate  ;  petioles  long ;  flowers  white,  in  broad  cymes  ;  berries  oval, 
finally  black  and  edible,  with  a  sweetish  taste.     A  handsome  shrub  or  small 
tree,  10-15  ^eet  high.     May-June. 

12 


RUBIACE^E. 


240  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

4.  V.  DENTATUM  (Arrow-wood). — Smooth  ;  leaves  roundish -ovate,  sharp- 
ly and  coarsely  serrate,  with  very  prominent  veins ;  flowers  small,  white,  in 
smooth  cymes  ;  fruit  small,  roundish,  dark  blue.  A  common  shrub,  6-10 
feet  high.  June-July. 

Order  XLIII. — RUBIACE^E  (Madder  Family]. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  sometimes  verticil- 
late,  entire.  Stipules  present,  interpetiolar,  sometimes  taking  the 
size  and  appearance  of  leaves.  Calyx-tube  more  or  less  adherent 
to  the  ovary.  Limb  3~5-cleft,  sometimes  obsolete.  Corolla  regu- 
lar, 3~5-lobed.  Stamens  equaling  the  number  of  the  corolla- 
lobes,  alternate  with  them,  inserted  in  the  tube.  Ovary  2-5-celled. 
Style  entire,  or  partially  divided.  Fruit  of  various  forms. 

Leaves  whorled,  without  stipules — Galium. 

(Ovary -cells  one-seeded — Mitchella. 
Ovary-cells    many-seeded— Hous- 
tonia. 

Shrubs  or  trees — Cephalanthus. 

I.  Galium. — Calyx  minute,  with  3-4  teeth.  Corolla  rotate,  3-4- 
cleft.  Stamens  3-4,  short.  Styles  2.  Fruit  of  2  united  i-seeded,  in- 
dehiscent  capsules.  Stem  4-angled.  •% 

1.  G.  ASPRELLUM  (Rough  Cleavers}. — Stem  weak,  very  branching,  prick- 
ly backward,  supporting  itself  by  its  prickles  ;  leaves  in  verticels  of  about  6 
on  the  main  stems,  and  4  on  the  branches,  oblong-lanceolate  ;  flowers  numer- 
ous, minute,  white ;  fruit  mostly  smooth.     In  low  grounds,  4-6  feet  high. 
July. 

2.  G.  TRIFIDUM  (Goose-grass}. — Stem  slender,  decumbent,  or  nearly 
erect,  weak,  rough  backward ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  4-6,  oblong-linear,  with 
rough  margins  ;  peduncles  i-3-flowered  ;  pedicels  slender ;  flowers  white,  the 
parts  mostly  in  3's,  minute  ;  fruit  smooth.     In  wet  grounds,  4'-i8'  high. 
June- A  ugust. 

3.  G.  TRIFLORUM  (Three-flowered  Cleavers}.— Stem  weak,  procumbentt 
rough  backward  on  the  angles  ;  leaves  mostly  in  6's,  oval-lanceolate,  mucro- 
nate  ;  peduncles  3-flowered  ;  flowers  pedicellate,  greenish  ;  fruit  hispid.     Ir. 
moist  woods,  1-3  feet  long.     July. 

2.  Mitchella. — Flowers  in  pairs,  with  united  ovaries.  Calyx  4- 
parted.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  bearded  within,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4. 
Stigmas  4.  P'ruit  a  baccate  drupe,  y 

M.  REPENS  (Partridge-berry). — Evergreen  ;  stem  creeping  ;  leaves  dark 
green,  roundish-ovate,  opposite  ;  flowers  white,  or  tinged  with  rose,  fragrant, 
2  together,  on  a  double  ovary  ;  berries  small,  bright  red,  edible  but  dry. 
Creeping  plant  in  woods.  June- July. 


DIPSACE^— COMPOSITE.  241 

3.  Houstonia. — Calyx  4-parted,  persistent,  inserted  on  the  corolla. 
Stigmas  2.     Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded.     •# 

H.  CCERULEA  (Bluets,  Innocence). — Smooth ;  stem  slender,  dichoto- 
mous  ;  radical  leaves  spatulate  ;  peduncles  long,  filiform,  i-2-flowered  ;  corolla 
pale  blue,  fading  to  white,  with  a  yellow  base,  somewhat  salver-form.  Little 
plant,  z'-S'  high,  in  moist  grounds.  April-September. 

4.  Cephalanthus. — Calyx-limb  4-toothed.     Corolla  tubular,  slen- 
der, 4-toothed.     Stamens  4.     Style  filiform,  much  exserted.     Stigma 
capitate.     % 

C.  OCCIDENTALIS  (Button-busK). — Leaves  oval,  entire,  smooth,  acute, 
petiolate ;  flowers  in  large,  globose  heads,  white.    Common  in  wet  grounds. 
July. 

Order  XLIV.— DIPSACE^E. 

Herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  or  verticillate,  sessile.  Stipules  none. 
Flowers  in  dense  involucrate  heads.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the 
ovary.  Limb  somewhat  campanulate,  sometimes  taking  the  form 
of  a  pappus.  Corolla  tubular,  with  a  4-5-lobed,  slightly  irregular 
limb.  Stamens  4,  distinct,  rarely  united  in  pairs,  often  unequal, 
inserted  on  the  corolla.  Ovary  I -celled,  containing  I  ovule.  Fruit 
a  bony  achenium. 

Dipsacus. — Flowers  in  heads.  Involucre  many-leaved.  Calyx- 
tube  adhering  to  the  ovary.  Corolla  tubular,  4-cleft.  Stamens  4. 
Fruit  i-seeded,  crowned  with  the  calyx.  %. 

D.  SYLVESTRIS  (Teazel}. — Prickly ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  opposite  ; 
heads  cylindrical ;  bent  inward  ;  bracts  terminating  in  a  long,  straight  awn  ; 
flowers  blue.    A  prickly  plant,  2-4  feet  high.     July. 

Order  XLV. — COMPOSITE. 

Herbs,  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  or  opposite,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  arranged  in  dense  heads,  on  a  common  recep- 
tacle, and  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  bracts ;  the  separate 
flowers  often  with  chaffy  bracteoles  somewhat  like  a  calyx.  Calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  limb  obsolete,  or  present,  and  assum- 
ing the  various  forms  of  bristles,  hairs,  scales,  and  is  termed  pap- 
pus. Corolla  ligulate,  or  tubular,  often  5-cleft,  and  rarely  wanting. 
Stamens  5,  their  anthers  united  in  a  tube.  Ovary  i -celled,  i- 
ovuled.  Style  2-cleft,  Fruit  a  dry,  indehiscent  achenium  crowned 
with  the  pappus. 


242 


SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY, 


jads  erect  —  Liatris. 
2ads  nodding  —  Senecitf. 

rtemisia. 
>olly  herbs  —  Gnaphalium. 

5  —  Antennaria. 

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'  |  No  burr—  Ambrosia, 
s. 

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ling  herbs  —  Mikania. 

ll 

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felianthus. 
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COMPOSITE.  243 

I.  Eupatorium. — Heads  3  to  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical, 
imbricate.  Receptacle  flat.  Style  much  exserted.  Pappus  simple,  rough- 
ish.  Achenia  5-angled.  •# 

1.  E.  PURPUREUM  {Trumpet-weed}. — Stem  tall,  simple;  leaves  broad- 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  veiny,  rough,  toothed,  3-6  in  a  whorl ;  heads  5-10- 
flowered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  purplish,  numerous,  closely  imbricated  in 
several  rows  of  unequal  length  ;  flowers  light  purple,  in  dense  compound 
corymbs.     Low  ground,  2-10  feet  high.    August-September. 

2.  E.  PERFOLIATUM  (Bonesef). — Stem  erect,  stout,  rough,  hairy;  leaves 
lanceolate,  connate-perfoliate ;  heads  white,  about  i2-flowered,  in  a  flat- 
topped,  pubescent  corymb  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate.    In  low 
grounds.     August-September. 

2.  Mikania. — Involucre  about  4-leaved.    Heads  with  about  4  flow- 
ers.    Receptacle  naked.    Pappus  simple,  capillary,  roughish.    Achenia 
5-angled.     y. 

M.  SCANDENS  (Climbing  Mikania). — Smooth  ;  stem  climbing ;  leaves  op- 
posite, cordate  ;  heads  in  numerous,  axillary,  pedunculate  corymbs  ;  flowers 
pale  pink  or  flesh-color.  In  wet  thickets.  August-September. 

3.  Liatris. — Heads  few  to  many-flowered.     Involucres  imbricate, 
with  appressed  scales.    Pappus  abundant,  more  or  less  plumose.    Ache- 
nia tapering  at  base.     Styles  much  exserted.     y 

L.  SCARIOSA  (Blazing  Star). — Stem  erect,  simple,  rough  ;  lower  leaves 
lanceolate,  on  long  petioles ;  upper  ones  linear,  and  smaller ;  heads  large, 
purple,  2o~4o-flowered,  in  a  long,  terminal  raceme  ;  involucre  somewhat 
hemispherical ;  scales  obovate,  very  obtuse,  with  scarious  and  often  purplish 
tips.  In  dry,  sandy  soils,  2-4  feet  high.  August-September. 

4.  Tussilago. — Heads  many-flowered.     Ray-flowers    narrow,    in 
many  rows,  pistillate.     Disk-flowers  few,  staminate.     Involucre  mostly 
simple.     Receptacle  naked,  flat.     Pappus  capillary,     y. 

T.  FARFARA  (Coifs-foot}. — Acaulescent ;  rhizoma  creeping ;  leaves  large, 
cordate,  angular,  toothed ;  scapes  simple,  i-flowered,  scaly,  preceding  the 
leaves  ;  flowers  yellow,  with  numerous,  very  narrow  rays.  April. 

5.  Aster. — Heads  many-flowered.     Involucre-scales  generally  im- 
bricated, often  with  herbaceous  tips.     Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  in 
a  single  row.     Disk -flowers  tubular,  perfect.     Receptacle  flat,  alveo- 
late.    Pappus  simple,  capillary.     Achenia  usually  compressed,     y. 

1.  A.  CORYMBOSUS  (Corymbed  Aster}. — Stem  slender,  flexuous,  smooth, 
with  pubescent  branches  ;  leaves  ovate,  sharply  and  irregularly  serrate,  nearly 
smooth ;  lower  and  radical  ones  cordate  ;  uppermost  ovate-lanceolate,  ses- 
sile ;  petioles  naked  ;  involucre  of  closely  appressed,  obtuse  scales  ;  rays  6-9, 
narrow.     Dry  woods  and  thickets.     August. 

2.  A.  MACROPHYLLUS  (Large-leaved  Aster).— Stem  stout,  branched,  not 
flexuous  ;  leaves  rough,  finely  serrate  ;  lower  ones  large,  cordate,  on  long 


244  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

petioles  ;  upper  ones  ovate  or  oblong,  sessile,  or  on  winged  petioles ;  heads 
in  large,  flat  corymbs ;  rays  12-15,  white  or  bluish  ;  involucre  with  oblong, 
acute  scales.  In  woods,  1-2  feet  high.  August-September, 

3.  A.  CORDIFOLIUS  (Heart-leaved  Aster). — Stem  erect,  mostly  smooth, 
with  many  divaricate  branches  above  ;  leaves  cordate,  sharply  serrate  ;  heads 
racemed  on  the  branches  ;  rays  10-15,  Pale  blue  ;  involucre-scales  appressed, 
with  short  green  tips.     In  rocky  woods,  2  feet  high. 

4.  A.  UNDULATUS  ( Variable  Aster}. — Pubescent  and  somewhat  hairy  ; 
stem  erect,  panicled  above  ;  lower  leaves  cordate,  on  winged  petioles ;  upper 
ones  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  undulate  or  slightly  serrate,  on  short,  broadly 
margined  petioles  ;  all  somewhat  rough  above,  pubescent  beneath ;  heads 
solitary,  in  somewhat  unilateral  racemes,  arranged  in  a  terminal  panicle  ; 
rays  pale  blue.     In  dry  woods  and  thickets.     August-September. 

5.  A.  PATENS  (Spreading  Aster}. — Pubescent  and  somewhat  rough  ;  stem 
branching  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  or  oblong,  sessile,  cordate,  and  clasping  the 
stem  at  base,  rough  above  and  on  the  margin,  entire  ;  heads  large,  with  very 
showy  violet-purple  rays,  solitary,  on  leafy  branchlets,  forming  a  loose,  termi- 
nal panicle  ;  involucre-scales  lanceolate,  with  spreading,  green  tips  ;  achenia 
silky.     In  dry  fields,  2-3  feet  high.     August-October. 

6.  A.  L^EVIS  (Smooth  Aster). — Very  smooth  and  often  glaucous  ;  stem 
angular;  leaves  lanceolate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  fleshy,  mostly 
entire  ;  the  upper  ones  somewhat  cordate,  or  auriculate  at  base  ;  the  lower 
and  radical  ones  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole  ;  involucre-scales  with  broad- 
linear,  appressed,  green  tips ;  heads  large  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  with 
bright  blue,  showy  rays,  forming  a  terminal  panicle.     In  low  grounds,  2-3 
feet  high.     September-November. 

7.  A.  PUNICEUS  (Rough  Aster). — Stem  erect,  very  branching,  pubescent, 
rough,  paniculate  above  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  auriculate,  and  clasping  at  base, 
slightly  serrate,  pubescent ;  heads  large,  with  very  numerous  and  narrow, 
pale-purple  rays,  showy,  forming  a  very  large  and  leafy  panicle  ;  involucre- 
scales  narrow-linear,  long  and  revolute  in  2  rows.    Swamps  and  low  grounds. 
September-  October. 

8.  A.  NOV^E  ANGLIC  (New  England  Aster}. — Stem  stout,  hispid,  pa- 
niculate above ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  auriculate  and  clasping  at 
base,  somewhat  pubescent,  thickly  clothing  the  stem  ;   heads  large,  with 
numerous,  deep-purple  rays,  somewhat  paniculately  corymbose.     In  moist 
grounds.     September. 

9.  A.  TRADESCANTI  (Narrow-leaved  Aster). — Nearly  or  quite  smooth; 
stem  terete,  with  virgate,  erect,  spreading,  or  diverging  branches  ;    leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  commonly  serrate  in  the  middle,  the  others 
entire ;  heads  very  numerous,  rather  small,  mostly  with  rays,  densely  race- 
mose on  the  branches ;    involucre-scales  narrow-linear.     In  moist  fields. 
August-October. 

10.  A.  MULTIFLORUS  (Many-lowered  Aster}. — Pubescent  and  some- 
what rough  ;  stem  very  branching ;  leaves  linear,  crowded  on  the  stem,  en- 
tire, sessile,  those  of  the  branches  much  smaller  ;   heads  small',  with  white 
rays,  very  numerous,  densely  racemose  on  the  spreading  branches  ;  involucre- 


COMPOSITE. 


245 


scales  linear-spatulate,  with  spreading,  green  tips.     Dry  soils,  2  feet  high. 
September. 

6.  Erigeron. —  Heads  many-flowered,   somewhat   hemispherical. 
Rays  narrow,  very  numerous,  pistillate.     Disk-flowers  perfect.     Recep- 
tacle flat,  naked. 

1.  E.  PHILADELPHICUM  (Purple  Fleabane}. — Hairy  ;  stem  slender,  leafy ; 
leaves  thin,  oblong,  clasping  at  base,  mostly  entire  ;  heads  with  exceedingly 
numerous   and  narrow,  reddish-purple,  or  flesh-colored   rays,  broadly  co- 
rymbed  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.     In  fields,  7-3  feet  high.    June-August. 

2.  E.  ANNUUM  (Daisy  Fleabane}. — Stem  tall,  furrowed,  rough,  pubes- 
cent, branching ;  leaves  hairy,  closely  serrate,  the  lowest  ovate ;  upper  ones 
ovate-lanceolate,  crowded,   acute,  tapering  at  base,  sessile,  the  uppermost 
lanceolate ;  heads  large,  with  very  numerous,  narrow,  and  short  white  rays 
tinged  with  purple,  corymbose  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.     A  tall  plant, 
growing  as  a  weed  in  fields  and  waste  places.     Very  common.     August. 

3.  E.    CANADENSE   (Fleabane).  —  Hairy ;    stem   erect,   furrowed,   with 
numerous  short  branches ;    leaves  linear-lanceolate,  radical  ones  incised ; 
heads  very  numerous,  small,  with  numerous  white  rays  scarcely  longer  than 
the  involucre,  racemose  on  the  branches.     In  waste  places,  6'-6  feet  high. 
July-October. 

7.  Dahlia. — Heads  many-flowered.     Disk-flowers  pistillate.      In- 
volucre double.     Outer  scales,  double  series.     Receptacle  chaffy.     No 
pappus.     2f 

D.  VARIABILIS.  (Dahlia). — Stem  smooth,  green  ;  leaves  pinnate,  oppo- 
site ;  leaflets  about  5,  ovate ;  outer  involucre  reflexed.  Very  common  in 
cultivation. 

8.  Solidago. —  Heads  few  or  many-flowered.  Disk-flowers  per- 
fect.    Involucre  with  imbricated,  appressed  scales.  Receptacle  small. 
Pappus  simple,  capillary.     Achenia  nearly  round.  Heads,  with  I  ex- 
ception, yellow.     it 

1.  S.    BICOLOR   (White-rayed  Golden-rod}. — Pubescent;    stem  mostly 
simple  ;  leaves  oblong,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;  lower  ones 
oval  and  petiolate,  slightly  serrate  ;  heads  in  numerous,  erect,  densely  flow- 
ered, axillary,  racemose  clusters,  forming  a  long,  terminal,  interrupted  spike  ; 
involucre-scales  ovate,  obtuse ;  rays  short,  pale  cream-color,  or  white,  about 
8  in  number.     Dry  fields  and  woods.     August-September. 

2.  S.  GIGANTEA  (Large  Golden-rod}. — Stem  stout,  smooth  ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate,  nearly  or  quite  smooth  on  both  sides,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate, 
tapering  and  entire  at  base,  and  ciliate  on  the  margin  ;  panicles  large,  with 
pubescent  branches.     In  low  grounds,  4-6  feet  high.     August-October. 

3.  S.  ODORA  (Spicy  Golden-rod). — Nearly  or  quite  smooth  ;  stem  slender, 
erect,  or  reclined  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  shining  above,  very  smooth, 
fragrant,  with  pellucid  dots  ;  heads  small,  with  3-4  rays,  in  short,  spreading 
racemes,  forming  rather  small,  unilateral  panicles.     July-September. 


246  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

4.  S.  ARGUTA  (Sharp-toothed  Golden-rod}.— Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  thick, 
furrowed  ;  leaves  sharply  serrate,  with  diverging  teeth,  acuminate,  tapering 
at  base ;  lower  and  radical  ones  oval-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  attenuate  to 
marginal  and  ciliate  petioles  ;  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  or  oblong,  the  highest 
entire. 

9.  Inula. — Heads   many-flowered,    involucre    imbricated.       Rays 
numerous  in  one  row.     Disk-flowers  perfect.     Receptacle  naked.     Pap- 
pus capillary,     y. 

HELENIUM.  —  Stem  stout;  leaves  ovate,  serrate;  heads  very  large, 
solitary,  terminating  the  branches  ;  rays  linear,  light  yellow,  2-3-toothed  at 
apex;  involucre-scales  ovate,  foliaceous.  Common  by  roadsides,  4-6  feet 
high.  July-August. 

10.  Helianthus. — Heads   many-flowered.      Rays   neutral.     Disk- 
flowers  perfect.     Involucre-scales  imbricated  in  several  rows.      Chaff 
persistent  with  the  4-sided,  laterally  compressed  achenia.     Pappus  of 
2  deciduous,  chaffy  awns.     y 

1.  H.  ANNUUS  (Sunflower). — Leaves  cordate,  petiolate,  3- veined,  the  low- 
est opposite  the  others,  alternate  ;  heads  very  large,  on  nodding  peduncles ; 
rays  numerous,  broad,  bright  yellow.     In  cultivation,  8-10  feet  high.     July- 
September. 

2.  H.   DECAPETALUS   (Ten-rayed  Sunflower).—  Stem  tall,   branching, 
rough  above,  smooth  below  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  ser- 
rate, 3-veined,  of  the  same  color  on  both  sides,  abrupt  at  base,  with  winged 
petioles  ;  heads  rather  large,  with  about  10  pale-yellow  rays  ;  involucre-scales 
linear-lanceolate,  spreading.     Along  river-banks,  2-5  feet  high.      August- 
September. 

3.  H.    DIVARICATUS   (Slender  Sunflower}. —  Stem  smooth,   simple,  or 
sparingly  branched  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  3-veined,  sessile,  ser- 
rate, rough  above  ;  heads  small,  few,  somewhat  corymbose  ;  involucre-scales 
lanceolate,  acuminate.     In  dry  grounds,  2-5  feet  high.     August-September. 

11.  Achillea. — Heads  many-flowered.     Rays  5-10,  pistillate.     In- 
volucre with  imbricate,  unequal  scales.     Receptacle  flat,  chaffy.     Pap- 
pus none.     y. 

A.  MILLEFOLIUM  ( Yarrow}. — Stem  erect,  furrowed,  branching  above  ; 
leaves  alternate,  bi-pinnately  divided,  segments  linear,  toothed  or  lobed  ; 
heads  small,  numerous.,  in  dense,  flat,  terminal  corymbs  ;  rays  about  5,  short, 
white  (sometimes  rose-color)  ;  involucre  furrowed,  oblong.  In  fields,  i  foot 
high.  June-August. 

12.  Leucanthemum. — Heads  many-flowered.      Rays   numerous, 
pistillate.     Involucre  depressed,  flattish ;  scales  imbricated,  with  sca- 
rious   margins.       Receptacle   naked,    flat.     Achenia   striate.     Pappus 
none.     y. 

L.  VULGARE  (Ox-eye  Daisy). — Stem  erect,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched, 
furrowed.  Leaves  few  and  rather  small,  cut  pinnatifid,  incised  at  base ; 


COMPOSITE. 


24; 


heads  large,  solitary,  on  long,  naked,  furrowed  peduncles ;  rays  white  ;  disk 
yellow ;  involucre-scales  with  brownish  margins.     July-September. 

13.  Coreopsis. — Heads  many-flowered.     Rays  about  8  ;   neutral. 
Involucre   double.     Each   series   6-io-leaved.       Receptacle    flat   and 
chaffy.     Achenia  compressed,  emarginate,  2-avvned. 

C.  TINCTORIA  (Coreopsis). — Smooth;  stem  erect,  branching;  radical 
leaves  somewhat  bi-pinnate,  segments  oval,  entire  ;  cauline  ones  somewhat 
pinnate,  with  linear  segments  ;  heads  large,  numerous,  brilliant ;  rays  bright 
yellow,  brownish  purple  at  base ;  achenia  smooth.  In  cultivation,  1-3  feet 
high. 

14.  Bidens. — Heads   many-flowered.     Rays   neutral.      Involucre 
double.     Outer  series  large  and  foliaceous.     Receptacle  chaffy,  flat. 
Achenia  compressed,  or  slender  and  4-sided,  armed  with  2-4  rigid,  per- 
sistent awns.     © 

B.  FRONDOSA  (Beggar-Ticks).—  Smooth,  or  slightly  pubescent;  stem 
erect,  tall,  with  spreading  branches ;  leaves  pinnately  3-5  parted,  segments 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  mostly  petiolate ;  leaflets  of  the  outer  invo- 
lucre much  longer  than  the  flower,  ciliate  at  base ;  heads  discoid  ;  achenia 
flat,  cuneate-obovate,  2-awned,  with  rough  margins.  A  troublesome  weed 
in  moist  grounds.  July-September. 

15.  Senecio. — Heads  many-flowered,  either  discoid,  with  tubular, 
perfect  flowers,  or  radiate,  with  pistillate  rays.     Involucre-scales  mostly 
in  a  single  ro\v.     Receptacle  flat,  naked.     Pappus  simple. 

1.  S.  VULGARIS  (Common  Groundsel). — Stem  erect,  branching,  angular, 
mostly  smooth  ;  leaves  pinnatifid,  toothed,  clasping  ;  radical  ones  petiolate  ; 
heads  discoid,   terminal,   yellow,   in  loose  corymbs,   nodding.      In  waste 
grounds,  15'  high. 

2.  S.  AUREUS  (Golden  Senecio}. — Mostly  smooth  ;  stem  furrowed,  erect, 
nearly  simple ;  radical  leaves  undivided  and  roundish,  mostly  cordate,  cre- 
nate,  on  long  petioles  ;  lower  cauline  ones  lyrate  ;  upper  lanceolate,  pinnati- 
fid, sessile  ;  heads  large,  showy,  with  golden-yellow  rays,  somewhat  umbel- 
late, in  flat,  terminal  corymbs  ;  involucre-scales  linear,  acute.     In  meadows, 
io'-2o'  high. 

1 6.  Artemisia. — Heads  discoid,  few,  or  many-flowered.     Flowers 
all  tubular.     Involucre-scales  imbricate,  dry  and  scarious  on  the  mar- 
gins.    Receptacle  flat,  naked,  or  slightly  hairy.     Achenia  with  a  small 
disk  at  summit.     Pappus  none. 

1.  A.  VULGARIS  (Mugworf). — Stem  erect ;  leaves  whitish  tomentose  be- 
neath ;    cauline  ones  pinnatifid,   with  linear-lanceolate,  entire,   or  incised 
lobes  ;  heads  few,  erect,  nearly  sessile,  purplish,  racemose,  forming  a  loose, 
leafy,  terminal  panicle  ;  involucre  tomentose.     Plant  2-3  feet  high.     July- 
August. 

2.  A.  ABSINTHIUM  (Wormwood). — Stem  erect,  furrowed,  very  branch- 


248  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

ing,  somewhat  shrubby,  covered  with  white,  silky  down  ;  leaves  bi-  or  in- 
pinnately  parted  ;  segments  lanceolate,  obtuse,  often  incised ;  heads  very 
numerous,  yellowish,  nodding,  racemose  on  the  branches,  forming  a  large, 
leafy  panicle.  August. 

17.  Gnaphalium. — Heads  many-flowered,  discoid  ;  outer  flower? 
pistillate  and  slender;  central  ones  perfect.      Involucre-scales  imbri- 
cated, scarious,  white   or   colored.     Receptacle   flat,  naked.     Pappus 
simple,  rough,  capillary. 

1.  G.    POLYCEPHALUM   (Life  Everlasting).  —  Stem  erect,   branching, 
covered  with  cottony  down  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  base,  ses- 
sile, white  downy  beneath,  nearly  smooth  above  ;  heads  in  dense  clusters  at 
the  summit  of  the  branches,  corymbose,  fragrant  ;  involucre-scales  ovate, 
acute,  whitish  ;  flowers  yellowish.     In  fields,  1-2  feet  high.    August-Sep- 
tember. 

2.  G.  ULIGINOSUM  (Cudweed}.— Woolly  ;  stem  low,  diffusely  branched  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  ;  heads  small,  in  sessile,  terminal,  crowded,  leafy 
clusters  ;    involucre-scales  oblong,  yellowish.     In  low  grounds,   3'-6'  high. 
A  ugust-September. 

18.  Antennaria. — Heads  many-flowered, dioecious  ;  pistillate  heads 
with  filiform  corollas.     Involucre-scales  imbricated,  scarious,  white  or 
colored.     Receptacle  not  chaffy.     Pappus  simple,  bristly.     y. 

1.  A.  MARGARITACEA  (Pearl  Everlasting). — Stem  erect,   leafy,   white- 
downy,  corymbose  above ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile  ;  heads  in  a  ter- 
minal, flat  corymb ;  involucre-scales  elliptic,  obtuse,  pearly  white ;  flowers 
yellowish.     In  fields  and  pastures,  1-2  feet  high.    August. 

2.  A.  PLANTAGINIFOLIA  (Mouse-ear  Everlasting). — Stoloniferous  ;  stem 
simple,  downy  ;  leaves  white  and  silky  when  young,  at  length  green  above 
and  hoary  beneath  ;  heads  small,  aggregate  in  a  dense,  terminal  corymb ; 
involucre-scales  mostly  white  ;  outer  ones  more  or  less  obtuse.     In  old  fields 
and  pastures,  3'-6'  high.     April-July. 

19.  Xanthium. — Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  different  heads  upon 
the  same  plant.    Sterile  involucre  imbricated  ;  receptacle  chaffy.    Fer- 
tile involucre  closed,  2-leaved,  covered  with  hooked  prickles,  2-flow- 
ered.     © 

X.  STRUMARIUM  (Clot-weed). — Stem  erect,  unarmed,  branching;  leaves 
cordate,  3~5-lobed,  dentate,  rough  ;  fruit  oval,  with  2  straight  beaks.  Stem 
2-4  feet  high.  August-September. 

20.  Ambrosia. — Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  different  heads  upon 
the  same  plant.     Sterile  involucre  hemispherical.     Staminate  flowers 
5   or  more,  funnel-form.     Fertile  involucre   i-leaved,   closed,  i-flow- 
ered.     © 

i.  A.  TRIFIDA  (Great  Rag-weed}. — Hairy,  rough;  stem  tall,  square, 
stout,  usually  branching ;  leaves  large,  opposite,  usually  3-lobed,  serrate ; 


COMPOSITE.  249 

sterile  flowers  in  long,  naked  racemes  ;  fertile  flowers  sessile  below,  each  with 
a  6-ribbed  involucre,  terminating  in  6  tubercles.  A  tall,  rank,  herbaceous 
plant.  In  low  grounds.  August. 

2.  A.  ARTEMISLEFOLIA  (Roman  Wormwood). — Stem  erect,  slender, 
branching,  more  or  less  hairy  ;  leaves  bipinnatifid,  nearly  smooth  above ; 
lower  ones  opposite,  upper  ones  alternate  ;  sterile  racemes  naked,  terminal, 
loosely  panicled ;  fertile  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 
Homely  weed,  2-4  feet  high.  August-September. 

21.  Iva. — Heads  discoid  ;  marginal  flowers  1-5,  pistillate,  with  a 
tubular  corolla.    Involucre-scales  few,  mostly  in  one  row.     Receptacle 
hairy.     Achenia  obovoid,  obtuse.     Pappus  none.     y. 

I.  FRUTESCENS  (Marsh  Elder.  Highwater  Shrub).—  Nearly  or  quite 
smooth  ;  stem  shrubby,  with  opposite  branches ;  leaves  oval  or  lanceolate, 
coarsely  serrate,  with  3  prominent  veins,  petiolate,  the  lower  ones  opposite, 
the  upper  alternate,  narrow  ;  heads  greenish-white,  on  short,  recurved  pedi- 
cels, in  long,  axillary  racemes,  arranged  in  a  long,  leafy,  terminal  panicle. 
Along  the  sea-shore,  3-6  feet  high.  August. 

22.  Centaurea. — Heads   many-flowered.      Flowers   all    tubular  ; 
marginal   ones  mostly  enlarged   and    sterile,   resembling   ray-flowers. 
Involucre  imbricate.     Receptacle  bristly.     © 

C.  CYANUS  (Bachelor's  Button). — Stem  erect,  branching,  downy  ;  leaves 
linear,  sessile,  downy ;  heads  solitary,  ovoid  ;  sterile  flowers  longer  than  the 
disk  ;  involucre-scales  fringed.  A  garden  annual.  July. 

23.  Cirsium. — Heads  discoid,  many-flowered.    Flowers  all  perfect. 
Involucre-scales  imbricated  in  many  rows.     Receptacle  bristly.     Pap- 
pus of  capillary,  plumose  bristles  in  a  ring.     Achenia  oblong,  com- 
pressed, smooth. 

1.  C.  ARVENSE  (Canada  Thistle). — Root  creeping;  stem  erect,  branch- 
ing; leaves  pinnatifid,  with  spiny  teeth,  smooth  or  somewhat  downy  beneath  ; 
heads  small,  light  purple,  numerous,  in  a  terminal,  loose  panicle  ;  involucre- 
scales  closely  appressed,  tipped  with  minute  spines.    A  weed,  spreading  rap- 
idly by  its  creeping  roots.     July. 

2.  C.  LANCEOLATUM  (Common  Thistle). — Stem  very  branching,  leafy; 
leaves  deeply  pinnatifid,  decurrent,  hispid  above,  white  and  woolly  beneath  ; 
heads  large,  numerous,  purple  ;  involucre-scales  spreading,  lanceolate,  tipped 
with  long  and  formidable  spines.     July-September. 

3.  C.  PUMILUM  (Pasture  Thistle). — Stem  very  stout,  hairy,  nearly  or 
quite  simple  ;  leaves  pinnatifid,  clasping  at  base,  green  on  both  sides ;  seg- 
ments variously  lobed  and  cut,  ciliate,  spinose ;  heads  very  large,  i'-3'  in 
diameter,  fragrant,  about  1-3  in  number,  purple,  rarely  whitish  ;  involucre- 
scales  spinous.     August. 

24.  Cichorium. — Heads  many-flowered.    Involucre  double  ;  outer 
of  5  short,  leafy  scales  ;  the  inner  of  8-10.     Receptacle  chaffy.     Pap- 
pus short,  chaffy.     Achenia  striate.      y 


250  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

C.  INTYBUS  (Succory).—  Stem  terete,  with  several  long,  nearly  simple 
branches ;  upper  ones  oblong  or  lanceolate,  more  or  less  clasping  at  base, 
slightly  dentate  or  entire,  small  and  inconspicuous  ;  heads  2-3  together,  axil- 
lary, sessile,  light  blue,  showy  ;  corolla  5-toothed.  July-September. 

25.  Leontodon. — Heads  many-flowered.     Involucre  scarcely  im- 
bricated, with  several  small  scales  at  base.     Receptacle  naked.     Pap- 
pus plumose,  persistent.     Achenia  striate,  somewhat  rostrate,     if 

L.  AUTUMNALIS  (Autumn  Dandelion}. — Acaulescent ;  scape  smooth, 
branching  ;  leaves  radical,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  ;  peduncles  scaly,  thickened 
upward ;  heads  yellow,  on  separate  peduncles,  resembling  somewhat  those 
of  the  dandelion.  July-November. 

26.  Lactuca. — Heads  several-flowered.     Involucre-scales  in  2  or 
more  rows.     Pappus  copious,  fugacious,  soft  and  capillary.     Achenia 
compressed,  with  long,  filiform  beaks. 

1.  L.  ELONGATA  ( Wild  Lettuce). — Stem  tall,  stout,  usually  leafy,  branch- 
ing above ;  leaves  smooth,  paler  beneath,  entire,  sessile  ;  heads  small,  nu- 
merous, racemose  on  the  branches,  forming  a  long,  naked  panicle  ;  corolla  yel- 
low, rarely  purple  ;  achenia  oval.     Plant,  abounding  in  a  milky  juice,  2-6 
feet  high.     In  rich,  moist  soils. 

2.  L.  SATIVA  (Garden  Lettuce}. — Stem  smooth,  branching,  corymbose 
above ;  leaves  more  or  less  orbicular,  very  smooth ;  cauline  ones  cordate  ; 
heads  numerous,  small,  yellow,  in  terminal  corymbs.    Universally  cultivated. 
June-July. 

27.  Hieracium. — Heads  many-flowered.     Involucre-scales  usually 
more  or  less  imbricate.     Achenia  striate,  oblong,  more  or  less  rostrate. 
Pappus  of  tawny,  fragile,  capillary  bristles,  in  a  single  row.     y. 

1.  H.  CANADENSE  (Canadian  Hawkweed}. — Stem  leafy,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  dentate  with  coarse  and  acute 
teeth,  sessile ;  heads  large,  on  hairy  peduncles,  forming  a  terminal,  panicu- 
late corymb  ;  involucre-scales  linear,  imbricated.     In  dry  woods,  1-2  feet  high. 
August. 

2.  H.  VENOSUM  (  Veiny  Haiukweed}.—  Mostly  acaulescent ;  stem  or  scape 
slender,  smooth,  often  with  i  or  2  leaves,  branching,  loosely  corymbose 
above  ;  radical  leaves  obovate,  sometimes  oblong,  nearly  entire,  on  very  short 
petioles,  hairy  above,  ciliate,  marked  with  purplish  veins  ;  heads  rather  small, 
solitary,  bright  yellow.     In  dry  woods,  1-2  feet  high.     July-August. 

3.  H.  SCABRUM  (Rough  Hawkweed*). — Stem  leafy,  nearly  simple,  rough, 
hairy  ;   leaves  hairy,  nearly  entire ;  lower  ones  obovate,  slightly  petiolate, 
upper  ones  oval,  sessile  ;  peduncle  thick,  glandular-hispid  ;  heads  4c-5o-flow- 
ered.     In  dry  soils,  15^24'  high. 

28.  Nabalus. — Involucre  cylindrical,  with  5-10  linear  scales  in  one 
row,  and  a  few  scales  at  base.     Receptacle  naked.     Pappus-bristles 
copious,  capillary,  brownish  or  straw-color,  in  two  series.     Achenia 
striate,  linear-oblong,  without  beaks.     •% 


CAMPANULA  CE&. 


251 


1.  N.  ALBUS  (White  Lettuce). — Stem  tall,  smooth,  somewhat  glaucous, 
corymbosely  paniculate  above  ;  leaves  angular-hastate,  often  3-5-lobed  ;  up- 
per ones  ovate,  dentate,  or  oblong,  entire  ;  involucre  purplish  ;  heads  8-12- 
flowered  in  nodding  racemes  ;  pappus  brownish.     In  woods,  2-4  feet  high. 
August, 

2.  N.  ALTISSIMUS  ( Tall  White  Lettuce]. — Smooth  ;  stem  slender,  tall ; 
leaves  triangular-ovate,  cordate,  petiolate,  variously  lobed  and  toothed  ;  peti- 
oles naked  or  margined  ;  involucre  of  5  greenish  scales  ;  heads  nodding,  5-6- 
flowered  in  racemes,  forming  a  long,  leafy,  virgate  panicle ;  pappus  dirty 
white  or  pale  straw-color.     In  woods,  3-6  feet  high.     August. 

V).  Taraxacum. — Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  double  ;  outer 
series  of  short  scales.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  oblong,  with  a  long, 
filiform  beak  crowned  with  the  white,  copious,  capillary  pappus.  y. 

T.  DENS-LEONIS  {Dandelion). — Acaulescent ;  smooth  or  nearly  so  ; 
scapes  several,  hollow,  naked,  i-flowered  ;  leaves  runcinately  toothed  ;  heads 
large,  erect,  yellow  ;  outer  involucre  reflexed.  A  common  plant  in  fields  and 
pastures.  April-October. 

Order  XLVI. — CAMPANULACE.E  (Campanula  Family). 

Herbs  with  a  somewhat  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate.  Stip- 
ules none.  Flowers  usually  blue  and  showy.  Calyx-tube  adher- 
ent to  the  ovary  ;  limb  usually  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  regu- 
lar, campanulate,  usually  5-lobed,  withering.  Stamens  5,  distinct, 
inserted  on  the  calyx,  alternate  with  the  5  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  2-5- celled.  Capsule  crowned  with  the 
persistent  calyx-tube,  opening  with  loculicidal  dehiscence,  many- 
seeded. 

f  Campanulate — Campanula, 
f  Corolla  regular —  -j 

CAMPANULACE.E.  |  <-  Rotate-#«:«/«ri«. 

[  Corolla  irregular — Lobelia. 

I.  Campanula. — Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  mostly  campanulate,  5- 
lobed.  Stamens  5,  broad  at  base.  Stigmas  3-5.  Capsule  3~5-celled, 
opening  laterally  by  pores. 

1.  C.  ROTUNDIFOLIA  (Harebell']. — Stem  slender,  branching,  weak  ;  radi- 
cal leaves  ovate,  or  roundish,  cordate,  crenate,  on  long  petioles,  soon  with- 
ering and  disappearing  ;  cauline  narrow-linear,  entire,  smooth  ;  flowers  bright 
blue,  nodding  ;  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  subulate  calyx-teeth.     A  foot 
high,  growing  on  rocky  banks.     July-September,     y. 

2.  C.  APARINOIDES  (Prickly  Bell-flower}. — Stem  slender,  weak,  branch- 
ing, 3-angled,  the  angles  rough  backward  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  denticu- 
late, rough  backward  on  the  margin  and  veins  ;  flowers  small,  nearly  white, 
solitary ;   corolla  much  longer  than   the  triangular  calyx-teeth.      In   low 
grounds.     June-August. 


252  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

3.  C.  AMERICANA  {American  Bell-flower}. — Stem  erect,  virgate,  nearly 
simple  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  serrate,  slightly  hairy, 
with  ciliate  petioles  ;  the  lowest  sometimes  cordate  ;  flowers  large,  blue,  near- 
ly rotate,  deeply  cleft,  axillary,  sessile,  solitary,  or  several  together  ;  calyx- 
teeth  subulate,  shorter  than  the  corolla.     In  cultivation.     July-August. 

4.  C.  MEDIUM  (Canterbury  Bell}. — Stem  erect,  simple,  hispid  ;   leaves 
lanceolate,  obtusely  serrate,  sessile,  with  3  veins  at  base  ;  flowers  very  large, 
broad  at  base,  with  a  reflexed  limb,  deep  blue,  erect.     In  gardens. 

2.  Specularia. — Calyx  5-lobed.    Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed.    Stamens 
with  hairy  filaments.     Style  hairy,  included.    Stigmas  3.    Capsule  pris- 
matic, 3-celled,  opening  by  3  lateral  valves.     ® 

5.  PERFOLIATA  (Clasping  Bell-flower). — Stem  erect,  simple,  somewhat 
pubescent ;  leaves  nearly  orbicular,  clasping  and  cordate  at  base,  crenate  ; 
flowers  sessile,  deep  blue  ;  the  upper  ones  only  opening  ;  corolla  with  spread- 
ing segments  ;  calyx-segments  acute,  lanceolate.     In  dry,  sandy  fields,  8'-i2' 
mSn-     June-July. 

3.  Lobelia. — Calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  short  tube.     Corolla  tubular,  ir- 
regular, deeply  cleft  on  the  upper  side  ;  upper  lip  nearly  erect,  2-cleft ; 
lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft.     Capsule  2-celled,    opening  at  summit. 
Seeds  minute,  many. 

1.  L.  CARDINALIS  (Cardinal  Flower}. — Stem  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  ;  flowers  deep  scarlet,  large,  in  a  long,  terminal 
raceme  ;  bracts  linear,  leaflike  ;  pedicels  short ;  corolla  much  longer  than  the 
calyx.     In  low  grounds,  2-3  feet  high.     July-September. 

2.  L.  SPICATA  (Slender  Lobelia). — Slightly  pubescent ;  stem  erect,  sim- 
ple, slender  ;  radical  leaves  oblong,  or  spatulate,  all  but  the  uppermost  den- 
tate ;  flowers  small,  pale  blue,  in  long,  spicate  racemes  ;  bracts  narrow-linear, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  pedicels  ;  calyx-teeth  as  long  as  the  corolla,  subulate. 
In  fields,  1-2  feet  high.     July-August. 


INFERIOR  MONOPETALOUS  EXOGENS   WITH 
REGULAR  FLOWERS. 

Order  XLVII. — ERICACEAE  (Heath  Family). 
Shrubs  ;  or  evergreen  or  leafless  herbs.  Leaves  simple,  alter- 
nate, rarely  opposite,  often  evergreen.  Stipules  none.  Calyx- 
tube  usually  free  from  the  ovary,  sometimes  adherent ;  limb  4-6, 
usually  5-cleft,  rarely  entire.  Corolla  regular,  or  sometimes  irregu- 
lar, 4-6,  usually  5-cleft,  rarely  with  5  distinct  petals.  Stamens 
inserted  with  the  corolla.  Anthers  2-celled,  opening  by  pores, 
often  appendaged  at  top.  Ovary  2-io-celled.  Style  I.  Stigma 
i.  Fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  capsule. 


ERICACEAE. 


253 


Calyx  united  to  ovary 


p Shrubs  or 
trees — 


Ovaries  8-io-celled,  anthers  awnless— Gaylussacia. 
Ovaries  4-5-celled,  anthers  often  awned — Vaccinium. 

I  Corolla  bell-shaped,  s-lobed — A  ndromeda. 
Corolla  not       f  Flower-buds  scaly — Aza- 
I      bell-shaped,  j      lea. 


Calyx 


free- 


No  scaly  buds — Kalmia. 
corolla  urn-shaped — A  re- 


Trailing 
shrubs — 


5-toothed — 


f  Fruit   a  berry, 
tostaphylos. 


Fruit  a  f  Cal?x 

drypod-j      ria- 

[  Calyx  dry— Epigcea. 


Evergreen  herbs — 


f  Flowers  racemed — Pyrola. 


[Flowers  corymbed — Chimaphila. 
Fleshy  herbs — Monotropa. 
I.  Gaylussacia. — Calyx  5-toothed.    Corolla  with  a  5-cleft,  reflexed 
limb.     Stamens   10.     Anthers  awnless.     Fruit  a  drupe  resembling  a 
berry,  with  8-10  seeds.     -# 

1.  G.  FRONDOSA  (Dangle berry).—  Smooth,  with  terete,  slender  branches  ; 
leaves  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  covered  with  minute,  resinous  dots  ; 
flowers  in  loose,  bracteate  racemes  ;  corolla  ovoid-campanulate,  nearly  glo- 
bose, small,  of  a  reddish-white  color  ;  berries  large,  blue,  ripening  late,  cov- 
ered when  mature  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  sweet  and  edible.     In  low  wood- 
lands, 3-5  feet  high.     June. 

2.  G.  RESINOSA  (Huckleberry.    Whortleberry},—  Very  branching;  leaves 
oval,  or  oblong,  entire,  clammy  with  resinous  dots  when  young,  petiolate  ; 
flowers  small,  greenish,  striped  with  red,  covered  with  resinous  dots,  in  short, 
clustered,  drooping  racemes  ;  corolla  ovoid-conic,  contracted  at  apex ;  ber- 
ries black,  destitute  of  bloom,  ripe  in  July  and  August.     In  woods  and  past- 
ures, 1-4  feet  high.     May- June. 

2.  Vaccinium. — Calyx  5-toothcd.  Corolla  campanulate,  or  cylin- 
drical. Limb  4-5 -cleft,  revolute.  Stamens  8-10.  Anthers  often  2- 
awned.  Berry  4-5-celled,  many-seeded,  sometimes  apparently  8-10- 
celled.  ?i 

1.  V.  MACROCARPON  (Cranberry).— Evergreen  ;  stem  trailing,  with  erect 
branches  ;   leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  glaucous  beneath,  with  slightly  revolute 
edges  ;  flowers  rather  large,  on  long  pedicels  ;  corolla  deeply  4-parted,  flesh- 
colored  ;  berries  on  drooping  pedicels,  globular,  bright  scarlet,  smooth,  juicy, 
of  a  keen,  acid  taste,  ripe  in  October.     In  boggy  meadows.     June. 

2.  V.  VACILLANS  (Blueberry}. — Shrub,  with  angular,  green  branches  ; 
leaves  oval,  or  obovate,  of  a  pale,  dull  green,  smooth  on  both  sides,  glaucous 
beneath  ;   flowers  in  dense,  sessile  racemes,  on  nearly  naked  branchlets ; 
corolla  yellowish  or  reddish-white  ;  berries  blue,  large  and  sweet,  ripe  in  July 
and  August.     In  open  woods,  1-2  feet  high.     May- June. 


254  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

3.  V.  CORYMBOSUM  (Swamp  Huckleberry).— Tall ;  leaves  oblong,  or 
oval-obovate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  slightly  pubescent  beneath  when  young  ; 
flowers  in  short,  sessile  racemes  ;  corolla  large,  white,  or  slightly  tinged  with 
red,  cylindric,  slightly  contracted  at  the  mouth ;  stamens  included  ;  berries 
large,  deep  blue,  ripe  in  August  and  September.  In  swamps,  4-8  feet  high. 
May-June. 

3.  Arctostaphylos. — Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.     Corolla  ovoid  ; 
limb  short,  revolute,  5-toothed.     Stamens  10.     Drupe  5-seeded.     y. 

A.  UVA-URSI  (Bearberry}. — Stem  woody,  trailing ;  leaves  evergreen, 
thick  and  leathery,  obovate,  entire,  smooth  and  shining;  flowers  white, 
tinged  with  rose,  in  short,  drooping  racemes,  terminating  the  branches ; 
corolla  bell-form,  hairy  inside ;  berry  red,  insipid.  Mountains  and  hilly 
woods.  May-June. 

4.  Gaultheria. — Calyx   5-cleft,   with   2   bracts   at   base.     Corolla 
ovoid-cylindric,  with  5  short,  revolute  teeth.    Stamens  10,  hairy,  includ- 
ed.    Fruit  5-celled,  5-valved,  inclosed  in  the  fleshy  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

G.  PROCUMBENS  (Checker-berry,  Partridge-berry). — Stem  creeping  and 
throwing  up  simple,  erect  branches ;  leaves  evergreen,  obovate  or  oval, 
shining  above,  in  tufts  ;  flowers  few,  axillary,  nodding ;  corolla  white,  con- 
tracted at  the  mouth  ;  berry  bright  red,  and  together  with  the  leaves  of  a 
pleasant,  spicy  flavor.  In  woods,  2'-^'  high.  June-July. 

5.  Epigaea. — Calyx  5-parted,  with  3  bracts  at  base.     Corolla  sal- 
ver form  ;    tube  hairy  within.     Stamens   10,  with  filiform   filaments. 
Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded,     y. 

E.  REPENS  (Trailing  Arbutus.  May-flower}. — Stem  trailing,  clothed 
with  long,  rusty  hairs ;  leaves  evergreen,  ovate,  entire,  with  a  bristly,  red- 
dish pubescence  ;  flowers  erect,  in  small  clusters,  very  fragrant ;  corolla 
white,  often  tinged  with  rose-color.  April-May. 

6.  Andromeda.  —  Calyx   5-parted,  minute,    persistent.       Corolla 
ovoid-cylindric  ;  limb  with  5  reflexed  teeth.     Stamens  8-10,  included. 
Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded. 

A.  LIGUSTRINA  (Panicled  Andromeda}. — Leaves  deciduous,  obovate,  or 
oblong-obovate,  pubescent  beneath,  nearly  entire  ;  flowers  small,  dull  white, 
in  dense  racemes  ;  corolla  subglobose,  pubescent  without ;  filaments  pubes- 
cent. In  low  grounds,  3-5  feet  high.  June. 

7.  Azalea.  —  Calyx    5-parted,   persistent.     Corolla    funnel  -  form, 
5-lobed,  with    spreading,   unequal    lobes.      Stamens    5-10.      Capsule 
5-celled,  5-valved. 

1.  A.  NUDIFLORA  (Swamp  Pink}. — Branchlets  slightly  hairy  ;  leaves  obo- 
vate, downy  beneath  ;  flowers  large,  pale  pink  or  purple  ;  calyx-teeth  minute  ; 
stamens  and  style  much  exserted.     In  low  grounds,  4-8  feet  high.     May. 

2.  A.  VISCOSA  ( White  Swamp  Pink}. — Branchlets  hispid  ;  leaves  obo- 
vate, or  oblong ;  flowers  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  rose-color,  in  large 


PLUMBAGINACE&.  255 

clusters,  fragrant ;  corolla  clammy,  with  viscid  hairs  ;  stamens  slightly  ex- 
serted  ;  style  much  exserted.  In  low  grounds.  Stem  4-8  feet  high.  June- 
July, 

8.  Kalmia. — Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  rotate-campanulate,  5-lobed, 
with  10  cavities  inside,  in  which  the  anthers  are  lodged.     Capsule  glo- 
bose, 5-celled,  many-seeded.     Evergreen  shrubs. 

1.  K.    LATIFOLIA   (High  Laurel}. —  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,   smooth; 
flowers  in  terminal  corymbs,  white,  shaded  with  pink  ;  peduncles  clammy- 
pubescent  ;  pedicels  bracted.     In  dry  thickets,  4-8  feet  high.     June. 

2.  K.  ANGUSTIFOLIA  (Low  Laurel.    Sheep  Laurel}. — Leaves  opposite,  or 
in  threes,  narrow-oblong,  light  green,  paler  beneath  ;    corymbs  lateral  and 
axillary  ;  flowers  deep  red  ;  bracts  minute,  linear  lanceolate,  3  at  the  base  of 
each  pedicel.     In  damp  grounds,  2-4  feet  high.     June- July. 

9.  Pyrola. — Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.     Petals  5,  concave,  decidu- 
ous.    Stamens   10.     Filaments    subulate.      Anthers  large,   pendulous, 
opening  by  2  pores  at  apex.     Style  long.     Stigma  5-rayed,  5-tubercled 
at  apex.     Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  P.  ROTUNDIFOLIA  (Round-leaved  Pyrola}. — Leaves  orbicular,   thick 
and  shining,  entire  ;  scapes  3-angled  ;  flowers  white,  large,  drooping,  fra- 
grant, in  a  long,  terminal  raceme ;  petals  round-obovate.     Woods,  6'-i2' 
high.     July. 

2.  P.  ELLIPTICA  (Oval-leaved  Pyrola). — Leaves  thin,  elliptical,  smooth, 
mostly  larger  than  the  marginal  petioles  ;  racemes  many-flowered  ;  flowers 
white,  nodding,  fragrant ;  calyx-teeth  ovate,  acute.     In  woods,  s'-io'  high. 
July. 

10.  Chimaphila. — Petals   5,   concave,    spreading.      Stamens    10. 
Style  short  and  thick.     Stigma  broad,  orbicular,   obscurely   5-toothed 
on  the  margin.     Capsule  5-celled,  opening  downward. 

C.  UMBELLATA  (Prince's  Pine}. — Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  tapering  at 
base,  serrate,  coriaceous  ;  flowers  large,  light  purple  or  whitish,  fragrant, 
3-7  in  a  terminal  corymb  ;  anthers  violet.  July. 

11.  Monotropa. — Sepals  4-5,  bractlike,  deciduous.      Petals  4-5, 
distinct,   fleshy,  gibbous  at  base.     Stamens  8-10.     Anthers  2-celled. 
Style   columnar,    hollow.     Stigma  disk-like,  bearded   at   the  margin. 
Capsule  4-5-celled,  4~5-valved.     © 

M.  UNIFLORA  (Indian  Pipe]. — Plant  smooth,  fleshy,  white  throughout, 
scentless ;  stem  low,  simple,  furnished  with  lanceolate  scales  instead  of 
leaves,  one-flowered  ;  flower  large,  smooth  inside  and  out,  nodding  at  first, 
finally  erect.  In  rich  woods.  June-July. 

Order  XL  VIII. — PLUMB  AGIN  ACE^E  (Leadwort  Family). 

Herbs,  or  somewhat  suffruticose.  Leaves  simple,  alternate,  or 
all  radical.  Flowers  often  on  simple  or  branching  scapes.  Calyx 


256  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

tubular,  5-toothed,  plaited,  persistent.  Corolla  with  the  5  sta- 
mens inserted  opposite  its  lobes.  Styles  5.  Ovary  i-celled,  free 
from  the  ealyx.  Fruit  a  I- seeded  utricle;  or  else  opening  by  $ 
valves. 

Statice.  —  Flowers  scattered,  or  loosely  spicate  in  a  compound 
corymb,  i-sided,  2-3-bracted.  Calyx  funnel-form,  dry  and  membra- 
nous, persistent.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5,  attached  at  base.  Styles  5, 
distinct.  Fruit  indehiscent.  2f 

S.  LIMONIUM  (Marsh  Rosemary}, — Leaves  radical,  lanceolate,  oroblong- 
obovate,  i-veined,  entire,  mucronate  below  the  tip,  thick  and  fleshy,  dull 
green,  on  long  petioles ;  scape  with  withering  sheaths,  very  branching, 
forming  a  large,  flat-topped,  compound  corymb,  of  small,  pale-blue  flowers, 
which  are  sessile  in  secund  spikes  upon  the  branchlets.  In  salt  marshes,  a 
foot  high.  August-October. 

Order  XLIX. — PRIMULACE^E  (Primrose  Family). 

Herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  verticillate,  or  alternate,  or  all  radi- 
cal. Stipules  none.  Calyx  4-5-cleft,  usually  persistent,  nearly 
or  quite  free  from  the  ovary.  Corolla  regular,  4-5-cleft.  Sta- 
mens as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  opposite 
them.  Ovary  i-celled,  with  a  free,  central  placenta.  Style  i. 
Stigma  i.  Capsule  many-seeded  ;  the  placenta  attached  only  to 
the  base  of  the  cell. 

(  Flower  parts  7 —  Trientalis. 
PRIMULACE^X 

(  Flower  parts  5 — Lysimachia. 

1.  Trientalis.— Calyx  and  corolla  mostly  7-parted.    Stamens  most- 
ly 7.     Filaments  united  in  a  ring  at  base.     Capsule  many-seeded,     y. 

T.  AMERICANA  (Chick  Winter  green}. — Stem  low,  slender,  crowned  by  a 
whorl  of  leaves  ;  flowers  few,  on  very  slender  peduncles,  projecting  from 
among  the  leaves,  white  and  starlike  ;  sepals  linear.  In  damp,  rich  woods, 
6'-io'  high.  May. 

2.  Lysimachia. — Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  5-parted,  rotate,  with 
a  very  short  tube.     Limb  5-parted,  spreading.     Stamens  5.     Capsule 
globose,  5-io-valved,  opening  at  apex.     y. 

L.  STRICTA  (Upright  Loosestrife). — Stem  erect,  simple,  or  branching; 
leaves  opposite,  or  in  threes,  lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  smooth, 
punctate,  sessile  ;  flowers  numerous,  on  slender  pedicels,  whorled,  the  numer- 
ous whorls  forming  a  long,  cylindrical  raceme  ;  pedicels  nearly  horizontal ; 
corolla  yellow,  spotted  with  purple  ;  capsule  5-seeded.  In  swamps,  1-2  feet 
high.  July. 


OLEACEJZ.  257 

Order  L. — OLEACE^E  (Olive  Family). 

Trees,  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  simple,  or  pinnate.  Flow- 
ers perfect,  or  polygamous.  Sepals  united  at  base,  persistent, 
sometimes  none.  Petals  4,  united  below,  sometimes  distinct,  valv- 
ate  in  prefloration,  sometimes  none.  Stamens  2.  Anthers  2- 
celled.  Ovary  free,  2-celled.  Ovules  pendulous.  Style  i.  Stig- 
ma i,  or  bifid.  Fruit  drupaceous,  baccate,  or  a  samara,  usually 
i -celled,  i-2-seeded,  by  abortion. 

f  Fruit  a  pod — Syringa. 

(Flowers  perfect —  4  Fruit  a  berry — Ligustrum. 
[  Fruit  a  drupe—  Chionanthus. 
Flowers  imperfect — Fraxinus. 

I.  Syringa. — Calyx  small,  with  4  erect  lobes.  Corolla  salver-form  ; 
tube  much  longer  than  the  calyx-limb,  4-cleft,  with  obtuse,  spreading 
segments.  Stamens  short,  included  in  the  tube.  Capsule  2-celled, 
2-valved.  Shrubs. 

1.  S.  VULGARIS  (Lilac). — Leaves  cordate,  entire,  smooth,  green  on  both 
sides ;  flowers  light  purple,  large,  fragrant,  in  dense  thyrses ;  corolla-limb 
somewhat  concave.     Universally  cultivated,  5-8  feet  high.     April-May. 

2.  S.  PERSICA  (Persian  Lilac). — Leaves  smooth,  lanceolate  or  pinnatifid, 
green  on  both  sides  ;  limb  of  the  corolla  flat.     A  smaller  and  more  delicate 
shrub  than  the  last,  frequent  in  cultivation,  3-6  feet  high.     April-May. 

2.  Ligustrum. — Calyx  tubular,  short,  deciduous  ;  with  4,  minute 
teeth.     Corolla  funnel-form,  4-lobed  ;   lobes  spreading,  obtuse.     Sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  corolla-tube.     Stigma  2-cleft.     Berry  2-celled, 
2-4-seeded. 

L.  VULGARE  (Prim). — Shrubby  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  varying  to 
obovate,  acute,  or  obtuse,  entire,  smooth,  dark  green,  on  short  petioles  ; 
flowers  small,  white,  in  dense  panicles ;  anthers  large,  exserted ;  berries 
black,  bitter.  Used  for  hedges,  4-6  feet  high.  May- June. 

3.  Chionanthus. — Calyx  small,  persistent,  4-parted.     Corolla  in  4 
long  and  linear  divisions.     Stamens  very  short,  inserted  at  the  base 
of  the  corolla.     Style  very  short.     Drupe  fleshy,   i-celled,   i-seeded. 
Trees. 

C.  VIRGINICA  (Fringe-tree]. — Leaves  oval-oblong,  smooth  or  somewhat 
downy,  petiolate,  entire ;  flowers  snow-white,  on  long  pedicels,  in  racemes, 
forming  drooping  panicles ;  calyx  smooth  ;  segments  of  the  corolla  linear ; 
drupes  purple,  covered  with  a  bloom.  May-June. 

4.  Fraxinus. — Flowers   polygamous   or  dioecious,  often   perfect. 
Staminate  flowers — calyx  small,  4-cleft,  or  wanting;  stamens  usually  2. 


258  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corolla  as  in  the  staminate  ;  style  single  ; 
stigma  2-cleft.  Fruit  a  i-2-celled  samara,  flattened;  winged  at  apex. 
Trees. 

1.  F.  AMERICANA  (White  AsK). — Leaflets  7-9,  petiolate,  oblong  or  ob- 
long-ovate, acuminate,  glaucous  beneath,  mostly  smooth  ;   calyx  present ; 
corolla  wanting  ;  fertile  flowers  in  loose  panicles  ;  the  barren  in  dense,  con- 
tracted ones  ;  samara  obtuse,  narrow,  spatulate,  with  a  long,  tapering  base. 
April-May. 

2.  F.  PUBESCENS  (Red  AsK). — Leaflets  7-9,  petiolate,  lanceolate  or  lance- 
ovate,  soft-downy  ;  calyx  present ;  corolla  wanting ;  samara  obtuse,  abruptly 
tapering  at  base.     April-May. 

3.  F.  SAMBUCIFOLIA  (Black  Ask). — Leaflets  7-11,  sessile,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, serrate,  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  calyx  and  corolla  both  wanting ; 
samara  oblong,  extremely  obtuse  at  both  ends.    In  moist  woods  and  swamps. 
May. 

Order  LI. — APOCYNACE^E  (Dogbane  Family). 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  a  milky  juice.  Leaves  opposite, 
or  verticillate,  rarely  alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular. 
Sepals  5,  united,  persistent.  Corolla  5-lobed,  twisted  in  preflora- 
tion.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  segments  of  the  corolla. 
Filaments  distinct.  Anthers  2-celled,  sometimes  slightly  con- 
nected. Ovaries  2,  distinct,  rarely  united,  but  with  2  united  styles 
or  stigmas.  Fruit  usually  a  pair  of  follicles,  I  sometimes  abortive. 
Seeds  often  with  a  coma,  or  tuft  of  hairs. 

C  Shrubs — Nerium. 

APOCYNACFJE.  f  Upright  herbs_^,^ 

[  Herbs—  \ 

[  Trailing  or  creeping — Vinca. 

I.  Apocynum. — Calyx  very  small,  5-parted.  Corolla  campanulate, 
with  5  short  lobes.  Stamens  5,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  corolla. 
Anthers  sagittate,  converging,  much  longer  than  the  very  short  fila- 
ments. Stigma  ovoid,  obscurely  2-lobed.  Fruit  2  long,  slender  fol- 
licles. 

1.  A.  ANDROS.^MIFOLIUM  (Dog's-bane). — Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  branch- 
ing above,  reddened  by  the  sun  on  one  side,  with  diverging,  forked  branches  ; 
leaves  ovate,  entire  ;  flowers  in  loose  cymes  ;  corolla  white,  striped  with  rose- 
color,  with  5  acute,  revolute  segments  ;  follicles  2 '-3'  long,  nodding.     In 
thickets,  2-3  feet  high.     June- July.     2f 

2.  A.  CANNABINUM  (Indian  Hemp). — Stem  erect,  dividing  above  into 
long,  ascending  branches  ;  leaves  oblong;  flowers  very  small,  greenish-white, 
in  dense,  erect,  many-flowered  cymes,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  corolla-lobes 
nearly  erect,  the  tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  lanceolate  calyx-teeth.     In 
thickets,  2-3  feet  high.     June-July. 


ASCLEPIADACE&. 


259 


2.  Vinca.— Corolla   salver-form,    contorted  ;    limb    5-cleft  ;    lobes 
oblique  ;  throat  5-angled.     Ovary  with  2  glands  at  base.     Capsule  fol- 
licular,  erect. 

V.  MINOR  (Small  Periwinkle). — Evergreen  ;  stems  procumbent,  shrubby, 
terete,  smooth,  leafy  ;  leaves  smooth  and  shining,  elliptic-lanceolate  ;  flow- 
ers solitary,  alternate,  pedunculate,  violet ;  sepals  lanceolate.  In  cultivation. 
May. 

3.  Nerium. — Calyx  with  5   teeth  at  base.     Corolla  salver-form. 
Filaments  inserted  into  the  middle  of  the  corolla-tube.     Anthers  sagit- 
tate, adhering  to  the  stigma  by  the  middle,     y. 

N.  OLEANDER  (Oleander}. — Evergreen,  shrubby,  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, smooth,  entire,  3  together,  prominently  veined  beneath  ;  flowers  large, 
in  terminal  clusters,  rose-colored.  In  house  cultivation,  4-6  feet  high. 

Order  LII. — ASCLEPIADACE.E, 

Herbs,  or  shrubs,  usually  with  a  milky  juice.  Leaves  usually 
opposite,  sometimes  alternate  or  verticillate.  Flowers  generally 
in  umbels,  sometimes  in  racemes  or  corymbs.  Sepals  5,  slightly 
united  at  base.  Corolla  regular,  consisting  of  5  petals.  Stamens 
5,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  segments 
united  into  a  tube.  Anthers  2-celled.  Pollen  cohering  in  masses. 
Ovaries  2.  Styles  2,  often  very  short.  Stigmas  united  into  i 
column  for  both  ovaries.  Fruit  consisting  of  2  follicles,  I  some- 
times abortive.  Seeds  usually  with  a  coma. 

Asclepias. — Calyx  5-parted  ;  lobes  small,  spreading.  Corolla 
deeply  5-cleft  ;  segments  valvate  in  prefloration,  reflexed  when  open, 
deciduous.  Crown  consisting  of  5  hooded  lobes,  resting  on  the  united 
mass  of  the  stamens,  and  furnished  with  an  incurved,  horn-like  process. 
Filaments  united  into  a  tube,  inclosing  the  style.  Anthers  adhering  to 
the  stigma,  with  2  cells  opening  longitudinally,  each  containing  pollen- 
masses.  Seeds  flat,  furnished  with  a  long  tuft  of  silky  hairs.  if 

1.  A.  CORNUTI  (Common  Milkweed). — Stem  erect,  simple,  rarely  branch- 
ing ;  leaves  nearly  oval,  tapering  at  both  extremities,  petiolate  ;  flowers  in 
large,  dense,  simple,  globose  umbels,  odorous  ;  calyx-segments  lanceolate  ; 
petals  reflexed,  dull  purple  ;  horn  short  and  stout.     In  rich  soils,  3-5  feet 
high.     July. 

2.  A.   INCARNATA   (Swamp  Milkweed).— Nearly  smooth  ;    stem  erect, 
branching  above,  marked  with  2  pubescent  lines  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse  at  base,  with  distinct  petioles  ;   umbels  numerous,  many-flowered, 
erect,  often  opposite  ;  peduncles  half  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  segments  of  the 
corolla  reddish-purple  ;  hoods  of  the  crown  flesh-colored,  entire.     In  wet 
grounds,  2-3  feet  high.     July-August. 


GENTIANACE^L. 


260  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

3.  A.  QUADRIFOLIA  (Four-leaved  Milkweed). — Smooth ;  stem  erect, 
slender,  simple  ;  leaves  ovate,  smooth  and  thin,  mostly  in  whorls  of  4 ;  um- 
bels few.  loose  ;  pedicels  filiform,  marked  with  a  pubescent  line  ;  segments 
of  the  corolla  white,  tinged  with  pink  ;  hoods  of  the  crown  white,  2-toothed  ; 
horn  stout  and  thick.  In  dry  woods,  1-2  feet  high.  July. 

Order  LIII. — GENTIANACE^E  {Gentian  Family). 

Herbs,  usually  smooth,  with  a  watery  juice.  Leaves  usually 
opposite,  rarely  alternate,  radical  or  single.  Flowers  regular, 
usually  terminal  or  axillary,  often  showy.  Calyx  of  4-12  sepals, 
united  at  base.  Corolla  convolute,  sometimes  induplicate  in  pre- 
floration,  4~i2-parted,  regular.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  seg- 
ments of  the  corolla,  inserted  on  the  tube,  alternately  with  them. 
Ovary  i -celled,  free,  sometimes  apparently  2-celled,  on  account  of 
the  2  introflexed  placentae.  Style  I,  or  wanting.  Stigmas  usually 
2,  sometimes  i. 

Leaves  opposite,         f  Leafy  plant — Gentiana. 
sessile —  \ 

[  Leaves  reduced  to  scales — Bartonia. 

Leaves  alternate,  f  Leaves  simple—  Limnanthemum. 

petioled —  < 

(  Leaves  trifoliate — Menyanthes. 

I.  Gentiana. — Calyx  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  marcescent,  regular,  tubu- 
lar at  base  ;  limb  4-5-cleft.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube. 
Stigmas  2,  persistent.  Capsule  i-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.  G.   CRINITA   (Fringed   Gentian}.  —  Stem  round,   erect,   branching; 
branches  spreading  at  base  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  cordate,  or  rounded  at 
base ;  flowers  of  a  rich  blue,  solitary,  showy,  terminating  the  branches ;  calyx 
4-angled,  4-parted  ;  corolla  campanulate  at  base,  open  at  summit,  expand- 
ing when  the  sun  shines  ;  segments  fringed  on  the  margin.     In  low,  grassy 
meadows,  io'-i5'  high.     October. 

2.  G.  ANDREWSII  (Soap-wort  Gentian). — Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  simple  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  narrowed  at  base,  3-veined  ;  flowers  large,  pur- 
plish-blue, in  sessile  heads  ;   corolla  inflated,  club-shaped,  closed  at  top. 
Stem  1-2  feet  high.     September-October. 

2.  Bartonia. — Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  deeply  4-cleft  ;  segments 
but  slightly  united,  erect.     Stamens  short.     Stigma  large,  persistent,  at 
length  2-lobed.     Capsule  oblong,  i-celled,  2-valved.     (T) 

B.  TENELLA  (Screw-stem).— Stem  slender,  erect,  square,  branching  above ; 
leaves  minute,  scale-like  ;  flowers  small,  yellowish-white,  1-3  on  the  opposite 
branches  ;  style  none.  Damp  grounds,  3'-8'  high.  August. 

3.  Limnanthemum. — Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla-tube  short ;  limb 
5-lobed  ;  lobes  deciduous,  fringed  merely  at  the  base  or  margin.    Style 


POLEMONIACE&.  26i 

short,  or  none.     Stigma  2-lobed,  persistent.     Capsule  i-celled,  valve- 
less.     2f 

L.  LACUNOSUM  (Lake-flower). — Floating  ;  stem  filiform,  bearing  at  top 
a  single  leaf,  an  umbel  of  flowers,  and  a  tuft  of  short  radicles  ;  leaves  reni- 
form,  floating  at  top,  somewhat  peltate,  rough  above  ;  flowers  5-6,  in  an 
umbel  beneath  the  water  ;  corolla  white  ;  lobes  oval.  1-3  feet  long.  July. 

4.  Menyanthes. — Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-parted, 
deciduous.  Stamens  5.  Styles  slender,  persistent.  Stigma  2-lobed, 
capitate,  i-celled.  y. 

M.  TRIFOLIATA  (Buckbeari). — Scape  round,  erect ;  leaves  radical,  tri- 
foliate, on  long  petioles,  with  sheathing,  membranous  bases  ;  leaflets  oval, 
varying  to  obovate,  entire,  sessile  ;  flowers  in  long,  naked  racemes  ;  corolla 
white  or  flesh-colored.  Bogs,  i  foot  high.  May. 

Order  LIV. — POLEMONIACE.E. 

Herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  rarely  alternate,  simple  or  compound. 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  regular, 
with  a  5-lobed  limb,  convolute  in  prefloration.  Stamens  5,  inserted 
on  the  corolla,  alternately  with  its  lobes,  often  unequal  in  length. 
Ovary  3-celled.  Style  i.  Stigma  trifid.  Capsule  3-celled,  3- 
valved,  loculicidal,  the  valves  separating  from  the  3-angled  axis, 
which  bears  the  seeds. 

(Leaves  entire— Phlox. 
f  Stamens  declined-^. 
Leaves  not  entire —  4 

{_  Stamens  not  declined — Polemonium. 

I.  Phlox. — Calyx  somewhat  prismatic,  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla 
salver-form,  with  the  slender  tube  more  or  less  curved.  Stamens  very 
unequal,  inserted  in  the  corolla-tube  above  the  middle.  Capsule  ovoid, 
3-celled  ;  cells  i-seeded. 

1.  P.  DIVARICATA  (Early  Phlox). — Low,  diffuse,  covered  with  minute 
down ;   stems  branching  at  base  into  a  few,  weak,    ascending  flowering- 
branches  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate ;  floral  leaves  narrow-linear ;  flowers  in 
terminal,  loose   corymbs  ;    corolla  bright  bluish-purple.     In  damp  woods, 
1-2  feet  long.     May. 

2.  P.  DRUMMONDII  (Drummond">s  Phlox).— Plant  clothed  with  rough, 
glandular  hairs;  stem  erect,  dichotomously  branching;  leaves  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate ;  flowers  very  showy,  in  dense,  terminal  cymes  ;  calyx  hairy  ;  corolla 
varying  from  white  to  dark  purple.     In  gardens,  8'-i2'  high. 

3.  P.  SUBULATA   (Dwarf  Phlox') — Stems  procumbent,   tufted,   clothed 
with  minute  down,  very  branching  ;  leaves  rigid,  or  very  narrowly  linear, 
small,  crowded,  with  fascicles  of  smaller  ones  in  their  axils  ;  cymes  few-flow- 
ered ;  corolla  pink  or  rose-colored,  rarely  white.     In  gardens.     May. 


262  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY, 

2.  Gilia. — Calyx   5-cleft  ;   segments   acute.     Corolla-tube  long  or 
short ;  limb  regularly  5-lobed.     Stamens  5,  equal,  inserted  at  the  top 
of  the  tube.     Capsule  oblong  or  ovoid,  few  to  many-seeded. 

G.  TRICOLOR  (Three-colored  Gilia).— Stem  erect,  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves 
alternate,  twice  and  thrice  pinnatifid  ;  segments  narrowly-linear  ;  flowers  3-6 
together,  in  cymes,  arranged  in  panicles,  bractless.  A  garden  annual,  one 
foot  high.  . 

3.  Polemonium. — Calyx    campanulate,    5-cleft.      Corolla   rotate- 
campanulate,   5-lobed,   erect  ;   tube  very  short.     Filaments  furnished 
with  hairy  appendages  at  base.     Cells  of  the  capsule  few,  many-seed- 
ed.    2f 

P.  CCERULEUM  (Greek  Valerian]. — Stems  stout,  clustered,  smooth,  sim- 
ple, erect,  hollow  ;  leaves  mostly  radical,  alternate,  in  long,  channeled  peti- 
oles, pinnately  parted  ;  flowers  erect,  in  a  terminal,  corymbose  panicle ; 
corolla  blue,  rather  large.  In  cultivation,  1-2  feet  high.  June. 

Order  LV. — BORRAGINACE^E  (Borage  Family], 
Herbs ;  sometimes  shrubby  plants.  Stems  round.  Leaves 
alternate,  usually  rough.  Flowers  often  in  i -sided  clusters,  un- 
folding spirally.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  persistent,  regular, 
consisting  of  5  sepals,  more  or  less  united  at  base.  Corolla  regu- 
lar, rarely  irregular,  the  limb  5-toothed,  often  with  a  row  of  scales 
in  the  throat.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla  alternately  with 
its  lobes.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed.  Style  i,  usually  central,  pro- 
ceeding from  base  of  the  ovary,  sometimes  terminal.  Fruit  con- 
sisting of  4  achenia. 


Nutlets  with  hooked  prickles— 


f  Corolla  salver-form—  Echinospermu 
\  Corolla  funnel-form — Cynoglossum. 
f  Corolla  rotate— Borrago. 


Nutlets  excavated  at  base— 

(.  Corolla  tubular — Symphytum. 


Nutlets  not  I  f  Plants  smooth — Mertensia. 

O   I     prickly—]  f  Corolla 

M  |  Nutlets  not  exca-       funnel-form—  {  Plants  rough,  nutlets  smooth, 

L    vatedatbase — -I  i.     stony — Lithospermum. 

[  Corolla  wheel-shaped — Myosotis. 

I.  Borrago. — Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5-cleft  ;  segments 
acute  ;  tube  with  a  crown  at  throat.  Achenia  rounded,  with  a  perfora- 
tion at  base.  © 

B.  OFFICINALIS  (Borage). — Rough  with  scattered  bristles ;  stem  erect, 
branching ;  leaves  ovate  ;  lower  with  short  petioles  ;  upper  sessile  ;  flowers 
large,  in  nodding  racemes,  sky-blue  ;  calyx  spreading.  Common.  In  gar- 
dens, 2  feet  high.  June-September. 


BORRAGINACE&.  263 

3.  Symphytum. — Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular-campanulate, 
inflated  above,  5-parted  ;  segments  short,  spreading.  Stamens  included 
in  the  corolla.  Style  filiform.  Achenia  smooth,  perforated.  © 

S.  OFFICINALE  (Comfrey). — Hairy  ;  stem  erect,  branching  above  ;  lower 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  upper  ones  decurrent ;  flowers  in  i-sided,  nodding 
racemes  ;  corolla  yellowish-white,  occasionally  pink  or  red ;  sepals  lanceo- 
late. In  low  grounds,  3-5  feet  high.  June-August. 

3.  Lithospermum. — Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.     Corolla  funnel- 
form  ;  limb  5-lobed  ;  throat  open  at  the  orifice.     Stamens  included  in 
the  corolla.     Anthers  oblong.     Achenia  smooth  or  rugose.     ® 

L.  ARVENSE  (Cromwell). — Stem  erect,  slender ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile, 
entire ;  flowers  in  nodding  racemes,  which  become  erect  and  elongated ; 
lower  flowers  remote.  In  dry  grounds,  6'-i2'  high.  June-July. 

4.  Mertensia. — Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla-tube  cylindric,  expand- 
ing ;  limb  5-lobed.     Stamens  inserted.     Style  long,  filiform.     Achenia 
smooth  or  somewhat  wrinkled,     y. 

M.  VIRGINICA  ( Virginian  Lungwort). — Smooth,  stem  erect,  simple ; 
leaves  obovate,  ovate  ;  entire,  pale  green ;  flowers  large,  in  racemes,  desti- 
tute of  bracts,  corolla  brilliant  purplish  blue,  rarely  white.  In  rich  woods, 
io'-2o'  high.  May. 

5.  Myosotis. — Calyx  5-cleft.    Corolla  salver-form  ;  tube  as  long  as 
calyx,  5-lobed  ;  throat  with  5  short,  concave  scales.     Achenia  ovate, 
smooth,  flattened. 

M.  PALUSTRIS  (Forget-me-not}. — Nearly  smooth  ;  stem  ascending,  root- 
ing near  the  base ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  obtuse ;  flowers  small,  in  long, 
bractless,  i-sided  racemes ;  calyx  in  5  short,  spreading  segments,  open  in 
fruit.  In  wet  grounds,  6'-i2'  high.  June-September. 

6.  Echinospermum.— Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  salver- form,  short, 
closed  at  the  throat  by  5  short,  concave  scales.     Achenia  compressed, 
armed  on  the  back  with  barbed  prickles.     ® 

E.  LAPPULA  (Burr-seed).  —  Rough-hairy  ;  stem  erect,  very  branching 
above  ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  small,  blue,  in  bracted  racemes  ;  corolla 
longer  than  the  calyx.  In  waste  places,  1-2  feet  high.  July. 

7.  Cynoglossurn. — Calyx  5-parted.   Corolla  funnel-form.   Achenia 
depressed,  affixed  laterally  to  the  base  of  the  style,  covered  with  short, 
hooked  prickles. 

1.  C.  OFFICINALE  (Hound 's-tongue}. — Plant  with  a  soft,  silky  pubes- 
cence ;  stem  erect,   branching,  leafy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  ;  upper  ones 
clasping  with  a  rounded  base  ;  entire  ;  flowers  large,  in  nearly  bractless  ra- 
cemes ;  corolla  dull  red  or  purplish.     Road-sides,  1-2  feet  high.     July. 

2.  C.  MORISONI  (Beggar's  Lice}. — Hairy  ;  stem  erect,  very  branching 
above,  leafy;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate;  remote,  entire,  thin,  rough 


264  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

above ;  flowers  very  small,  in  leafy,  bracteate,  forking  racemes  ;  pedicels 
nodding  in  fruit ;  corolla  minute ;  achenia  convex  with  hooked  prickles. 
In  thickets,  2-4  feet  high.  July. 

Order  LVI. — CONVOLVULACE^:  (Convolvulus  Family). 

Herbs,  or  shrubs  ;  often  with  a  milky  juice.  Stems  trailing  or 
climbing",  rarely  erect.  Leaves  alternate,  sometimes  none.  Stip- 
ules none.  Flowers  often  showy.  Sepals  5,  usually  more  or  less 
united  at  base,  persistent.  Corolla  regular,  limb  5-cleft  or  entire, 
twisted  and  plaited  in  prefloration.  Stamens  5,  inserted  at  the 
base  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  segments,  when  lobed. 
Ovary  2-4,  rarely  I -celled,  free  from  the  calyx.  Style  I,  rarely 
more.  Fruit  a  capsule,  2-4-celled,  opening  by  septifragal  dehis- 
cence.  Seeds  few,  large. 

f  Stamens  included,  stigmas 
2,  linear — Ipomoea. 
Stamens  protruded — Qua- 
moclit. 
CONVOLVULACE^E. 

[Calyx  inclosed  in  bracts—  Calystegia, 

Without  green  herbage — Cuscuta. 

I.  Ipomcea. — Calyx  5-parted,  naked.  Corolla  campanulate,  fun- 
nel-form ;  limb  with  5  plaits,  and  the  border  entire,  or  5-lobed.  Style 
i,  often  2-cleft  at  apex.  Capsule  2-4-celled,  4-6-seeded. 

1.  PURPUREA  (Common  Morning-glory). — Stem  twining,  rough  with  re- 
flexed  hairs;   leaves   cordate,  entire;    peduncles   elongated,  2-5-flowered ; 
pedicels  thickened  ;   sepals  hispid,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;   corolla  funnel- 
form,  large,  2'  long,  with  a  spreading,  entire  border.     June-September. 

2.  Calystegia. — Calyx  5-parted,  included  in  2  large,  leafy  bracts. 
Corolla  funnel-form.     Stamens  nearly  equal,  shorter  than  the  limb. 
Style  i.     Stigmas  2.     Ovary  imperfectly  2-4-celled.     Capsule  i-celled, 
4-seeded.     y. 

C.  SEPIUM  (Wild  Morning-glory). — Stem  twining,  mostly  smooth  ;  leaves 
sagittate  ;  peduncles  sharply  4-angled,  i-flowered  ;  bracts  cordate,  much 
longer  than  the  concealed  calyx  ;  flowers  large,  2'  long,  white,  varying  to 
pale  rose-color.  In  low  thickets,  5-10  feet  long.  June-July.  H. 

3.  Quamoclit. — Sepals   5,    mostly   mucronate.      Corolla   tubular 
cylindric.  Stamens  exserted.  Style  i.    Stigma  capitate,  2-lobed.   Ovary 
4-celled  ;  cells  i-seeded.     © 

Q.  VULGARIS  (Cypress  Vine). — Smooth;  stem  very  slender,  twining; 
leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  segments  linear,  parallel,  acute  ;  peduncles  i-flow- 
ered  ;  flowers  small,  brilliant,  scarlet.  In  cultivation.  July-August. 


SOLANACE^E.  26$ 

4.  Cuscuta. — Calyx  5,  rarely  4-cleft.  Corolla  glpbose-campanu- 
late  ;  border  spreading,  5,  rarely  4-cleft.  Stamens  5,  rarely  4.  Stig- 
mas 2.  Capsule  2-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded.  © 

C.  GRONOVII  (Dodder}. — Plant  leafless,  parasitic,  destitute  of  all  verdure ; 
stem  filiform,  orange-yellow  ;  flowers  sessile,  in  dense  clusters,  white  ;  corolla 
campanulate,  withering  at  the  base  of  the  globose  capsule.  July-Sep- 
tember. 

Order  LVII. — SOLANACE.E  (Nightshade  Family). 

Herbs,  or  shrubby  plants  with  a  colorless  juice.  Leaves  alter- 
nate. Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  consisting  of  4—5  persistent 
sepals,  more  or  less  united  at  base.  Corolla  regular,  rarely  slight- 
ly irregular,  limb  4-5-cleft,  plaited  in  prefloration.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  alternate  with  its  segments.  Ovary  2, 
and  rarely  4  or  6-celled,  with  a  central  placenta.  Fruit  a  many- 
seeded  capsule  or  berry. 

f  Calyx  deeply  5-parted — Petunia. 
Corolla  with  a 

tube —  |  f  Fruit  prickly — Datura. 

(  Calyx  tubular-  -  ,  Herbs-MV^«««: 

[  Fruit  not  prickly —  4 

[_  Shrubs — Lycium. 


Corolla-tube  very 


f  Corolla  [Capsule—  Capsicum. 

rotate-  4  ,  a-celled,  wusSi-Solanum. 

[Berry-' 


short  or  none — -j  [3-6-celled,   large — Lycopersicum, 

("Corolla  blue — Nicandra. 
Corolla  campanulate-  H  ,  Yellowish-/>^«/«. 

I  Not  blue-  \ 

[  Purplish— A  tropa. 

1.  Petunia. — Calyx  with  a  short  tube  and  a  5-cleft,  leafy  limb. 
Corolla  salver-form  ;  tube  cylindric  ;  limb  in   5  unequal,  flat,  folded 
lobes.     Stamens  5,  unequal.     Capsule  2-valved. 

P.  VIOLACEA  (Purple  Petunia}. — Stem  weak,  hairy,  viscid  ;  leaves  broad- 
ovate,  acute,  on  short,  winged  petioles,  entire ;  peduncles  axillary  ;  sepals 
obtuse ;  corolla-limb  bright  purple,  divided  into  5  unequal,  rounded,  acute 
lobes.  In  cultivation,  2-4  feet  long.  July. 

2.  Nicotiana. — Calyx  urn-shaped,  5-cleft.     Corolla  funnel-form, 
or  salver-form,  regular ;  limb  plaited,  5-lobed.    Stigma  capitate.    Cap- 
sule 2-celled,  2-4-valved.     Seeds  minute.     0 

N.  TABACUM  (Tobacco}. — Viscid-pubescent ;  stem  erect,  paniculate  above ; 
leaves  very  long,  lanceolate,  sessile,  decurrent ;  flowers  dull  rose-color.  Stem 
4-6  feet  high.  July. 


266  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

« 

3.  Datura. — Calyx  tubular,  ventricose,  5-angled,  5-toothed.     Co- 
rolla funnel-form,  with  a  long-cylindrical  tube  ;  limb  plaited,  5-parted. 
Stigma  2-lipped.    Capsule  globular,  prickly,  2-celled,  2-valved.     Seeds 
large.     (T) 

D.  STRAMONIUM  (Thorn  Apple}.—  Smooth;  stem  erect,  fleshy,  hollow, 
sometimes  spotted  with  purple  ;  leaves  large,  ovate,  irregularly  dentate  ; 
flowers  large,  2'-^'  long,  dull  white  ;  calyx-teeth  acuminate  ;  fruit  of  the  size 
and  shape  of  a  hen's  egg,  covered  with  short,  sharp  spines.  Poisonous  weed, 
in  waste  grounds,  1-3  feet  high. 

4.  Nicandra. — Calyx  5-cleft,  5-angled  ;  angles  compressed.     Seg- 
ments sagittate,  enlarged  in  fruit.    Corolla  campanulate  ;  border  open, 
plaited,  nearly  entire.     Stamens  5,  converging.     (T) 

N.  PHYSALOIDES  (Apple  of  Peru).  —Smooth,  herbaceous  ;  stem  erect, 
branching ;  leaves  large,  broad-ovate  ;  flowers  axillary,  terminal,  solitary, 
pale  blue,  white  in  the  center,  with  5  blue  spots  ;  calyx  closed,  with  the 
angles  very  acute.  In  gardens,  2-5  feet  high.  August.  0 

5.  Physalis. — Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,   reticulated,  inflated  after 
flowering.     Corolla  spreading,  campanulate,  with  a  very  short  tube  ; 
limb  obscurely  5-lobed.     Stamens  5,  converging.     0 

P.  VISCOSA  ( Yellow  Henbane). — Viscid-pubescent,  branching,  herba- 
ceous ;  leaves  ovate,  or  lance-ovate,  cordate  or  tapering  at  base,  repandly 
toothed,  or  entire  ;  flowers  nodding  ;  corolla  greenish-yellow,  with  5  brown- 
ish spots  at  the  base  inside  ;  fruit  yellow  or  orange-color,  inclosed  in  the  in- 
flated, angular  calyx.  Dry  hills,  a  foot  high.  July- August. 

6.  Capsicum. — Calyx  erect,  5-parted,  persistent.     Corolla  rotate  ; 
tube  very  short  ;  limb  plaited,  5-lobed.     Stamens  converging.     Cap- 
sule dry,  inflated,  2-3-celled.     Seeds  flat,  extremely  acrid.     ® 

C.  ANNUUM  (Red  Pepper). — Smooth  ;  stem  herbaceous,  angular,  branch- 
ing above  ;  leaves  ovate-acuminate,  petiolate,  entire  ;  flowers  nodding ;  calyx 
angular,  with  5  short,  acute  lobes  ;  corolla  white,  lobes  spreading  ;  fruit 
oblong,  red  to  yellow.  Cultivated,  1-2  feet  high. 

7.  Solanum. — Calyx  mostly  5-parted,  spreading,  persistent.     Co- 
rolla usually  rotate  ;  tube  very  short  ;  limb  mostly  5-cleft,  plaited  in 
the  bud.     Filaments  very  short.     Anthers  opening  at  top  by  2  pores. 

1.  S.  DULCAMARA  (Bitter-sweet}. — Stem  shrubby  toward  the  base,  climb- 
ing, more  or  less  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate-cordate,  hastate  ;  flowers  in  corym- 
bose clusters  ;  corolla  dull  purple,  the  segments  reflexed  ;  berries  oval,  scar- 
let, poisonous.     In  moist  thickets,  4-6  feet  long.     July. 

2.  S.  NIGRUM  (Nightshade}. — Smooth,  herbaceous ;   stem  very  branch- 
ing, with  rough  angles  ;  leaves  ovate,  toothed  and  undulate  ;  flowers  small, 
white,  in  drooping,  lateral  umbels ;  anthers  yellow  ;  berry  globular,  black. 
In  waste  grounds.     July-August.     (T) 

3.  S.  TUBEROSUM  (Potato}. — Rhizoma  producing  tubers  ;  stem  ascend- 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.  267 

ing,  herbaceous,  nearly  simple,  with  winged  angles  ;  leaves  interruptedly 
pinnate  ;  alternate  leaflets  much  the  smallest,  all  entire  ;  flowers  dull-white, 
sometimes  purplish,  nodding,  in  terminal  umbels,  pedicellate.  June-July. 

4.  S.  PSEUDO-CAPSICUM  (Jerusalem  Cherry). — Evergreen ;  stem  shrub- 
by, branching  above  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  dark  green,  smooth  and  shin- 
ing ;  flowers  solitary,  nodding  ;  corolla  white  ;  anthers  orange  ;  berries  glo- 
bose, scarlet,  as  large  as  small  cherries.     Cultivated,  2-4  feet  high. 

5.  S.  MELONGENA  (Egg-plant). — Stem  prickly,  herbaceous,  branching  ; 
leaves  ovate,  downy,  prickly  ;   flowers  small,   whitish ;   fruit  large,  ovate, 
varying  from  2-8'  in  length,  smooth,  glossy,  purple.     Cultivated,  2-3  feet 
high.     July-September. 

8.  Lycopersicum. — Calyx  mostly  5-parted,  persistent.      Corolla 
rotate  ;  tube  very  short  ;  limb  mostly  5-lobed,  plicate.     Anthers  con- 
verging, opening  at  top  by  2  pores.     Berry  3-6-celled. 

L.  ESCULENTUM  ( Tomato}. — Hairy  ;  stem  herbaceous  ;  leaves  unequally 
pinnatifid ;  segments  incised,  glaucous  beneath ;  peduncles  bearing  clusters 
of  greenish-yellow  flowers  ;  fruit  torulose,  furrowed,  smooth,  green  at  first, 
but  bright  red  and  juicy  when  mature.  Stem  3-5  feet  long. 

9.  Atropa. — Calyx  persistent,  5-cleft.    Corolla  campanulate.    Sta- 
mens distant.     Berry  globose,  sitting  on  the  calyx,  2-celled.       © 

A.  BELLADONNA  (Deadly  Nightshade}. — Smooth,  herbaceous ;  stem 
branching  below  ;  leaves  large,  ovate,  entire  ;  flowers  dull,  lurid  purple  ;  ber- 
ries large,  green  at  first,  black  when  mature,  full  of  purple  juice  ;  stem  4  feet 
high.  A  poisonous  plant.  Gardens.  July-August. 

10.  Lycium. — Calyx  2-5-cleft,  short.    Corolla  tubular,  limb  mostly 
5-lobed,   spreading.     Stamens  4-5.     Filaments   bearded,  closing   the 
throat  of  the  corolla.     Berry  2-celled.     Seeds  several,  reniform. 

L.  VULGARE  {Matrimony  Vine}. — Shrubby  ;  stem  branching  ;  branches 
long,  pendulous,  ending  in  a  spiny  point,  often  furnished  with  axillary 
spines  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  often  in  clusters,  smooth,  acute  or  obtuse,  tapering 
to  a  petiole  ;  flowers  axillary,  greenish-purple  ;  berries  orange-red.  In  cul- 
tivation. July. 


INFERIOR  MONOPETALOUS  EXOGENS    WITH 
IRREGULAR  FLOWERS. 

Order  LVIII. — SCROPHULARIACE^E  (Figwort  Family]. 

Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubby.  Leaves  opposite,  or  alternate, 
sometimes  verticillate  or  radical.  Sepals  4-5,  persistent,  more  or 
less  united.  Corolla  bilabiate,  personate,  sometimes  nearly  regu- 
lar, with  4-5  more  or  less  unequal  segments,  the  lobes  imbricated 
in  prefloration.  Stamens  didynamous,  often  with  the  rudiments 


268  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

of  a  5th,  which  is  sometimes  perfect ;  oftener  still  only  2.  Ovary 
free,  2-celled.  Style  i.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved,  many- 
seeded. 


[ULARIACE^E. 

Upper  lip  of  co- 
rolla inclosing 
lower  — 

Leaves  op- 
posite — 

Leaves  (upf 
alterna 

f  Stamens  woolly  —  Chelone. 
'  Perfect  sta- 
mens 4  —  -j                          f  Fifth    stamen    barren 
Stamens  not        —Scrophularia. 
[        woolly  —  -< 
1  No  fifth  stamen  —  Mi- 
[     inulus. 

Perfect  sta-  f  Filaments  of  sterile  stamens  forked 

[Filaments  simple  —  Gratiola. 

(  Stamens  5  —  Verbascum. 
>er)     I 
te  —  j                          f  Corolla  spurred  —  Linaria. 
\  Stamens  4  —  \ 

VT«    «.                       A   ..J.'  7.    •  

°-  f  Corolla  lobes     [Stamens  ^-Veronica. 

i  nearly  equal-  -  ,  gtems  ^\z-DiSitalis. 

Lower  lip  inclos-  [Stamens  4 — -j 

ing  the  upper —  -j  [  Stems  branching — Gerardia. 

Corolla  two-  f  Flowers  with  colored  bracts — Castilleia. 
lipped    j  NQ  ^^^   ptems  simple_^ 
bracts — 


I.  Verbascum. — Calyx  5 -parted.  Corolla  rotate,  with  5  nearly 
equal  lobes.  Stamens  5,  all  perfect,  declinate.  Capsule  globose  or 
ovoid,  many-seeded.  @ 

1.  V.  THAPSUS  (Mullein"). — Plant  densely  woolly  throughout ;  stem  tall, 
rigidly  erect,  usually  simple  ;  leaves  decurrent,  oblong,  acute  ;  flowers  yel- 
low, in  a  long,  dense,  terminal,  cylindrical  spike  ;  two  lower  stamens  usually 
beardless.     In  neglected  fields,  4-7  feet  high.     June-August. 

2.  V.  BLATTARIA  (Moth  Mullein). — Stem  simple  or  branching  above, 
leafy,  erect ;   leaves  smooth,  clasping,  oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  the  lower 
petiolate ;  flowers  in  a  long,  leafy  raceme,  yellow  or  white,  usually  tinged 
with  purple  ;  stamens  unequal,  with  purple,  woolly  filaments.     Road-sides, 
2-3  feet  hi^h.     June-July. 

2.  Linaria. — Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  personate  ;  upper  lip  bifid, 
reflexed  ;  lower  lip  3-cleft  ;  palate  prominent  ;  tube  inflated  and 
spurred.  Stamens  4.  Capsule  opening  at  the  summit  by  1-2  pores. 

1.  L.  VULGARIS  (Toad-flax  Snapdragon). — Smooth  and  glaucous;  stem 
erect,  with  short,  leafy  branches  ;  leaves  alternate,  crowded,  linear-lanceo- 
late ;  flowers  yellow,  in  dense,  terminal  spikes  ;  corolla  with  a  long  spur,  the 
throat  completely  closed  by  the  orange-colored  palate.    Common  along  road- 
sides.    July-August. 

2.  L.   CANADENSIS  (Canadian  Snapdragon}. — Smooth  ;    stem  slender, 


SCROPHULARIACE&.  9  269 

erect,  nearly  simple  ;  leaves  linear,  erect,  smooth,  scattered,  obtuse ;  flowers 
small,  blue,  in  an  elongated,  slender,  terminal  raceme,  on  short  pedicels ; 
spur  filiform,  curved,  as  long  as  the  corolla.  In  sandy  soils,  6'-is'  high. 
June-  October. 

3.  Antirrhinum. — Calyx  5-sepaled.     Corolla  gibbous  at  base  ;  up- 
per lip  bifid,  reflexed  ;  lower  lip  trifid,  closed.    Capsule  without  valves, 
opening  by  3  pores,     y 

A.  MAJUS  (Snapdragon).  —Stem  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  opposite  ;  up- 
per ones  alternate  ;  flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  pink,  with  the  lip  white,  and 
the  mouth  yellow  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  covered  with  glandular  hairs. 
Gardens.  July- August. 

4.  Scrophularia. — Calyx-segments   5,   acute.      Corolla-tube   sub- 
globose  ;  limb  contracted  ;   upper  lip  with  4  erect  lobes  ;  lower  lip 
spreading.     Stamens  4,  declinate  ;    a  5th  stamen  as  a  scale  on   the 
corolla-tube.     Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded.     y 

5.  NODOSA  (Figwort}. — Smooth  ;  stem  tall,  angular,  branching ;  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  the  upper  ones  varying  to  lanceolate,  all  acute,  den- 
tate or  serrate,  petiolate,  mostly  cordate  or  rounded  at  base  ;  flowers  of  a 
dull  purple,  in  loose  cymes  ;  calyx-teeth  broad,  obtuse,  somewhat  margined. 
In  low  grounds,  4-6  feet  high.     July. 

5.  Chelone. — Calyx-sepals  distinct,  with  3  bracts  at  base.    Corolla 
tubular,  inflated,   2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  arched,  emarginate  ;  lower  lip 
bearded  at  the  throat,   3-lobed.     Stamens  with  woolly  filaments  and 
anthers  ;  5th  filament  sterile  and  smaller.     Seeds  with  broad,  mem- 
branous margins,     y 

C.  GLABRA  (Snake-head}. — Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  simple  or  branching ; 
leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  on  very  short  petioles  ;  flow- 
ers large,  white,  varying  to  rose-color,  in  dense,  short  spikes  ;  corolla  with 
an  open  throat  and  contracted  mouth  ;  style  long,  exserted.  In  wet  grounds, 
2-3  feet  high.  July-September. 

6.  Mimulus. — Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed.     Corolla  tubular,  rin- 
gent  ;  upper  lip  erect,  and  reflexed  at  the  sides,  2-lobecl ;  lower  lip  with 
a   prominent   palate,   3-lobed.     Stamens   4.     Stigma   thick,   2-lipped. 
Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded,     y 

M.  RINGENS  (Monkey-flower]. — Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  square,  branching  ; 
leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  flowers 
large,  on  solitary,  square  peduncles,  curved  upward  ;  corolla  pale  blue,  with 
a  yellow  throat.  In  wet  places,  1-2  feet  high.  July-August. 

7.  Gratiola. — Calyx-segments    nearly  equal.      Corolla   2-lipped  ; 
upper  lip  entire  or  2-cleft  ;  lower  lip  without  a  prominent  palate,  3-cleft. 
Fertile  stamens  2.    Style  dilated  or  2-lipped  at  apex.    Capsule  2-celled, 
4-valved,  many-seeded,     y 


2/0  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

1.  G.  VIRGINIANA  (  Virginian  Hedge  Hyssop}. — Nearly  or  quite  smooth  ; 
stem  low,  erect,  simple  or  branching  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
sessile,  opposite,  slightly  serrate,  tapering  at  base  ;  flowers  small,  on  axillary 
peduncles  ;  corolla  whitish,  generally  with  a  pale  yellow  tube  ;  sterile  fila- 
ments none.     In  muddy  grounds,  3'-8'  high.     July-August. 

2.  G.  AUREA  (Golden  Hedge  Hyssop). — Smooth  ;  stem  decumbent  at  base, 
erect  above,  square,  simple,  or  with  ascending  branches  ;  leaves  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, nearly  entire,  sessile  ;  flowers  solitary,  golden  yellow  ;  sterile  fila- 
ments 2,  minute.     Common  on  the  borders  of  ponds,  3'-8'  high.     August- 
September. 

8.  Ilysanthes. — Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  short, 
erect,  2-cleft  ;  lower  large,  spreading,  3-cleft.     Fertile  stamens  2,  in- 
cluded, posterior.     Sterile  stamens  2,  anterior,  forked.     Style  2-lipped 
at  apex.     Capsule  many-seeded,     y. 

I.  GRATIOLOIDES  (False  Pimpernel). — Smooth  ;  stem  ascending,  branch- 
ing, low  ;  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  sparingly  serrate,  more 
or  less  obtuse,  the  lower  ones  sometimes  obovate  and  tapering  at  base  ;  flow- 
ers small,  pale  blue,  solitary,  on  axillary,  bractless  peduncles  ;  corolla  erect. 
In  wet  grounds,  2 '-4'  high.  July-August,  n 

9.  Digitalis. — Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  campamilate,  ventricose. 
Limb  of  5  nearly  equal  lobes.     Capsule  ovate,  2-celled,  2-valved,  with 
a  double  dissepiment.     ® 

D.  PURPUREA  (Foxglove}. — Stem  erect ;  leaves  oblong,  rugose,  downy, 
crenate,  lower  ones  crowded,  petiolate ;  flowers  large,  crimson,  beautifully 
spotted  within,  in  a  long,  showy,  i-sided  raceme  ;  calyx-segments  ovate-ob- 
long ;  corolla  obtuse,  upper  lip  entire.  July. 

10.  Veronica. — Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  rotate  or  tubular,  deeply 
4-cleft.     Stamens  2,  exserted,  one  on  each  side  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the 
corolla.     Style   entire.      Stigma   single.     Capsule    compressed,    2-fur- 
rowed. 

1.  V.  VIRGINICA  (Culver's  Physic}. — Mostly  smooth  ;  stem  erect,  simple, 
straight,  tall ;  leaves  lanceolate,  petiolate,  acute,  or  acuminate,  finely  serrate, 
in  whorls  of  4-7  ;  flowers  white,  in  panicled  spikes  ;  corolla  tubular,  pubes- 
cent within ;  stamens  and  style  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla.     In  rich,  low 
grounds,  2-6  feet  high.     July. 

2.  V.  AMERICANA  (Brooklime}. — Smooth  and  rather  fleshy  ;  stem  de- 
cumbent at  base,  and  then  erect ;  leaves  ovate,  or  oblong,  serrate  ;  flowers 
small,  in  opposite,  loose  racemes,  on  slender,  spreading  pedicels  twice  longer 
than  the  bracts  ;  corolla  pale  blue,  marked  with  brownish  lines  ;  capsule  tur- 
gid, emarginate.     In  wet  grounds,  6'-i2'  high.     June-August. 

3.  V.  SERPYLLIFOLIA  (Common  Speedwell).— Nearly  or  quite  smooth  ; 
stem  low,  prostrate,  much  branched  at  base,  with  ascending,  simple  branches ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  ;  lowest  roundish,  petiolate  ;  upper  sessile, 
entire  bracts  ;  flowers  in  loose,  bracted,  terminal  racemes,  elongated  in  fruit ; 


SCROPHULARIACE^E.  271 

corolla  bl^e  and  white,  marked  with  purple  lines  ;  capsule  obtusely  emargin- 
ate.     In  grassy  fields,  2' -6'  high.     May-September.     © 

11.  Gerardia. — Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  tubular,  swelling  above, 
with  5  spreading,  more  or  less  unequal  lobes  ;  2  upper  ones  usually  the 
smallest.    Stamens  4,  included,  hairy.    Style  elongated.    Capsule  ovate, 
acuminate,  many-seeded. 

1.  G.  PURPUREA  (Purple  Gerardia}.—  Smooth ;  stem  erect,  angular, 
with  long,  spreading  branches  ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  rough  on  the  margin  ; 
flowers  axillary,  solitary  ;  calyx-teeth  subulate  ;  corolla  bright  purple,  showy, 
smooth  or  slightly  downy.     In  wet,  grassy  grounds,  8'-2o'  high.     August. 

2.  G.   FLAVA  (Yellow  Gerardia). — Pubescent;   stem  erect,  simple,  or 
branching  toward  the  summit ;  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  or 
oblong,  entire,  obtuse  ;  flowers  large,  opposite,  axillary,  on  very  short  pe- 
duncles ;  calyx-segments  oblong,  obtuse.     In  dry  woods,   2-3  feet  high. 
August. 

3.  G.  QUERCIFOLIA   (Oak-leaved  Gerardia}. — Smooth  and  glaucous; 
stem  tall,  simple,  or  somewhat  branching  ;  lower  leaves  twice  pinnatifid  ; 
upper  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  or  entire  ;  flowers  pedunculate,  axillary, 
opposite,  of  a  brilliant  yellow,  large  and  showy  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear- 
lanceolate,  equaling  the  tube.     In  rich  woods,  4-6  feet  high.     August. 

4.  G.  PEDICULARIA  (Bushy  Gerardia). — Stem  erect,  very  branching  ; 
leaves  opposite,  ovate,  pinnatifid  ;  the  lobes  variously  cut  and  toothed  ;  peti- 
oles short,  hairy ;   flowers  large,  yellow ;   segments  of  the  calyx  usually 
toothed,  as  long  as  the  hairy  tube  ;  corolla  i'  long,  with  rounded,  spreading 
segments.     In  dry  woods,  3-4  feet  high.     August. 

12.  Castilleia. — Calyx  tubular,  flattened,  2-4-cleft,  included  in 
colored  bracts.    Corolla-tube  included  in  the  calyx  ;  upper  lip  long  and 
narrow,  arched,  inclosing  the  stamens  ;  lower  lip  short,  3-lobed.     Sta- 
mens 4.    Anthers  oblong-linear,  2-lobed,  with  unequal  lobes.    Capsule 
many-seeded,     y. 

C.  COCCINEA  (Painted  Cup). — Pubescent ;  stem  erect,  angular,  simple ; 
leaves  alternate,  sessile,  pinnatifid,  radical  ones  clustered  at  base  ;  bracts  3- 
cleft,  colored  with  bright  scarlet  at  apex,  rarely  yellow,  longer  than  the  co- 
rolla ;  flowers  in  short,  dense,  terminal  spikes  ;  calyx  and  corolla  greenish 
yellow,  the  former  tinged  with  scarlet  at  tip.  In  meadows,  io'-2o'  high. 
May-June. 

13.  Pedicularis. — Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,   2-5-cleft  ;  the 
segments  leafy.     Corolla  strongly  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  arched,  emar- 
ginate  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.     Stamens  4,  included  in  the  up- 
per lip.     Capsule  oblique,     if. 

P.  CANADENSIS  (Lousewort). — Stems  low,  erect,  simple,  clustered  ;  leaves 
petiolate,  alternate  ;  lowest  pinnately  dissected  ;  lobes  oblong-ovate,  crenately 
toothed  ;  flowers  in  short,  dense,  hairy,  terminal  heads ;  calyx  2-toothed  ; 


272  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

corolla  greenish  yellow,  or  dull  red ;  upper  lip  vaulted,  terminating  in  2  teeth, 
turned  downward.     In  fields,  6'-i5'  high.     May-July. 

14.  Melampyrum. — Calyx  campanulate,  4-cleft  ;  the  lobes  with 
long,  bristly  points.  Corolla-tube  cylindrical,  larger  above  ;  upper  lip 
arching.  Stamens  4,  included  in  the  upper  lip.  Capsule  usually  4- 
seeded,  oblique,  compressed.  © 

M.  PRATENSE  (Coiv-zvheaf). — Smooth;  stem  erect,  branching;  leaves 
opposite,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  petiolate  ;  upper  ones  larger,  with  a  few  long 
teeth  ;  flowers  solitary,  remote ;  calyx  smooth  ;  corolla  yellowish.  In  dry 
woods,  6'-io'  high.  July-August. 

Order  LIX. — LENTIBULACE^  (Bladderivort  Family}. 

Herbs,  growing  in  the  water  or  mud.  Leaves  radical ;  when 
floating  in  the  water  much  dissected,  and  furnished  with  air- 
bladders ;  when  growing  on  land,  entire  and  fleshy.  Flowers 
showy,  very  irregular.  Calyx  of  2-5  sepals,  distinct,  or  partially 
united.  Corolla  bilabiate,  personate,  tube  very  short,  spurred. 
Stamens  2,  inserted  on  the  upper  lip.  Anthers  i -celled.  Ovary 
free  from  the  qalyx,  I -celled.  Style  I.  Fruit  a  many-seeded 
capsule, 

Utricularia. — Calyx  2-parted,  with  nearly  equal  lips.  Corolla 
irregularly  2-lipped.  personate  ;  the  lower  lip  projecting,  and  sometimes 
closing  the  throat,  if. 

1.  U.   INFLATA  (Inflated  Bladderwort^.—Upptt  leaves  floating  in  a 
whorl  of  5  or  6,  which  are  inflated  into  oblong  bladders,  but  dissected  at 
apex  into  capillary  segments  ;  lower  leaves  submerged,  very  finely  dissected, 
and  bearing  many  little  bladders ;   scape  projecting  above  the  water,  4-6- 
flowered ;  flowers  large,  yellow,  very  irregular,  spurred,  striate,  emarginate, 
upper  lip  of  the  corolla  broad -ovate,  entire  ;   lower  3-lobed.     Common  in 
ponds.     July-August. 

2.  U.    VULGARIS    (Common    Bladderworf).— Leaves    all    submerged, 
crowded,  dissected  into  very  numerous,  capillary  segments,  furnished  with 
little  bladders  ;  flowers  5-12,  pedicellate,  yellow,  very  showy,  alternate ;  spur 
conical,  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.     Common  in  ponds.     June- 
August. 

Order   LX. — BIGNONIACE^E. 

Trees,  or  shrubby,  climbing,  or  twining  plants.  Flowers  usu- 
ally large  and  showy.  Leaves  simple,  or  pinnately  parted.  Co- 
rolla broad  at  the  throat,  with  a  bilabiate  or  irregularly  5-lobed 
limb.  Stamens  5,  I  or  3  sterile,  when  4,  often  didynamous. 
Ovary  2-celled,  free  from  the  calyx,  surrounded  by  a  fleshy  disk  at 


VERBENACE&. 


273 


base.     Style  i.     Fruit  a  woody  or  coriaceous  2-valved,  many- 
seeded  pod.     Seeds  winged. 

(  Climbers — Tecoma. 
BIGNONIACE^ 

(  Trees— Catalpa. 

1.  Tecoma. — Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.     Corolla  funnel-form, 
with  a  5-lobed  limb,  somewhat  bilabiate.     Stamens  didynamous.    Cap- 
sule long  and  narrow,  2-celled,  2-valved.     Seeds  winged. 

T.  RADICANS  {Trumpet  Creeper). — Stem  woody,  climbing  by  means  of 
rootlets ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leaflets  5-11,  ovate,  acuminate,  dentate  ;  flowers 
corymbed ;  corolla  large,  2'-$'  long,  orange  and  scarlet,  very  showy ;  sta- 
mens included.  July-August. 

2.  Catalpa. — Calyx  2-lipped.   Corolla  campanulate  ;  tube  inflated  ; 
limb  irregular.     Stamens   5,   2  only   usually   have   anthers.      Stigma 
2-lipped.     Capsule  long  and  slender,  2-celled. 

C.  BIGNONIOIDES  {Catalpa). — Leaves  cordate,  or  ovate-cordate,  acumi- 
nate, entire  ;  flowers  in  compound  panicles,  white,  tinged  and  spotted  with 
purple  and  yellow,  large  and  showy  ;  calyx-teeth  mucronate  ;  capsule  cylin- 
dric,  pendent,  6'-i2'  long.  June-July. 

Order  LXI. — VERBENACE.E  (  Vervain  Family}. 

Herbs,  shrubs ;  or  trees  in  the  tropics.  Leaves  usually  oppo- 
site, without  stipules.  Calyx  tubular,  free  from  the  ovary,  4-5- 
cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular  ;  the  limb  bilabiate,  or  with  4-5 
more  or  less  unequal  lobes.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  sometimes 
only  2.  Ovary  entire,  2-4-celled,  rarely  I -celled,  each  cell  with  I 
ovule.  Style  i.  Fruit  separating  into  2  or  more  indehiscent  i- 
seeded  portions,  rarely  a  single  achenium. 

A  large,  chiefly  tropical  order,  represented  here  chiefly  by  Ver- 
bena, of  which  we  have  several  native  and  exotic  species. 

(  Fruit  4  achenia —  Verbena. 
VERBENACE^E.-j 

(  Fruit  i-seeded — Phryma. 

I.  Verbena. — Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form  ; 
limb  with  5  slightly  unequal  lobes.  Stamens  4,  rarely  2,  included. 
Style  slender.  Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  splitting  into  4  achenia. 

1.  V.  HASTATA  (Blue  Vervairi). — Stem  tall,  erect,  with  a  few  opposite 
branches  above  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  ;  flowers  sessile,  in  dense, 
slender,  erect  spikes,  usually  arranged  in  terminal  panicles  ;  corolla  purplish 
blue  ;  stamens  4.     In  low  grounds,  3-5  feet  high.     July-September. 

2.  V.  URTICIFOLIA  (Nettle-leaved  Vervain).— Stem  tall,  erect,  branch- 
ing ;  leaves  ovate,  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  strongly  nerved  ; 


274  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

flowers  minute,  remote,  white,  sessile  in  elongated,  very  slender  spikes. 
Common  in  waste  places.     2-3  feet  high.     July- August. 

3.  V.  AUBLETIA  (Garden  Verbena). — Stem  weak,  decumbent  at  base, 
erect  above,  square,  viscid-pubescent,  with  opposite  branches  ;  leaves  oval, 
deeply  cut  and  toothed  ;  flowers-large,  in  solitary,  dense,  corymbose  clusters, 
on  long  peduncles  ;  bracts  downy,  nearly  as  long  as  the  downy  calyx,  narrow, 
persistent ;  corolla  rose-red  or  scarlet,  with  emarginate  lobes.  In  house 
cultivation,  also  in  the  open  air.  1-2  feet  high.  May. 

2.  Phryma. — Calyx  cylindrical,  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  longer,  with 
3  bristly  teeth  ;  lower  lip  2-toothed.  Corolla  bilabiate.  Style  slender. 
Stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  oblong,  i-celled,  i-seeded.  y. 

P.  LEPTOSTACHYA  (Lopseed}. — Stem  erect,  slender,  square,  branching, 
pubescent ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  thin  and  large  ;  flowers  opposite, 
rather  small,  in  very  long,  slender  spikes  ;  corolla  light  purple  ;  pedicels  of 
the  fruit  deflexed  ;  seed  solitary,  inclosed  in  a  thin  pericarp,  all  invested  by 
the  closed  calyx.  In  rich  woodlands.  1-3  feet  high.  July. 

Order  LXII. — LABIATE  (Mint  Family). 

Herbs,  or  slightly  shrubby  plants.  Stems  square,  usually  with 
opposite  branches.  Leaves  opposite  or  verticillate,  usually  con- 
taining receptacles  of  volatile  oil.  Flowers  axillary  or  terminal, 
in  whorls,  which  sometimes  take  the  form  of  dense  heads  ;  rarely 
solitary.  Calyx  tubular,  free  from  the  ovary,  persistent,  4~5-cleft, 
or  bilabiate.  Corolla  bilabiate,  rarely  almost  regular,  with  4-5 
subequal  lobes.  Stamens  didynamous,  sometimes  only  2,  the 
upper  pair  being  abortive,  or  wanting.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed. 
Style  i,  central,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  4  lobes  of  the  ovary, 
which  in  fruit  consists  of  4,  rarely  fewer,  little  separate  nuts  or 
achenia,  contained  in  the  tube  of  the  persistent  calyx. 

1.  Lavandula. —  Calyx  ovoid-cylindric,  with  5  short   teeth  ;    the 
upper  ones  often  the  largest.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed  ;  lower 
lip  3-lobed  ;  lobes  nearly  equal.     Stamens  included,     y. 

L.  VERA  (Lavender}. — Stem  suffruticose  and  branching  at  base ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  revolute  on  the  margin,  white-downy  ;  flowers  blu- 
ish, in  interrupted  spikes ;  corolla  much  exsert.  July. 

2.  Mentha. — Calyx  somewhat  campanulate,  with  5  equal  teeth. 
Corolla  with  a  short  tube,  nearly  regular,  4-cleft ;  upper  lobe  broadest, 
entire  or   emarginate.       Stamens   4,    nearly   equal,    straight,    distant. 
Achenia  smooth,     y. 

"i.  M.  CANADENSIS  (fforseminf).—Stem  low,  ascending,  simple  or  branch- 
ing, pubescent  with  reversed  hairs  on  the  angles ;  leaves  oblong,  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  serrate ;  flowers  small,  pale  purple,  in  dense,  axillary,  globular 


LAB  I  A  T^E. 


275 


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276  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

whorls;  calyx  hairy;  stamens  exserted.     In  wet  grounds,  1-2  feet  high. 
July-September. 

2.  M.  VIRIDIS  (Spearmint}. — Stem  smooth,  upright,  with  erect  branches  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  unequally  serrate,  smooth  ;  flowers  pale  pur- 
ple, in  distinct,   axillary  whorls,  arranged  in  slender,    interrupted  spikes  ; 
calyx-teeth  somewhat  hairy.     Wet  grounds,  1-2  feet  high.     July. 

3.  M.  PIPERITA  (Peppermint}. — Smooth  ;  stem  purplish,  erect,  branch- 
ing ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  petiolate,  dark  green  ;  flowers  purplish,  in 
dense  whorls,  forming  compact  spikes  ;  bracts  lanceolate.     In  wet  grounds, 
2-3  feet  high.     July. 

3.  Lycopus. — Calyx  tubular,  4-5-toothed.     Corolla  campanulate, 
with  4  subequal  lobes  ;  upper  segment  broadest,  emarginate.     Stamens 
2,  distant,  sometimes  with  2  sterile  rudiments.    Style  straight.    Achenia 
smooth,  with  thickened  margins,     if 

1.  L.   EUROP^US  (Water  Hoarhound). — Stem  sharply  4-angled,  branch- 
ing ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  petiolate ;  lowest  pin- 
natifid  ;  uppermost  linear  and  nearly  entire  ;  flowers  small,  white,  in  dense, 
axillary  whorls  ;  calyx-teeth  5.     In  low  grounds,  io'-i8'  high.    August. 

2.  L.  VIRGINICUS  (Bugle  Weed). — Stem  obtusely  4-angled,  with  concave 
sides ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  or  oblong,  coarsely  toothed,  on  short  peti- 
oles ;  flowers  small,  purplish  white,  in  few-flowered,  axillary  whorls ;  calyx- 
teeth  4,  ovate,  obtuse.     In  low  grounds,  io'-i5'  high.     July-August. 

4.  Monarda. — Calyx    elongated,    tubular,    15 -nerved,    5-toothed. 
Corolla   tubular,    with   a   somewhat   inflated   throat.     Limb   strongly 
2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  linear,  erect  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.     Sta- 
mens 2,  elongated.     Anthers  linear,     y. 

1.  M.   DIDYMA  (Bee  JJalm).  —  Stem  erect,   usually  branching ;   leaves 
ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  rough,  on 
short  petioles ;    bracts  and  uppermost  leaves  tinged  with  red  ;    flowers  in 
dense,  terminal  heads ;    calyx  smooth,  colored ;    corolla  large  and  showy, 
smooth,  very  long,  bright  red  or  scarlet.     July. 

2.  M.  FISTULOSA  ( Wild  Bergamot}. — Nearly  smooth  ;  stem  erect;  leaves 
petiolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  ;  flowers  in  a  few,  dense,  terminal,  many- 
flowered  heads,  surrounded  by  sessile  bracts,  the  upper  and  outer  of  which 
are  leafy  and  often  colored ;    calyx  very  hairy  at  the  throat ;    corolla  pale 
purple,  greenish  white  or  rose-colored,  smooth  or  hairy.     In  woods,  2-4  feet 
high.     July-September. 

5.  Salvia. — Calyx  campanulate,  striate,  bilabiate  ;    upper  lip  2-3- 
cleft ;  lower  lip  2-cleft.     Corolla  deeply  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  straight ; 
lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.     Stamens  2,  with  short  filaments.     2f 

S.  OFFICINALIS  (Sage}. — Stem  low,  shrubby  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  of 
a  dull,  grayish  green  ;  flowers  in  few-flowered  whorls,  arranged  in  spikes ; 
calyx-teeth  mucronate,  viscid  ;  corolla  blue,  with  an  elongated  tube ;  upper 
lip  as  long  as  the  lower,  and  somewhat  vaulted.  July. 


LABI  AT JE.  277 

6.  Pycnanthemum. — Calyx  more  or  less  tubular,  about  13-nerved, 
5-toothed.     Corolla  bilabiate,  with  a  short  tube  ;  upper  lio  nearly  flat  ; 
lower  lip  with  3  ovate,  obtuse  lobes.     Stamens  distant.     Anther-cells 
parallel,     y. 

1.  P.  INCANUM  {Mountain  Mint}. — Stem  erect,  obtusely  4-angled,  white- 
downy,  leaves  oblong-ovate,  remotely  toothed,  acute,  hoary  beneath  ;  up- 
permost whitish  on  both  sides  ;  flowers  in  dense 'whorls,  forming  loose,  com- 
pound cymes  or  heads  ;   corolla  flesh-colored  or  pale  purple ;  the  lower  lip 
spotted  with  dark  purple  ;  calyx  bilabiate,  the  3  upper  segments  being  united 
and  bearded  at  the  extremity.     In  rocky  woods,  2-3  feet  high.     July. 

2.  P.  LANCEOLATUM  (Narrow-leaved  Wild  Basil}.— Smooth  or  slightly 
downy ;  stem  erect,  pubescent  on  the  angles,  very  branching,  leafy ;  leaves 
lanceolate  ;  flowers  in  dense  heads,  forming  a  terminal  corymb  ;  bracts  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,   white-downy  ;    calyx-teeth  short,  triangular,  white- 
downy  ;  corolla  pale  purplish  white,  spotted  with  brownish  purple.    Thickets 
and  fields,  1-3  feet  high.     July-August. 

7.  Thymus. — Calyx  bilabiate,  about  13-nerved,  hairy  in  the  throat ; 
upper  lip   3-toothed  ;    lower  lip   2-cleft.      Corolla   short,   somewhat 
2-lipped  ;  upper  lip   flattish,  lower  lip  spreading,  with  3  nearly  equal 
teeth.     Stamens  4,  distant. 

1.  T.  VULGARIS  (Thyme]. — Stems  decumbent  at  base,  ascending,  branch- 
ing, tufted  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  or  lanceolate,  entire,  veiny,  revolute  on  the 
margins ;  flowers  in  whorls,  arranged  so  as  to  form  terminal,  leafy  spikes  ; 
corolla  purplish.     June-August. 

2.  T.  SERPYLLUM  (Creeping  Thyme).—  Stems  decumbent  at  base,  ascend- 
ing, wiry,  branching,  slender,  leafy,  downy  above,  tufted ;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse, 
entire ;  flowers  in  dense,  oblong  heads ;  corolla  purple,  spotted.    June- July. 

8.  Hyssopus. —  Corolla  bilabiate  ;    upper  lip  erect,  flat,  emargi- 
nate  ;  lower  lip  3-parted  ;  tube  about  as  long  as  the  calyx,     y. 

H.  OFFICINALIS  (Hyssop}.— Stems  erect,  tufted ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  entire,  sessile  ;  flowers  in  racemose,  one-sided  verticils,  bright  blue  ; 
calyx-teeth  erect.  In  gardens,  2  feet  high.  July. 

9.  Collinsonia. — Calyx  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  truncate,  3-toothed  ; 
lower  lip  2-toothed.     Corolla  somewhat  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  with  4 
nearly  equal  lobes  ;  lower  lip  longer,  fringed.    Stamens  2,  rarely  want- 
ing, much  exserted,  diverging,     y. 

C.  CANADENSIS  (Horse-Balm). — Stem  erect,  square,  branching;  leaves 
ovate,  coarsely  serrate  ;  flowers  rather  large,  in  racemes,  forming  a  terminal 
panicle  ;  corolla  pale  yellow,  with  a  conspicuously  fringed  lower  lip  ;  calyx- 
teeth  subulate ;  style  and  stamens  very  long.  In  damp,  rich  soils,  3-5  feet 
high.  July-September. 

10.  Hedeoma. — Calyx  nearly  tubular,  13-ribbed,  bilabiate  ;  upper 
lip  3-toothed  ;  lower  lip  2-toothed  ;  throat  hairy.    Corolla  bilabiate  ;  up- 


278  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

per  lip  flat,  erect  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed  ;  lobes  nearly  equal. 
Stamens  2,  sometimes  accompanied  by  2  sterile  filaments.     © 

H.  PULEGIOIDES  (Pennyroyal}. — Stem  erect,  branching  ;  leaves  ovate, 
or  oblong-ovate,  few-toothed,  on  short  petioles,  smooth  above  ;  flowers  small, 
pale  purple,  in  whorls  ;  corolla  pubescent.  In  dry,  barren  fields,  3'-8'  high. 
July-September. 

11.  Melissa. — Calyx  13-ribbed,  flattish  above  ;  upper  lip  3-toothed  ; 
lower  lip  2-toothed.     Corolla  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  erect,  flattish  ;  lower 
lip  spreading,  3-lobed  ;  middle  lobe  broadest.    Stamens  ascending,     y. 

M.  OFFICINALIS  (Balm). — Stem  erect,  branching ;  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
coarsely  toothed  ;  flowers  in  half  whorls,  white  or  yellow  ;  bracts  few,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  petiolate.  June-August. 

12.  Scutellaria. — Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate  ;  lips  entire  ;  up- 
per sepal  arched.     Corolla  bilabiate,  with  the  tube  elongated  ;  upper 
lip  arched,  entire  ;  lower  lip  with  its  middle  lobe  dilated  and  convex. 
Stamens  4,  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip.     Anthers  approximate  in 
pairs,  ciliate.     of 

1.  S.   GALERICULATA   (Common   Skullcap). — Stem   simple  or  slightly 
branched  ;  leaves  all  alike,  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  more  or 
less  cordate  at  base,  on  very  short  petioles,  almost  sessile  ;  flowers  large,  axil- 
lary, usually  solitary  ;  corolla  blue,  greatly  expanded  above.    In  swamps  and 
meadows,  1-2  feet  high.     August. 

2.  S.  LATERIFLORA  (Side-flowering  Skullcap} . — Stem  erect,  with  oppo- 
site branches  ;   leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;   lower  floral  leaves  resembling  the 
others  ;  upper  floral  leaves  small,  resembling  bracts  ;  flowers  small,  in  lateral, 
axillary,  leafy,  long-peduncled,  somewhat  one-sided  racemes ;  corolla  blue. 
In  meadows  and  low  grounds,  io'-i8'  high.     July-August. 

13.  Brunella. — Calyx   tubular  campanulate,    bilabiate,    closed   in 
fruit  ;  upper  lip  broad  and  flat,  with  3  short  teeth  ;  lower  with  2  lanceo- 
late teeth.     Corolla  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  vaulted,  erect,  entire  ;  lower 
lip  spreading,  reflexed,  3-cleft.     Stamens  4.     Filaments  forked,  the 
lower  division  bearing  the  anther,     y. 

P.  VWLG\RI$  (Self-heal). — Stem  low,  simple,  or  slightly  branched,  marked 
with  pubescent  lines  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  entire,  or  slightly  toothed,  petio- 
late ;  flowers  in  dense,  sessile,  bracted,  5-6-flowered  verticils,  forming  a  dense, 
terminal  spike  ;  bracts  reniform,  2  to  each  verticil,  membranous,  ciliate  ;  co- 
rolla blue  or  violet  of  various  shades.  In  meadows,  6'-i2'  high.  June- 
August. 

14.  Nepeta. — Calyx  tubular,  obliquely  5-toothed.     Corolla  naked 
and  expanded  at  the  throat,  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate  ; 
lower  lip  spreading,  y-cleft.     Stamens  4,  approximate  in  pairs,     y. 

i.  N.  CATARIA  (Catnip). — Stem  tall,  erect,  branching  ;  leaves  cordate, 
trenate,  soft  and  velvety  ;  flowers  in  slightly  pedunculate  whorls,  arranged 


LABIATE.  279 

in  interrupted  spikes  ;  corolla  purplish  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ; 
lower  lip  dotted  with  purple.     In  waste  places,  3-4  feet  high.     July. 

2.  N.  GLECHOMA  (Gill.  Ground  Ivy}.  —  Stem  creeping,  rooting  at 
base ;  leaves  reniform,  crenate,  glaucous  green ;  flowers  3-5  together,  in 
loose  clusters ;  corolla  light  blue,  variegated  at  the  throat ;  anther-cells  di- 
verging at  a  right  angle.  In  waste  grounds,  1-2  feet  long.  May-August. 

15.  Physostegia. — Calyx  campanulate,  with  5  nearly  equal  teeth, 
inflated  after  flowering.     Corolla  with  the  throat  inflated  ;  upper  lip 
nearly  erect,  entire  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-parted  ;  middle  lobe  broad 
and  rounded,  emarginate.     Stamens  4.     21 

P.  VIRGINIANA  (False  Dragon's  Head).— Stem  erect,  thick,  and  rigid  ; 
leaves  lanceolate-ovate  ;  flowers  large,  showy,  in  dense,  terminal,  4-rowed 
spikes  ;  corolla  pale  purple  or  flesh-color,  spotted  inside.  Stem  1-3  feet  high. 
July-September. 

16.  Lamium. — Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-ribbed,  with  5  nearly 
equal  teeth.     Corolla  dilated  at  throat,  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  vaulted, 
narrowed  at  base  ;  lower  lip  3-parted  ;  lateral  lobes  small,  attached  to 
the  margin  of  the  throat.     Stamens  4.     © 

L.  AMPLEXICAULE  (Dead  Nettle). — Stems  decumbent  at  base;  leaves 
broad,  nearly  round,  hairy  ;  lower  ones  small ;  cauline  ones  cordate  ;  floral 
leaves  similar,  but  nearly  or  quite  sessile  ;  flowers  in  dense  verticils,  sessile 
in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  ;  calyx  hairy  ;  corolla  light  purple,  elongat- 
ed ;  upper  lip  downy  ;  lower  lip  spotted.  In  waste  grounds,  5'-i8'  high. 
May-October. 

17.  Leonurus. — Calyx  turbinate,  5-ribbed,  with  5  subequal  teeth. 
Corolla  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  erect,  oblong,  entire,  hairy  ;  lower  lip  3- 
lobed,  spreading  ;  middle  lobe  obcordate.     Stamens  4.     y. 

L.  CARDIACA  (Motherworf).— Stem  erect,  branching,  often  purplish; 
leaves  palmately  lobed  ;  floral  leaves  trifid,  variously  toothed  and  arranged 
in  4  rows  on  the  stem  ;  flowers  in  dense,  axillary  whorls  ;  corolla  purplish, 
hairy  outside,  variegated  inside.  In  waste  places,  3-5  feet  high.  July-Sep- 
tember. 

18.  Galeopsis.— Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-ribbed,  with  5  sub- 
equal  teeth.     Corolla  bilabiate,  dilated  at  the  throat  ;  upper  lip  ovate, 
arched  ;  lower  lip  3-cleft,  spreading  ;  middle  lobe  obcordate,  toothed  ; 
the  palate  with  2  teeth  on  the  upper  side.     Stamens  4.     © 

G.  TETRAHIT  (Hemp  Nettle).—  Stem  hispid,  swollen  below  the  joints  ; 
leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  hispid,  acute  ;  flowers  in  dense,  axillary  verti- 
cils ;  corolla  purple,  variegated  with  white.  In  waste  places,  1-2  feet  high. 
June- July. 

19.  Stachys. — Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  angular,  5-io-ribbed, 
5-toothed.     Corolla  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  erect,  spreading,  or  arched, 
entire  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed  ;  middle  lobe  nearly  entire.    Sta- 


280  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

mens  4,  ascending  beneath  the  lower  lip.     Anthers  approximate  in 
pairs,     if 

S.  PALUSTRIS  (Hedge  Nettle.  Woundwort). — Stem  erect,  nearly  simple, 
clothed  with  stiff,  deflexed  bristles,  especially  on  the  angles  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  bristly,  especially  on  the  mid- 
rib and  veins,  rounded  at  base,  on  short  petioles  ;  flowers  arranged  in  spikes  ; 
calyx  with  bristly  teeth  ;  corolla  pale  purple.  In  swamps  and  meadows,  1-3 
feet  high.  July. 

20.  Marrubium. — Calyx  tubular,  5-io-ribbed,  with  5-10  nearly 
equal  teeth.     Corolla  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  emarginate  ; 
lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft.    Stamens  4,  included  in  the  corolla-tube.    if. 

M.  VULGARE  (Hoarhound). — Stem  ascending,  white-downy ;  leaves  round- 
ish-ovate, crenately  toothed,  petiolate,  white-downy  beneath ;  flowers  in 
dense,  hairy,  axillary  whorls  ;  calyx-teeth  10,  recurved  ;  alternate  ones  short- 
er ;  corolla  small,  white.  A  bitter,  aromatic  herb,  rather  frequent  in  waste 
grounds.  Introduced.  Stem  1-2  feet  high.  August. 

21.  Trichostema. — Calyx  campanulate,  oblique,  deeply  and  un- 
equally 5-toothed  ;  upper  lip  with  3  nearly  equal  teeth.     Corolla  with 
a  very  short  tube,  unequally  5-lobed  ;  lobes  oblong,  declined.     Sta- 
mens 4.     © 

T.  DICHOTOMUM  (Blue  Curls). — Stem  erect,  dichotomously  branching, 
hairy  ;  leaves  oblong- lanceolate  ;  flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  on  slender, 
i-flowered  pedicels,  becoming  inverted  by  the  twisting  of  their  stalks  ;  corolla 
small,  bright  blue  ;  stamens  very  long,  much  exserted,  bright  blue,  very  con- 
spicuous, curving  from  the  lower  lip  to  the  upper.  In  dry  pastures,  6'-8' 
high.  August. 

Order  LXIII. — PLANTAGINACE./E  (Plantain  Family). 

Herbs  usually  acaulescent.  Leaves  in  a  radical  tuft,  often 
ribbed.  Calyx  4-cleft,  free  from  the  ovary,  persistent.  Corolla 
more  or  less  tubular,  4-cleft,  scarious,  persistent.  Stamens  4, 
alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes.  Filaments  long  and  weak.  An- 
thers versatile.  Ovary  2-celled.  Style  i.  Capsule  a  membrana- 
ceous  pyxis,  the  cells  i  or  several-seeded. 

Plantago. — Calyx-teeth  4,  persistent,  dry.  Corolla  tubular,  with- 
ering, with  a  4-cleft,  reflexed  border.  Capsule  an  ovoid,  2-celled  pyxis. 
Acaulescent. 

i.  P.  MAJOR  (Common  Plantain). — Leaves  large,  ovate,  tapering  abruptly 
at  base,  very  strongly  ribbed  ;  spike  long,  cylindrical  ;  flowers  densely  im- 
bricated, whitish,  inconspicuous.  In  damp  soils,  8'-2  feet  high.  June-Sep- 
tember. 


NYCTAGINACE&.—AMARANTACE&.        28l 

2.  P.  LANCEOLATA  (Ribwort"). — Leaves  lanceolate,  strongly  3-5-nerved, 
nearly  entire,  tapering  at  both  ends  ;  petioles  slender  ;  scape  slender,  angu- 
lar, more  or  less  pubescent ;  spike  ovate,  densely  flowered  ;  stamens  whitish. 
In  dry,  grassy  fields,  6'-2o'  high.  May-October. 


APETALOUS  EXOGENS   WITH  PERFECT  FLOWERS. 

Order  LXIV. — NYCTAGINACE^E. 

Herbs,  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  one  of  each  pair  smaller 
than  the  other.  Calyx  colored,  at  length  separating  from  the 
lower  part,  which  hardens  and  incloses  the  achenium.  Stamens 
hypogynous,  1-20.  Ovary  free,  i -celled.  Style  i.  Stigma  I. 
Fruit  an  achenium. 

Mirabilis. — Calyx  funnel-form,  with  2  bracts  at  base  ;  tube  con- 
tracted, free  from  the  ovary;  limb  plaited,  entire,  deciduous.  Stamens 
5.  Style  I.  Stigma  globose.  © 

M.  JALAPA  (Four-o'clock). — Stem  erect,  dichotomous,  smooth ;  leaves 
opposite,  acuminate,  smooth  ;  flowers  pedicellate,  in  axillary  and  terminal 
clusters,  large  and  fragrant ;  root  large  and  tuberous.  A  showy  plant,  in 
cultivation,  2-3  feet  high.  June-September. 

Order  LXV. — AMARANTACE^E  (Amaranth  Family). 

Herbs,  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules.  Flow- 
ers in  heads  or  spikes,  or  dense  clusters,  furnished  with  dry  and 
scarious,  usually  colored  bracts.  Calyx  consisting  of  3-5,  dry  and 
scarious,  persistent  sepals.  Stamens  3-5,  or  more,  hypogynous, 
distinct  or  monadelphous.  Ovary  free,  i -celled,  with  i  or  more 
ovules.  Fruit  a  utricle,  rarely  a  many-seeded  capsule. 

Leaves  opposite— Gotnphrena. 


AMARANTACE^E. -,  ,_,.  c         ^,    • 

j  Flowers  perfect — Celosia. 

,  Leaves  alternate —  < 

{  Flowers  imperfect — Amarantus. 

I.  Amarantus. — Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  sometimes 
dioecious,  with  3  bracts.  Sepals  3-5,  mostly  colored,  persistent.  Sta- 
mens 3-5.  Styles  2-3,  sometimes  4,  filiform.  Utricle  indehiscent, 
i-seeded.  © 

A.  ALBUS  (White  Pigweed}. — Smooth;  stem  erect  or  ascending,  angu- 
lar ;  leaves  obovate,  entire,  retuse,  with  a  mucronate  point,  light  green  ; 
flowers  greenish,  inconspicuous,  in  axillary  clusters.  Common  weed,  1-2 
feet  high.  July. 


282  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

2.  Gomphrena. — Flowers   perfect.      Bracts  5,  colored  ;    3   outer 
converging.     Sepals  5,  hairy.     Disk  cylindric,  5-toothed.     Stamens  5. 
Stigma  i.     Utricle  i-celled.     ® 

G.  GLOBOSA  (Globe  Amaranth}. —  Stems  erect,  hairy,  with  opposite 
branches  ;  leaves  opposite,  obtuse,  pubescent ;  flowers  purple,  in  dense,  glo- 
bose, solitary  heads.  Cultivated  for  its  fadeless  heads  of  flowers.  io'-i8' 
high.  July-September. 

3.  Celosia. — Sepals  3-5,  colored.     Stamens  5,  united  at  base  by  a 
plicate  disk.     Style  2-3- cleft.     Utricle  circumscissile.     © 

C.  CRISTATA  (Cockscomb). — Stem  erect,  mostly  simple ;  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  mostly  alternate  ;  stipules  falcate,  striate  ;  flowers  small,  densely 
crowded,  in  large,  compressed,  thin  clusters,  bright,  purplish  red.  The 
crests  of  flowers  vary  2'-8'  in  breadth.  Common  in  cultivation,  1-2  feet 
high.  June-September. 

Order  LXVI. — CHENOPODIACE.E  (Goosefoot Family). 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubby.  Leaves  alternate,  often  more  or  less 
succulent  or  fleshy.  Sometimes  none.  Flowers  greenish,  incon- 
spicuous, usually  perfect,  sometimes  dioecious  or  polygamous. 
Calyx  sometimes  tubular  at  base,  persistent.  Stamens  as  many 
as  the  calyx-segments,  or  fewer,  inserted  at  their  base.  Ovary 
free,  I -celled,  i-ovuled.  Styles  2-4,  rarely  i.  Fruit  a  utricle. 

f  Root  large — Beta. 
{  Flowers  perfect —  -I 

CHENOPODIACE.E.  \  I  Root  sma11 '  v^fc—Chenopodium. 

[  Flowers  imperfect — Spinacia. 

I.  Chenopodium. — Flowers  perfect,  bractless.  Calyx  5-parted,  at 
length  dry,  partially  enveloping  the  fruit.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2.  Utri- 
cle membranaceous.  Seed  lenticular.  © 

1.  C.  ALBUM  (Lamb's  Quarters). — Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  branching ;  leaves 
rhomboid-ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  entire  at  base,  pale  green,  petiolate,  white 
and  mealy  beneath  ;  flowers  greenish,  mealy,  sessile,  forming  large,  terminal 
panicles.     Homely  weed,  2-5  feet  high,  in  waste  grounds.     July-September. 

2.  C.  HYBRIDUM  (Tall  Lamb's  Quarters}. — Smooth  ;  stem  erect,  slender, 
very  branching ;  leaves  ovate,  cordate  at  base,  angular,  with  a  few  large,  re- 
mote teeth,  light  green  on  both  sides  ;  flowers  greenish,  sessile,  in  racemes. 
A  common  weed  in  waste  grounds,  stem  2-3  feet  high.     July-August. 

2.  Beta. — Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Stamens  5.  Styles 
2,  very  short,  erect.  Stigmas  acute.  Seeds  reniform,  inclosed  in  the 
fleshy  calyx.  (2) 

B.  VULGARIS  (Common  Beef). — Stem  erect,  branching,  furrowed  ;  leaves 
alternate,  nearly  entire  ;  lower  ones  ovate,  upper  narrower  ;  flowers  green, 


PHYTOLACCACE&.—POL  YGONACEsE.        283 

in  dense,  axillary,  sessile  clusters,  arranged  in  spikes  ;  root  fleshy.     Is  culti- 
vated .    A  ugust, 

3.  Spinacia. — Flowers  dioecious.  Barren  flowers — calyx  5-cleft ; 
stamens  5.  Fertile  flowers — calyx  2-4-cleft.  Styles  4,  capillary. 
Utricle  contained  in  the  hardened  and  sometimes  spiny  calyx.  © 

S.  OLERACEA  (Spinage). — Stem  erect,  branching;  leaves  hastate-lanceo- 
late, tapering  at  base,  on  long  petioles  ;  flowers  greenish  ;  barren  in  a  ter- 
minal panicle  ;  fertile  in  dense,  sessile  racemes  ;  fruit  sessile,  prickly,  or  un- 
armed. In  kitchen  gardens.  Stem  1-2  feet  high.  June-July. 

Order  LXVII. — PHYTOLACCACE.E. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubby.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  perfect,  in  racemes.  Sepals  4-5,  petaloid.  Stamens  4-5 
and  alternate  with  the  sepals ;  or  else  10  or  more.  Ovary  i  or 
several-celled.  Styles  and  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells.  Fruit 
dry  or  baccate,  consisting  of  i,  or  several  I -seeded  carpels. 

Phytolacca.  — Calyx  of  5  petaloid  sepals.  Stamens  5-30.  Styles 
5-12.  Ovary  composed  of  5-12  united  carpels,  forming  a  5-12-celled, 
half-globular  berry.  Cells  I -seeded. 

P.  DECANDRA  (Poke-weed).  —  Smooth ;  stem  tall,  terete,  branching, 
changing  at  length  to  deep  purple ;  leaves  large,  ovate,  acute  at  both  ends, 
petiolate,  entire  ;  flowers  greenish  white,  in  long  cylindrical  racemes,  at  first 
terminal,  but  at  length  opposite  the  leaves  ;  stamens  10 ;  styles  10 ;  fruit  glo- 
bose, depressed,  dark  purple,  juicy.  A  tall,  stout,  poisonous  plant,  6-8  feet 
high,  rising  from  a  very  large,  branching,  poisonous  root.  July-September. 

Order  LXVIII. — POLYGON ACE^:  (Buckwheat  Family). 

Herbs,  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate.  Stipules  ochreate,  rarely 
none.  Flowers  usually  perfect.  Sepals  4-6,  more  or  less  united 
at  base,  often  petaloid.  Stamens  definite,  inserted  on  the  base  of 
the  sepals.  Ovary  free,  i -celled,  i-ovuled.  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or 
3.  Achenium  usually  triangular  or  oblong. 

f  Sepals  4-6.  embryo  one  side  of  albumen — Polygonum. 
POLYGONACE.E.  fs      ,s  a,,  ^_Rheum^ 

(  Sepals  6-  \ 

[.Sepals  of  2  sorts — Rumex. 

I.  Rheum. — Calyx  colored,  of  6  sepals,  persistent.  Stamens  9. 
Styles  3.  Stigma  many-parted,  reflexed.  Achenia  3-angled  ;  angles 
winged,  if. 

R.  RHAPONTICUM  (Garden  Rhubarb}. — Stem  erect,  stout,  fleshy,  hollow  ; 
joints  sheathed  by  large  stipules  ;  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  smooth  ,; 


284  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

petioles  rounded  beneath,  channeled  above ;  flowers  very  numerous,  green- 
ish white,  in  fasciculate  clusters.  Cultivated  for  its  large,  acid  petioles.  3-6 
feet  high.  May.. 

2.  Polygonum. — Calyx  4-6,  mostly  5-parted  ;  segments  often  peta- 
loid,  persistent,  and  inclosing  the  achenium.  Stamens  4-9,  mostly  8. 
Styles  2-3,  mostly  3,  short,  filiform.  Achenium  mostly  triangular. 

1.  P.  AVICULARE  (Knot-grass) — Smooth  ;   stem  procumbent,  spreading  ; 
branches  ascending  ;    leaves  oblong,   rough  on  the  margin,  acute,  sessile, 
mostly  pale  green  ;  stipules  short,  white,  gashed  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  2-3 
together  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  greenish  white,  sometimes  reddish  white. 
In  waste  grounds,  4/-io'  long.     June-November.     (T) 

2.  P.  HYDROPIPER  (Water  Pepper}. — Smooth;  stem  erect  or  ascending, 
simple  or  branching  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  acuminate,  with  pellucid  dots, 
rough  on  the  margin  ;  stipules  inflated,  fringed  ;  flowers  pale  greenish  white, 
in  loose,  nodding  spikes  ;  stamens  6-8  ;  styles  2-3,  united  at  base  ;  fruit  len- 
ticular or  triangular.     In  low  grounds,  1-2  feet  high.     August-September. 

3.  P.  ORIENTALE  {Prince's  Feather}. — Stem  tall,  erect,  branching,  some- 
what hairy  ;  leaves  ovate,  upper  stipules  hairy,  somewhat  salver-form  ;  flow- 
ers large,  open,  rose-colored,  in  long,  nodding,  showy  spikes  ;  calyx  5-parted  ; 
stamens  7  ;  style  2-cleft ;  fruit  lenticular.     Cultivated,  4-8  feet  high.     Au- 
gust.    ® 

4.  P.   SAGITTATUM  (Arrow-leaved  Bindweed). — Stem  weak,  ascending 
or  prostrate,  square,  with  the  angles  bristly  backward  ;  leaves  sagittate,  en- 
tire, acute  ;  stipules  smooth  ;  flowers  small,  whitish,  in  small,  terminal  heads, 
on  long,  slender,  smooth  peduncles ;    stamens  mostly  8  ;    styles  3  ;    fruit 
acutely  3-angled.     In  wet  grounds,  1-2  feet  long.     June-August.    0 

5.  P.  CONVOLVULUS  (Black  Bindweed). — Stem  angular,  twining  or  pros- 
trate, somewhat  rough,  naked  at  the  joints  ;  leaves  petiolate,  hastate,  cordate 
at  base,  acute,  entire ;  stipules  nearly  entire  ;  flowers  greenish  white,  some- 
times tinged  with  purple,  in  clusters  of  3-4,  nodding  in  fruit ;  stamens  8 ; 
styles  3 ;  fruit  mostly  smooth,  triangular.     In  cultivated  grounds,  1-5  feet 
long.     June-September.     ® 

3.  Rumex. — Calyx  persistent ;  sepals  6  ;  stamens  6  ;  styles  3. 
Stigmas  forming  a  tuft.  Achenium  3^angled,  covered  by  the  sepals. 

1.  R.  OBTUSIFOLIUS  (Broad-leaved  Dock). — Stem  erect,  stout,  somewhat 
rough,  branching  ;  lower  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  cordate  at  base  ;  upper  ones 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute ;   flowers  in  loose,  distant  whorls,   forming  long, 
nearly  naked  racemes  ;  valves  sharply  toothed  at  base.     Weed  in  cultivated 
grounds,  2-4  feet  high.     July. 

2.  R.  CRISPUS  (Yellow  Dock}. — Smooth;  stem  erect,  branching;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  strongly  waved  on  the  margin  ;  flowers  in  numerous  whorls, 
arranged  in  crowded  racemes,  leafless  above,  forming  a  large,  terminal  pani- 
cle.    Root  yellow,  spindle-shaped.     Weed  in  cultivated  grounds,  2-3  feet 
high.     June-July. 

3.  R.  ACETOSELLA  (Sheep  Sorrel). — Stem  erect,  leafy,  branching;  leaves 


ARISTOLOCHIACE^E.—LA  URACE&.  285 

lanceolate-hastate ;  upper  ones  lanceolate  ;  all  entire,  petiolate,  very  acid  to 
the  taste ;  flowers  small,  tinged  with  a  dull  red,  in  slender,  leafless  racemes, 
anthers  of  the  barren  flowers  yellow  ;  valves  ovate.  Weed,  in  dry,  sandy 
soils,  3'-8'  high.  May-October. 

Order  LXXI. — ARISTOLOCHIACE^E  {Birthwort  Family). 

Herbs,  or  shrubby  plants ;  in  the  latter  case  often  climbing. 
Leaves  alternate  or  radical.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary,  of  a  dull 
brown  or  greenish  color.  Calyx-tube  more  or  less  adherent  to 
the  ovary;  limb  3-cleft.  Stamens  6  or  12,  epigynous,  or  adherent 
to  the  base  of  the  short  and  thick  style.  Ovary  3-  or  6-celled. 
Stigmas  radiate,  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  many- 
seeded  capsule  or  berry. 

Asarum.— Calyx  campanulate  ;  limb  3-cleft ;  tube  adherent  to  the 
ovary.  Stamens  12,  inserted  on  the  ovary.  Anthers  short.  Style  very 
short.  Stigma  6-rayed.  Fruit  globular,  fleshy,  6-celled.  ^ 

A.  CANADENSE  ( Wild  Ginger}.— Pubescent,  stemless  ;  leaves  2,  broad- 
reniform,  large,  on  long,  hairy  petioles,  soft-downy  ;  flowers  solitary,  large, 
nodding,  on  a  downy  pedicel ;  calyx  woolly  ;  segments  reflexed  from  the  mid- 
dle, brownish  purple  within.  In  rich  woods.  July. 

Order  LXX. — LAURACE^E  (Laurel  Family). 

Trees,  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  usually  punctate  with 
pellucid  dots,  destitute  of  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  or  diceciously 
polygamous.  Sepals  4-6,  more  or  less  united  at  base,  imbricated 
in  2  series.  Stamens  definite,  usually  more  numerous  than  the 
sepals,  inserted  on  their  base.  Anthers  2-4-celled,  opening  by 
recurved  valves  from  base  to  apex.  Ovary,  style,  and  stigma 
single.  Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe,  usually  with  a  thickened  pedicel. 
Seed  large,  with  a  conspicuous  embryo. 

f  Fruit  a  drupe — Sassafras. 
LAURACE^:.  \ 

(.  Fruit  a  berry — Lindera. 

I.  Sassafras. — Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  spreading,  colored,  6- 
parted.  Barren  flowers  with  9  stamens,  in  3  rows.  Anthers  opening 
by  4  valves.  Fertile  flowers  with  6  rudimentary  stamens.  Style  fili- 
form. Drupe  obovoid,  i-seeded.  Trees. 

S.  OFFICINALE  (Sassafras}. — Leaves  ovate,  entire,  or  3-lobed,  and  taper- 
ing at  base,  alternate,  petiolate,  mucilaginous,  as  also  the  young  shoots ; 
flowers  greenish  yellow,  in  pedunculate  clusters,  appearing  before  the  leaves  ; 
drupes  dark  blue,  on  a  red  stalk.  Woodlands,  20-40  feet  high.  April-May. 


286  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

2.  Lindera. — Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  6-parted, 
open.  Sterile  flowers  with  9  stamens  in  3  rows.  Anthers  2-celled, 
2-valved.  Fertile  flowers  with  15-18  rudimentary  stamens.  Berry 
obovoid,  i-seeded. 

L.  BENZOIN  (Spice  Bush}. — Leaves  oblong-obovate,  entire,  sessile,  wedge- 
shaped  at  base,  thin,  paler  beneath,  nearly  smooth  ;  flowers  greenish  yellow, 
in  compound  clusters  ;  pedicels  scarcely  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  calyx-teeth 
oblong  ;  berries  red.  In  moist  woods,  5-12  feet  high.  April. 

Order  LXXI. — THYMELEACE^E  (Mezereum  Family). 

Shrubs  with  a  tough  bark.  Leaves  alternate,  or  opposite,  en- 
tire. Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  petaloid,  tubular,  free  from  the 
ovary ;  limb  usually  4-cleft,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  prefloration, 
sometimes  entire.  Stamens  definite,  usually  twice  as  many  as 
the  calyx-lobes,  inserted  in  its  throat.  Ovary  with  I  ovule.  Style  I . 
Stigma  i.  Fruit  drupaceous. 

f  Style  short — Daphne. 
THYMELEACE^:.  \ 

[  Style  long — Dirca. 

1.  Dirca. —  Calyx   petaloid,   tubular,    truncate;    margin   waved. 
Stamens  8,  long  and  slender,  inserted  in  the  calyx-tube.     Style  filiform. 
Stigma  capitate.     Berry  oval,  i-seeded. 

D.  PALUSTRIS  (Leather-wood). — Shrubby  ;  stem  very  branching  ;  leaves 
oblong-obovate,  entire ;  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves,  pale  yellow, 
rather  small,  funnel-form,  2-3  together  ;  berry  small,  reddish.  April-May. 

2.  Daphne. — Calyx  4-cleft,  withering ;  limb  spreading.     Stamens 
8,  included  in  the  calyx-tube.     Style  i.     Berry  i-seeded.     Shrubs. 

D.  MEZEREUM  (^Mezereum). — Leaves  deciduous,  lanceolate,  entire,  ses- 
sile, in  terminal  tufts  ;  flowers  sessile  in  clusters  of  3-4  ;  calyx  salver-form, 
with  ovate,  spreading  segments  ;  stamens  inserted  in  2  rows  near  the  top  of 
the  tube  ;  stigma  sessile.  March. 

Order  LXXII. — SANTALACE.E  (Sanddlwood  Family). 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  entire.  Flowers 
small,  perfect,  rarely  dioecious,  polygamous.  Calyx-tube  adher- 
ent to  the  ovary ;  limb  4-5-cleft.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes 
of  the  calyx,  and  inserted  opposite  them.  Ovary  i -celled,  with 
i -4  ovules.  Style  i.  Fruit  indehiscent,  crowned  with  the  per- 
sistent calyx,  often  drupaceous. 

Comandra. — Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  somewhat  urceolate ;  limb 
4-5-parted,  with  an  adherent,  5-lobed  disk.  Stamens  4-5.  Fruit  dry, 
i-seeded,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes. 


EUPHORBIACE&.  28; 

C.  UMBELLATA  (False  Toad-flax}. — Very  smooth  ;  stem  erect,  slender, 
branching  above  ;  leaves  oblong,  entire,  alternate ;  flowers  small,  greenish 
white,  in  small  clustered  umbels  of  3-5,  each  cluster  with  4  deciduous  bracts. 
In  dry  and  rocky  grounds,  6'-i2(  high.  June. 


APETALOUS  EXOGENS  WITH  IMPERFECT  FLOWERS. 
Order  LXXIII. — EUPHORBIACE^:  (Spurge  Family). 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  even  trees,  often  with  a  milky  juice.  Leaves 
opposite,  alternate,  or  verticillate,  usually  simple,  often  stipulate. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers 
usually  separate,  but  often  combined  and  surrounded  by  a  com- 
mon, mostly  petaloid  involucre,  the  staminate  being  reduced  to  a 
single  stamen,  and  the  pistillate  to  a  compound  pistil,  destitute  of 
calyx,  and  supported  on  a  conspicuous  jointed  pedicel.  Calyx, 
when  present,  several-lobed.  Petals  sometimes  present,  and  as 
many  as  the  calyx-lobes.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  free  from  the 
calyx,  when  the  latter  is  present,  consisting  of  2-9  more  or  less 
united  carpels,  attached  to  a  prolongation  of  the  axis.  Styles  as 
many  as  the  carpels,  distinct,  often  2-cleft.  Fruit  a  capsule  sepa- 
rating into  its  component  carpels. 

f  Apparent  flowers  perfect — Euphorbia. 


EUPHORCIACE^E. 


Flowers   imperfect — 


Evergreen  shrubs — Buxus. 
Tall  annuals — Ricinus. 


Low  weeds — Acalypha. 

I.  Euphorbia. — Flowers  monoecious,  in  a  usually  petaloid,  4-5- 
parted  involucre.  Sterile  flowers  numerous,  included  within  the  in- 
volucre, consisting  of  a  single  stamen  on  a  jointed  pedicel,  and  furnished 
with  a  bract  at  base.  Anthers  composed  of  2  separate,  globular  cells. 
Fertile  flower  solitary,  in  the  center,  pedicellate,  consisting  of  a  3-lobed, 
3-celled  ovary,  destitute  of  a  calyx.  Styles  3,  each  2 -parted.  Capsule 
consisting  of  3  i-seeded  carpels,  opening  each  by  2  valves.  Herbs  with 
a  milky  juice. 

1.  E.  LATHYRIS  (Caper  Spurge}. — Smooth ;  stem  erect,  stout,  branch- 
ing ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  acute,  entire,  sessile  ;  leaves  of  the 
involucre  oblong-ovate,  cordate  at  base,  acuminate  ;  fruit  and  seeds  smooth. 
Stem  2-3  feet  high.     July-September. 

2.  E.  HYPERICIFOLIA  (Spurge}. — Stem  smooth,  nearly  erect,  with  spread- 
ing branches  ;  leaves  opposite,  oval-oblong,  obliquely  cordate  at  base,  3-5- 


288  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

nerved  beneath  ;  heads  whitish,  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters,  forming  a 
sort  of  terminal  corymb.  In  waste  grounds,  8'-i5'  high.  July-August.  (T) 
3.  E.  MACULATA  (Spotted  Spurge).— Mostly  hairy  ;  stem  prostrate,  dif- 
fusely branching  ;  leaves  oval,  sessile,  smoothish  above,  pale  and  hairy  be- 
neath, often  with  large,  purple  spots  above  ;  heads  of  flowers  in  axillary 
clusters,  minute,  whitish.  A  prostrate  species,  forming  flat  patches.  Com- 
mon in  cultivated  grounds.  June-September. 

2.  Acalypha. — Flowers  monoecious.     Barren  flowers  very  small  ; 
calyx  4-parted  ;  stamens  8-16,  united  at  base.     Fertile  flowers  few  ; 
calyx  3-parted.     Styles  3,  elongated,  fringed. 

A.  VIRGINICA  (Three-seeded Mercury}. — More  or  less  pubescent ;  stem 
erect  or  ascending,  branching  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  serrate  ;  barren 
flowers  on  short  peduncles  ;  pistillate  flowers  1-3  together  in  a  large,  leaf- 
like,  broad,  cordate-ovate,  unequally  lobed  and  toothed,  acuminate  bract, 
which  is  longer  than  the  barren  spike.     In  cultivated  grounds,  6'-i5'  high. 
August. 

3.  Ricinus. — Flowers  monoecious.    Barren  flowers — calyx  5-partecl ; 
stamens  numerous.     Fertile  flowers — calyx  3-parted  ;  styles  3,  each  2- 
parted.     Capsule  prickly,  3-celled,  3-seeded.     © 

R.  COMMUNIS  (Castor-oil  Plan f).—  Herbaceous  ;  stem  erect,  branching, 
and  mealy  in  appearance ;  leaves  peltate,  palmate,  with  the  lobes  lanceolate, 
serrate,  on  long  petioles  ;  fruit  prickly.  July-August. 

4.  Buxus. — Flowers  monoecious.    Barren  flowers — calyx  3-leaved  ; 
petals  2  ;  stamens  4,  with  a  rudimental  ovary.     Fertile  flowers — calyx 
4-leaved  ;  petals  3.     Styles  3.     Capsule  3-beaked,  3-celled,  2-seeded. 
Shrubs. 

B.  SEMPERVIRENS  (Box). — Evergreen  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  obovate, 
entire,  dark  green,  the  petioles  hairy  on  the  margin  ;  anthers  ovate-sagittate. 
The  leaves  are  sometimes  narrowly  lanceolate.     A  dwarf  variety  is  used  for 
edgings. 

Order  LXXIV.— URTICACE^  (Nettle  Family}. 

Trees,  or  shrubs,  usually  with  a  milky  or  yellowish  juice  ;  or 
herbs  with  a  watery  juice.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  often 
rough  or  hispid,  with  stinging  hairs,  frequently  stipulate.  Flow- 
ers monoecious,  dioecious,  or  polygamous,  in  panicles,  aments,  or 
fleshy  heads.  Calyx  regular,  persistent,  rarely  wanting,  usually 
3~5-parted.  Stamens  definite,  distinct,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
calyx,  usually  as  many  as  its  lobes,  and  opposite  them.  Ovary  free 
from  the  calyx,  i-ovuled.  Style  i.  Fruit  a  i -seeded  utricle,  sur- 
rounded by  the  membranous  or  fleshy  calyx. 


URTICACE&.  289 

{Fruit  dry — Ulmus. 
Fruit  a  berry-like  drupe— Celtis. 
Fruit  like  a  blackberry — Morus, 


URTICACE^.  . 

Tall  twiners — Humulus. 


Herbs- 


Style  one — Urtica. 


Styles  two,  long — Cannabis, 

1.  Morus. — Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  the  different  kinds 
in  separate  spikes.     Calyx  4-parted.     Stamens  4.     Styles  2.     Achenia 
ovate,  contained  within  the  fleshy  calyx,  forming  a  juicy,  berry-like 
fruit.     Trees. 

M.  RUBRA  (Red  Mulberry), — Leaves  rough-pubescent  beneath,  cordate 
or  rounded  at  base,  acuminate,  entire,  3  to  several-lobed  ;  flowers  small,  often 
dioecious  ;  fruit  dark  red,  sweetish.  May. 

2.  Cannabis. — Flowers  dioecious.     Barren  flowers  in  axillary  ra- 
cemes or  panicles  ;  sepals  5  ;  stamens  5.     Fertile  flowers  spicate,  clus- 
tered ;  calyx  of  I  entire  sepal  inclosing  the  ovary.     Herbs. 

C.  SATIVA  (Hemp}. — Stem  erect,  tall,  branching,  rough  ;  leaves  oppo- 
site ;  upper  ones  alternate ;  all  digitately  parted ;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath  ;  flowers  green  ; 
barren  in  terminal  panicles,  fertile  in  spikes.  Weed-like  plant,  4-6  feet  high. 
June.  © 

3.  Humulus. — Flowers  dioecious  ;  barren  in  axillary  panicles  ;  se- 
pals 5  ;  stamens  5  ;  fertile  in  axillary  spikes  or  aments  ;  bracts  leafy, 
imbricated.     Achenia  invested  in  the  persistent,  enlarged  calyx,  form- 
ing a  strobile,     y. 

H.  LUPULUS  (Hop). — Stem  twining  with  the  sun,  rough  backward  with 
reflexed  prickles  ;  leaves  opposite,  cordate,  3-s-lobed  or  undivided  ;  stipules 
ovate,  persistent ;  barren  flowers  very  abundant,  greenish,  in  axillary  pani- 
cles ;  fertile  in  large  strobiles  or  cones.  July. 

4.  Urtica. — Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.     Calyx  mostly  of  4 
sepals.     Stamens  4.     Stigma  sessile,  globular.     Achenium  compressed, 
smooth,  invested  in  the  calyx.     Stinging  herbs. 

U.  DIOICA  (Nettle}. — Stem  erect,  branching,  very  hispid  and  stinging, 
obtusely  4-angled  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate;  cordate  at  base  ;  flowers  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious,  in  branching,  panicled  spikes.  A  stinging  weed,  2-4  feet 
high.  July- August. 

5.  Ulmus. — Flowers  perfect,  rarely  polygamous.     Calyx  campanu- 
late,  4-g-cleft.     Stamens  4-9.     Styles  2.     Ovaries  flat.     Fruit  a  flat 
samara  with  a  winged  margin,  by  abortion  i-celled,  i-seeded.     Trees. 

i.  U.  AMERICANA  (Elm}. — Young  branches  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  ob- 
long-obovate,  doubly  serrate,  smooth  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers 


290  SYSTEMATIC  BOTAXY. 

small,  purplish,  pedicellate,  in  lateral  clusters,  appearing  before  the  leaves  ; 
fruit  oval,  fringed  with  dense  down.     April. 

2.  U.  FULVA  (Slippery  Elm}. — Young  branches  rough-pubescent ;  leaves 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  doubly  serrate  ;  buds  covered  with  a  rust-colored  down  ; 
flowers  nearly  sessile,  in  dense  clusters  ;  calyx  hairy  ;  fruit  nearly  orbicular, 
naked  on  the  margin. 

6.  Celtis. — Flowers  monoecious-polygamous.  Calyx  5-6-parted, 
persistent.  Stamens  5-6.  Stigmas  2,  long,  recurved.  Drupe  globu- 
lar, i-seeded.  Trees  or  shrubs. 

C.  OCCIDENTALIS  (ffackberry). — Leaves  ovate,  entire,  oblique  at  base, 
rough,  often  cordate  at  base  ;  flowers  small,  greenish  white,  axillary,  pe- 
dunculate, appearing  at  the  same  time  as  the  leaves  ;  fruit  globular,  with  a 
thin,  sweet  flesh,  small,  dull  red.  May. 

Order  LXXV. — JUGLANDACE^E  (  Walnut  Family). 

Trees.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate.  Stipules  none.  Flowers 
greenish,  monoecious.  Sterile  ones  in  aments.  Calyx  membra- 
nous, irregular.  Stamens  indefinite.  Fertile  flowers  usually  in 
small  clusters.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  limb  3-5- 
parted.  Petals  sometimes  present,  and  as  many  as  the  calyx-seg- 
ments. Ovary  i-celled,  partially  2-4-celled,  i-ovuled.  Fruit  dru- 
paceous, the  epicarp  sometimes  indehiscent,  sometimes  regularly 
dehiscent ;  endocarp  bony.  Seeds  single,  oily,  often  edible. 

(  Husk  4-valved — Carya. 
JUGLANDACE^EX 

(  Husk  not  4-valved — Juglans. 

I.  Juglans. — Barren  flowers  in  long  and  simple  aments  ;  stamens 
8-40,  with  very  short  filaments.  Fertile  flowers  solitary,  or  several  to- 
gether ;  calyx  4-parted ;  corolla  4-petaled  ;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  drupa- 
ceous, with  a  spongy,  indehiscent  epicarp,  and  irregularly-furrowed 
endocarp.  Trees. 

1.  J.  CINEREA  (Butternut). — Leaves  is-ig-foliate  ;  leaflets  oblong-lance- 
olate, serrate,  obtuse  at  base,  acuminate,  pubescent ;  fruit  oblong,  about  2' 
in  length,  clothed  with  a  clammy  pubescence,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point ; 
nut  rough,  with  sharp,  ragged  ridges.     April-May. 

2.  J.  NIGRA  (Black  Walnut). — Leaflets  numerous,  15-21,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, long-acuminate,  serrate,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath  ;  fruit  globose, 
covered  with  rough  dots  ;  nuts  marked  with  rough  ridges.     May. 

2.  Carya. — Barren  flowers  in  slender  aments  ;  calyx  3-parted  ; 
stamens  3-8,  nearly  destitute  of  filaments.  Fertile  flowers  2-3  togeth- 
er ;  calyx  4-parted  ;  corolla  none  ;  stigma  4-lobed.  Fruit  globular, 
inclosed  in  a  4-valved  epicarp,  which  opens.  Nut  smooth,  4-6-angled, 
Trees. 


MYRICACEAZ.  291 

1.  C.  ALBA  (Shag-bark). — Leaflets  about  5,  lanceolate-obovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate  ;  fruit  globular,  depressed  at  apex  ;  nut  some- 
what compressed,  covered  with  a  thick  epicarp,  tapering  abruptly  at  the  end, 
thin-shelled,  with  a  large,  oily,  delicious  kernel.     May. 

2.  C.  TOMENTOSA  ( Thick-shelled  Walnut). — Leaflets  7-9,  oblong-lance- 
olate or  obovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  aments  hairy  ;  fruit  between  ovoid 
and  globose ;  epicarp  thick  and  almost  woody ;  nut  marked  with  about  6 
angles,  with  a  well-flavored  kernel.     May. 

3.  C.  PORCINA  (Pig-nut]. — Leaflets  5-7,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  acuminate  ;  fruit  obovate  or  pyriform,  with  a  thin,  dry  epicarp,  open- 
ing not  more  than  half-way  ;  nut  small,  extremely  hard,  with  a  thickish  shell, 
and  a  small,  bitterish  kernel.     May. 

4.  C.  AMARA  (Bitter-nut}. — Leaflets   7-11,   oblong-lanceolate,   serrate, 
acuminate,  smooth  ;  fruit  globular,  with  a  very  thin  and  soft  husk,  opening 
half-way  down  ;  nut  with  a  very  thin  shell,  capable  of  being  crushed  by  the 
fingers  ;  kernel  very  bitter.     May. 

Order  LXXVI.— MYRICACE^E  (Sweet-Gale  Family). 

Shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  aromatic,  dotted  with  resinous  glands. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Sterile  ones  in  aments,  each  in 
the  axil  of  a  bract.  Stamens  2-6.  Anthers  2-4-celled,  opening 
lengthwise.  Fertile  flowers  in  aments  or  globose  clusters.  Ovary 
i -celled,  i-ovuled,  surrounded  by  several  scales.  Stigmas  2,  subu- 
late, or  dilated  and  somewhat  petaloid.  Fruit  a  drupe-like,  i- 
seeded  nut. 

{Flowers  dioecious — Myrica. 

1.  Myrica. — Flowers  dioecious.     Barren  on  oblong  aments,  each 
contained  in  a  bract ;  stamens  2-8.     Fertile  flowers  in  ovoid  aments. 
Ovary  solitary,  with  2  filiform  stigmas.     Fruit  a  globular  nut,  covered 
with  resinous  scales.     Shrubs. 

M.  GALE  (Sweet  Gale). — Leaves  lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base,  serrate  near 
the  apex,  on  very  short  petioles,  after  the  flowers.  Barren  aments  clustered  ; 
scales  ovate,  cordate ;  fruit  in  dense,  oblong  heads.  A  low  shrub  with  a 
dark  brownish  bark.  Shrub,  3-4  feet  high.  April. 

2.  Comptonia. — Flowers  monoecious.     Barren  flowers  in  cylindri- 
cal aments  ;    bracts  reniform,  cordate  ;  stamens  3-6.     Fertile  flowers 
in  globular  aments  ;  calyx-scales  5-6.     Styles  2.     Nut  ovoid,  smooth, 
i-celled.     Shrubs. 

C.  ASPLENIFOLIA  (Sweet  Fern). — Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
pinnatifid  with  rounded  segments,  thin,  dark  green,  numerous,  on  short 
petioles,  fragrant ;  stipules  semi-cordate,  in  pairs  ;  barren  aments  erect,  ob- 


MYRICACEyE.  . 

Flowers  monoecious — Comptonia. 


292  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

long ;  fertile,  rounded  burrs,  situated  beneath  the  barren  ;  nut  ovate,  brown. 
A  low  shrub,  1-3  feet  high,  in  dry  woods.     April-May. 

Order  LXXVIL— CUPULIFERJE  (Oak  Family}. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  alternate,  with  straight  veins 
and  deciduous  stipules.  Flowers  usually  monoecious.  Sterile 
ones  or  both  in  aments.  Calyx  membranous  and  regular,  or  else 
scale-like.  Stamens  1-4  times  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes.  Ovary 
2-6-celled,  with  i  or  more  ovules  in  a  cell.  Fruit  a  i- celled, 
i-seeded  nut  or  samara. 


Nuts  inclosed  in  a     [Nut  in  a  cup- 

-Quercus. 

s$ 

r/ 

cup  or  burr  —  -| 

f  Sterile  flowers  in  catkins  —  Castanea. 

w 

[Nut  in  a  burr- 

-\ 

h 

[  Sterile  flowers  in  heads  —  Fagus. 

3  • 
s 

Fertile  flowers  in  heads  —  Corylus. 

PH 

;_) 

u 

Nut  not  in  a  cup 
or  burr  — 

f  Fruit  in  a  bladder  —  Ostrya. 
Fruit  not   J 

Fertile  flowers  ^ 
in  catkins  —  "* 

winged  —  1  Fruit  a  nerved  nut  on  base  of 
[     large  bracts  —  Carpinus. 

f  No  calyx — Betula. 
Fruit  winged —  \ 

[Calyx — Alnus. 

I.  Quercus. — Barren  flowers  in  loose,  slender,  nodding  aments 
calyx  6-8-parted  ;  stamens  5-12.  Fertile  flowers  solitary  or  clustered 
involucre  or  capsule  clip-shaped,  scaly  ;  ovary  3-celled,  with  6  ovules 
stigma  3-lobed.  Nut  i-celled,  i-seeded. 

1.  Q.   ALBA   (White  Oak}. — Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,   smooth, 
paler,  and  glaucous  beneath,  light  green  above,  deeply  and  smoothly  5-7- 
lobed  ;  lobes  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  nearly  entire ;  fruit  peduncu- 
late ;  cup  hemispherical,  much  shorter  than  the  ovate  acorn  ;  kernel  sweetish, 
edible.     A  large  forest-tree. 

2.  Q.    BICOLOR   (Swamp  White   Oak}. — Leaves  oblong-ovate,   tapering 
and  entire  at  base,  white-downy  underneath,  coarsely  and  minutely  8-12- 
toothed,  on  short  petioles  ;  teeth  unequal,  acutish  ;  fruit  mostly  in  pairs,  on 
long  peduncles  ;  cup  hemispherical,  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  oblong-ovate 
acorn  ;  kernel  sweet.     A  tall  tree,  in  swamps.     May. 

3.  Q.  PRINOIDES  (Dwarf  Chestnut  Oak). — Shrubby  ;  leaves  obovate,  den 
tate,  with  coarse  and  nearly  equal  teeth,  downy  beneath,  on  short  petioles  ; 
fruit  sessile,  or  on  very  short  peduncles  ;   cup  hemispherical ;    acorn  ovate  ; 
kernel  sweet.     A  dwarf  species,  in  dry,  sandy  soils.     May. 

4.  Q.  RUBRA  (Red  Oak}. — Leaves  smooth,  oblong,  paler  beneath,  sinu- 
ately  7-11  lobed ;    lobes  spreading,  entire  or  dentate,  acute,  with  narrow 
sinuses  between  ;   cup  very  flat  and  shallow,  saucer-shaped,  much  shorter 
than  the  oblong-ovate  acorn.     A  tall  tree,  in  forests.     May. 

5.  Q.   COCCINEA   (Scarlet   Oak}. —  Leaves   oblong  or  oval   in   outline, 


CUP  U LIFERS.  293 

smooth,  deeply  and  sinuately  s-g-lobed,  bright  green  on  both  sides,  on  long 
petioles  ;  lobes  divaricate,  sparingly  toothed,  with  broad,  open,  deep  sinuses, 
which  extend  two  thirds  to  the  mid-vein,  or  farther ;  cups  very  scaly.  A 
large  tree.  May. 

2.  Castanea. — Barren  flowers  in  separate  clusters,  in  long  aments  ; 
calyx  5-6-parted  ;  perfect  stamens  8-15.     Fertile  flowers  2-3  together, 
in  a  prickly,  4-lobed  involucre  ;    calyx-border   5-6-lobed  ;    ovary  3-6- 
celled,  with  10-15  ovules  ;  styles  3-6,  capillary.;  nuts  2-3  together,  in- 
closed in  the  enlarged,  thick,  coriaceous  involucre.     Chiefly  trees. 

C.  VESCA  (Chestnut). — Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  marked 
with  very  prominent,  straight  veins  ;  sterile  aments  long,  pendulous,  fertile 
flowers  yellowish  white,  very  abundant,  appearing  after  the  leaves  are  full- 
grown  ;  nuts  2-3  together,  of  a  peculiar,  rich  brown,  hairy  above,  flattened 
on  the  sides,  inclosed  in  a  grean,  very  prickly,  4-parted  involucre.  A  large 
forest-tree.  July. 

3.  Fagus. — Barren  flowers  in  small  heads,  on  nodding  peduncles  ; 
calyx  5-6-cleft ;  stamens  5-12.     Fertile  flowers  mostly  2  together,  in- 
closed within  a  prickly  involucre,  bracted  at  base  ;  calyx  with  4-5  su- 
bulate lobes  ;  ovary  3-celled  ;  cells  2-ovuled  ;  styles  3,  filiform.     Nuts 
i-seeded,  acutely   triangular,  2   together  in  the  prickly,  4-lobed  invo- 
lucre.    Trees. 

F.  FERRUGINEA  (Beecli). — Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  with  distinct 
teeth,  light  green,  withering  and  mostly  persistent  in  the  winter  ;  flowers 
appearing  with  the  leaves  ;  barren  yellowish,  soft-pubescent,  in  little,  globu- 
lar clusters,  on  slender  peduncles,  2'  long ;  nuts  usually  2  together,  dark 
brown,  with  an  oily,  sweet  kernel.  A  forest-tree.  May. 

4.  Corylus. —  Barren  flowers  in  long,  drooping  aments;    anthers 
i-celled.      Fertile   flowers  several  together,   in   terminal   and   lateral 
heads  ;  calyx  none  ;  ovaries  several,  2-celled  ;  cells  i-ovuled  ;  stigmas 
2,  filiform.     Nut  bony,  ovoid,  surrounded  by  the  enlarged,  leafy  cori- 
aceous involucre.     Shrubs. 

C.  AMERICANA  (Hazel-nut). —  Young  branches  glandular-pubescent ; 
leaves  cordate,  rounded,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate  ;  stigmas  of  the  fertile 
buds  red,  forming  a  little  tuft  at  the  top  of  the  bud ;  involucre  somewhat 
campanulate  below,  dilated.  A  shrub,  3-8  feet  high.  April. 

5.  Ostrya. — Barren   flowers  in   drooping  aments;  stamens  8-12, 
furnished  with  a  roundish,  ciliate  bract,  instead  of  a  calyx.     Fertile 
flowers  numerous,  with  small,  deciduous  bracts  in  loose  aments,  each 
inclosed  in  an  inflated,  sac-like  involucre.     Ovaiy  2-celled,  2-ovuled. 

O.  VIRGINICA  (Iron-wood'). — Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovat3,  acuminate, 
sheathing,  and  unequally  serrate,  petiolate,  somewhat  pubescent ;  fertile 
aments  resembling  a  cluster  of  hops  ;  involucre-scales  bristly  at  base.  A 
small,  slender  tree.  April-May. 


294  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

6.  Carpinus. — Barren   flowers  in  drooping,   cylindrical   aments ; 
stamens   8-12,  furnished   with   a   roundish,  ciliate   bract  instead  of  a 
calyx  ;  filaments  very  short  ;  anthers  bearded  at  apex.     Fertile  flowers 
mostly  in  twos,  each  pair  with  a  small,  deciduous  bract,  contained  in  a 
large,  3-lobed  involucre,  each  flower  with  a  2-celled,  2-ovuled  ovary, 
terminating  in  2  filiform  stigmas.     Nuts  small,  ovoid,  furnished  with 
an  enlarged,  open,  and  leaf-like  scale.     Trees. 

C.  AMERICANA  (Hornbeam). — Leaves  oval  or  oblong-ovate,  acuminate, 
acutely  and  unequally  serrate,  petiolate  ;  fruiting  aments  drooping,  long, 
loose,  with  the  dark-brown  nuts  arranged  by  twos,  each  with  an  involucre. 
A  small  tree.  April-May. 

7.  Betula. — Barren  flowers  in  cylindric  aments,  each  bract  with 
3  flowers,  each  flower  consisting  of  4  stamens.     Fertile  flowers  in  ob- 
long-ovoid aments,  3  to  each  bract,  with  no  calyx,  each  consisting  of 
an  ovary  with  2  filiform  stigmas.     Fruit  compressed.     Trees. 

1.  B.  LENTA  (Black  Birch). — Leaves  ovate,   serrate,   cordate  at  base, 
acuminate,  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath,  as  also  the  petioles ;    fertile  aments 
oval,  erect,  somewhat  hairy  ;    lobes  of  the  scales  obtuse.      A  tree  of  rather 
large  size,  common  in  forests.    April-May. 

2.  B.  PAPYRACEA  (Paper  Birch). — Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  mostly  cor- 
date or  obtuse  at  base,  doubly  serrate,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  hairy 
on  the  veins  beneath.     A  large  tree.     April-May. 

3.  B.  ALBA,  var.  POPULIFOLIA  (White  Birch). — Leaves  deltoid,  with  a 
very  long  acuminate  point,  truncate  or  hearted  at  base,  smooth,  and  of  a 
bright,  shining  green  on  both  sides.     A  very  slender  and  graceful  tree,  com- 
mon in  rocky  woods  and  thickets.     April-May. 

8.  Alnus. — Barren  flowers  in  long,    cylindrical,  nodding  aments  ; 
scales  3-lobed,  3-flowered  ;  flowers  with  a  4-parted  calyx  and  4  stamens. 
Fertile  flowers  in  ovoid  aments  ;    bracts  fleshy,   2-flowered,  3-lobed  ; 
calyx-scales  4,  minute.     Shrubs. 

1.  A.  INCANA  (Hoary  Alder). — Leaves  broad-oval  or  ovate,  somewhat 
cordate  at  base,  sharply  serrate,  sometimes  coarsely  toothed,  mostly  white- 
downy  underneath  ;    stipules  oblong-lanceolate  ;    fertile  aments  oval.      A 
shrub,  8-15  feet  high.     March-April. 

2.  A.  SERRULATA  (Common  Alder). — Leaves  obovate,  acuminate,  taper- 
ing at  base,  sharply  and  finely  serrate,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides, 
somewhat  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  fertile  aments  oblong-oval ;  fruit 
ovate.     A  common  shrub,  6-15  feet  high.     March-April. 

Order  LXXVIIL— SALICACE^E  (  Willow  Family}. 

Trees,  or  shrubs,  rarely  somewhat  herbaceous.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, simple,  with  deciduous  or  persistent  stipules.  Flowers  dice- 


SALICACE&.  295 

cious;  both  kinds  in  aments,  achlamydeous,  in  the  axils  of  i- 
flowered  bracts.  Stamens  2-several,  distinct  or  monadelphous. 
Ovary  I -celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  silky  coma. 

(  Catkin-scales  entire,  stigmas  short— Salix. 
SALICACE^E.-^ 

(  Catkin-scales  cleft,  stigmas  long— Populus. 

I.  Salix. — Aments  cylindric  ;  bracts  entire,  i-flowered.  Barren 
flowers — calyx  none ;  stamens  2-8,  rarely  I,  accompanied  by  glands. 
Fertile  flowers  each  with  a  gland  at  base ;  ovary  simple  ;  stigmas  2, 
short,  mostly  bifid.  Shrubs  and  trees. 

1.  S.  TRISTIS  (Sage  Willow), — Leaves  nearly  sessile,  narrow-lanceolate, 
cuneate  at  base,  acute  or  obtuse,  woolly  on  both  sides,  at  last  nearly  smooth  ; 
stipules  minute,   disappearing  very  early ;    aments  small,   nearly  globular 
when  young,  loosely  flowered  ;  ovaries  tapering  to  a  long  point,  silky-pubes- 
cent ;  style  short,  stigmas  bifid.     A  straggling  shrub,  io'-i8'  high.     April- 
May. 

2.  S.  HUMILIS  (Low  Bush  Willow). — Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 
abruptly  acute  or  obtuse,  petiolate,  nearly  smooth  above  ;  stipules  usually 
present,  varying  from  half  ovate  to  lunate,  entire  or  dentate  ;    style  long ; 
stigma  bifid.     Stem  3-8  feet  high.     April-May. 

3.  S.  VIMINALIS  (Osier,  Basket  Willow}. — Branchlets  very  long,  straight 
and  slender  ;    leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  long-acuminate,  nearly  entire, 
white  beneath,  with   silky  pubescence ;    aments   densely  clothed  with  long 
hairs ;    ovary  elongated  ;    style  filiform  ;    stigmas  linear.      A  large  shrub, 
10-15  feet  high,  in  wet  meadows.     May. 

4.  S.   CORD  ATA  (Heart-leaved  Willow'). —  Leaves  lanceolate,  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  acuminate  at  base,  smooth,  paler  beneath  ;  stip- 
ules reniform,  dentate  ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  furnished  with 
several  leafy  bracts  at  base  ;  ovary  pedicellate,  smooth,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate.    A  variable  shrub,  4-15  feet  high,  in  wet  grounds.     May. 

5.  S.  BABYLONICA  (Weeping  Willow). — Branchlets  very  long  and  slen- 
der, drooping  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath  ;  stip- 
ules roundish-oblique,  acuminate  ;  ovaries  sessile,  ovate,  smooth.    A  beauti- 
ful tree,  cultivated. 

2.  Populus. — Aments  cylindrical.  Bracts  fringed  and  lobed  at 
apex.  Flowers  on  an  oblique,  turbinate  disk.  Stamens  8—30.  Style 
very  short.  Stigma  long,  bifid.  Aments  drooping  and  preceding  the 
leaves.  Trees. 

1.  P.  TREMULOIDES  (American  Aspen,  White  Poplar).— Leaves  round- 
ed-cordate, abruptly  acuminate,  dentate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  pubescent  on 
the  margin,  dark  green,  on  flattened  petioles  ;  scales  of  the  ament  cut  into 
several  linear  segments,  fringed  with  hairs.     A  common  tree  in  forests. 
April. 

2.  P.  GRANDIDENTATA  (Large  Poplar). — Leaves  roundish-ovate,  acute, 
dentate,  with   large,   unequal,   sinuate  teeth,  white-downy  beneath  when 


296  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

young  ;  scales  of  the  ament  cut  into  several  small,  unequal  segments,  scarce- 
ly fringed  with  hairs.     A  large  tree.     April. 

3.  P.  DILATATA  (Lombardy  Poplar). — Leaves  deltoid,  acuminate,  smooth, 
serrate,  as  broad  as  long ;  trunk  furrowed.  A  tall  tree,  of  regular,  pyramidal 
growth.  April. 


SUPERIOR  ENDOGENS. 
Order  LXXIX. — ORCHIDACE^E  (Orchid Family). 

Perennial,  often  acaulescent  herbs.  Leaves  simple,  entire,  par- 
allel-veined. Flowers  very  irregular.  Perianth  of  6  segments,  all 
usually  colored,  and  assuming  various  forms,  especially  the  lowest 
of  the  4  inner  segments,  or  lip,  which  is  often  spurred.  Stamens 
3,  consolidated  with  the  style  into  a  column,  only  the  central  one 
fertile  ;  sometimes  the  two  lateral  ones  fertile,  and  the  central  one 
abortive.  Pollen  sometimes  granular  and  powdery,  but  more  com- 
monly cohering  in  wax-like  masses,  which  are  usually  attached 
to  a  gland  of  the  stigma.  Ovary  twisted,  adherent  to  the  tube 
of  the  perianth,  I -celled,  many-ovuled.  Fruit  a  3-ribbed,  3-valved 
capsule. 


Anthers 
one,  2- 
celled- ^ 


(  Stigma-glands  hooded — Ore/its. 
Lip  with  distinct  spur— 


Lip 


[Stigma-glands  not  hooded — Habenaria. 
f  Flowers  one — Arethusa. 


without     bearded~  |  Flowers  one  or      f  Pollen-masses  ±-Caloj>ogon. 

:„..: »  I  I  more — -I 

[Pollen-masses  2 — Pogonia. 


distinct 
spur- 


Lip  not  green — 


Plants       r  Leaves  variegated — Goody  era. 


bearded — -I  [Leaves  not  variegated — Spiranthes. 

O 

[Plants  not  green — Corallorhiza. 

Anthers  2 — Cypripedium. 

1.  Corallorhiza. — Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal  ;  lateral  ones 
erect  ;  upper  vaulted.     Lips  spreading  and  recurved,  usually  produced 
behind  into  a  short  spur,  which  adheres  to  the  top  of  the  ovary.     Pol- 
len-masses 4,  oblique  to  each  other.     Leafless. 

C.  MULTIFLORA  (Coral-root}. — Scape  many-flowered  ;  lip  cuneate,  oval, 
3-lobed,  spotted  with  bright  purple  ;  middle  lobe  recurved,  much  longer  than 
the  lateral,  tooth-like  lobes  ;  spur  conspicuous  ;  capsule  and  ovary  oblong. 
A  leafless  plant,  i2'-i8'  high,  with  a  brownish-purple  scape,  probably  para- 
sitic on  the  roots  of  trees.  July-August. 

2.  Orchis. — Flower  ringent.     Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  most 
of  them  converging  and  vaulted.     Lip  depressed,  attached  to  the  base 


ORCHIDACE&.  297 

of  the  column,  and  terminating  in  a  spur.     Anthers  all  parallel,  close 
together.     Pollen  in  small  grains  combined  in  2  large  masses. 

0.  SPECTABILIS  (Showy  Orchis). — Acaulescent ;  scape  low,  with  about  5 
acute  angles  ;  leaves  few,  mostly  2,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape,  oblong-obo- 
vate,  somewhat  thick  in  texture,  of  a  shining  green ;  flowers  large,  few, 
showy  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  large  and  leaf -like  ;  petals  and  sepals  arched, 
mostly  pink,  rarely  white  ;  lip  white,  entire  ;  spur  obtuse,  white.     In  rich, 
rocky  woods.     May. 

3.  Habenaria. — Flower  ringent.     Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal. 
Lip  depressed,  attached  to  the  base  of  the  column,  terminating  in  a 
spur.     Anther-cells  parallel.     Pollen-masses  2,  pedicellate,  attached  to 
the  2  glands  of  the  stigma. 

1.  H.  TRIDENTATA  (Naked  Orchis). — Stem  slender,  bearing  a  large,  ob- 
long or  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  leaf  toward  the  base,  and  several  smaller  ones 
above  ;  flowers  small,  greenish,  rather  numerous,  in  a  short,  oblong  spike  ; 
lip  truncate,  3-toothed  ;  spur  slender,  curved  upward,  clavate,  longer  than 
the  ovary.     July. 

2.  H.  PSYCODES  (Small-fringed  Orchis"). — Stem  leafy,  angled  ;  leaves 
oblong,  upper  ones  lanceolate  ;  flowers  small,  purple,  fragrant,  in  a  dense 
raceme  ;  lower  sepals  roundish-elliptical,  obtuse  ;  petals  toothed  at  the  ex- 
tremity ;  lip  3-parted,  tapering  at  base  ;  spur  longer  than  the  ovary.     Com- 
mon in  wet  meadows.     July-August. 

4.  Arethusa. — Flowers   ringent.     Sepals   and    petals   lanceolate, 
nearly  equal,  cohering  at  base.     Lip  destitute  of  spur,  spreading  and 
recurved,  bearded  inside.     Column  dilated,  attached  at  base  to  the  lip. 
Anther-cells  2,  approximate.     Pollen-masses  4. 

A.  BULBOSA  (Arethusa}. — Mostly  leafless  in  blossom ;  scape  low,  sheathed, 
arising  from  a  round  bulb,  and  bearing  a  single,  large,  fragrant,  purple 
flower.  The  sheaths  contain  a  linear  leaf,  which  sometimes  appears  with  the 
flower,  but  generally  follows  it.  In  bogs,  4'-8'  high.  May. 

5.  Pogonia.  —  Flowers    ringent.      Sepals  and    petals   somewhat 
spreading,  not  united  at  base.     Lip  crested  or  3-lobed,  bearded  inside. 
Column  clavate,  not  winged  at  apex.     Anther  pedicellate.     Pollen- 
masses  2,  I  in  each  cell. 

P.  OPHIOGLOSSOIDES  (Adder* s-tongue  Arethusa}.— Stem  slender,  i-leaved 
and  i-bracted  ;  leaf  situated  at  the  middle  of  the  stem,  oval  or  lanceolate, 
clasping  ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  rarely  2-3,  large,  pale  purple  or  pink, 
somewhat  nodding  ;  lip  spatulate.  In  meadows  and  bogs.  June-July. 

6.  Calopogon. — Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  distinct  at  base. 
Lip  on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower,  tapering  to  a  claw  or  stalk,  ex- 
panded at  summit,  bearded  above.     Column  free,  winged   at  apex. 
Pollen-masses  2,  angular. 


298  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

C.  PULCHELLUS  (Grass  Pink}.— Scape  slender,  i-leaved,  several-flow- 
ered, arising  from  a  solid  bulb  ;  leaf  linear,  grass-like,  veiny,  sheathing  the 
base  of  the  scape  ;  flowers  large,  bright  reddish-purple,  fragrant,  2-4  in  num- 
ber ;  bracts  minute  ;  lip  concave,  dilated  at  summit,  bearded  inside.  In 
meadows  and  bogs,  8 '-12'  high.  July. 

7.  Spiranthes. — Flowers   somewhat   ringent,  in  a  mostly  spiral 
spike.      Upper   sepal   cohering  with   the   petals.      Lip   oblong,   con- 
cave, tapering  at  base,  and  furnished  with  2  callous  processes.     Col- 
umn arching,  clavate,  on  a  short,  oblique  pedicel.     Stigma  beaked, 
at   length   2-cleft.     Pollen-masses  2,   composed   of  scarcely  cohering 
grains. 

1.  S.  GRACILIS  (Slender  Ladies'1  Tresses). — Scape  very  slender,  smooth  ; 
leaves  all  radical,  ovate,  or  oval-lanceolate,  petiolate ;  flowers  small,  pearly 
white,  arranged  in  a  single  row,  which  usually  winds  spirally  round  the  axis  ; 
bracts  ovate,  acute  ;  lip  narrow-obovate,  crisped  at  the  summit.    In  dry  fields, 
6'-i2'  high.     July-August. 

2.  S.  CERNUA  (Ladies'  Tresses). — Stem  rather  stout,  pubescent  above  ; 
radical  leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  flowers  whitish  or  cream-color,  crowded  in 
a  dense  spike,  fragrant,  somewhat  pubescent ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  ;  lip 
oblong,  dilated  and  crisped  at  apex.     In  wet  ground,  j'-is'  high.     August- 
October. 

8.  Goodyera. — Flowers  ringent.     Upper  sepal  cohering  with  the 
petals,  vaulted.    Lower  sepals  situated  beneath  the  lip,  which  is  sessile. 
Column  straight.     Pollen-masses  2,  composed  of  angular  grains. 

G.  PUBESCENS  (Rattlesnake  Plantain). — Scape  pubescent ;  leaves  all  radi- 
cal, in  tufts,  ovate,  petiolate,  dark  green,  veined  and  blotched  with  white  ; 
flowers  small,  greenish  white,  like  the  scape  glandular-pubescent,  arranged 
in  a  dense  spike  ;  the  roundish,  inflated  lip  ovate,  ending  in  an  abrupt  point. 
In  rich  woods,  6'-i2;  high.  July-August. 

9.  Cypripedium. — Sepals  spreading  ;  the  2  lower  or  forward  ones 
united  into   I  below  the  lip,  rarely  distinct.      Petals  alike.      Lip  a 
large,  inflated,  obtuse   sac.     Column    3-lobed  ;  lateral    lobes  anther- 
bearing. 

1.  C.  PARVIFLORUM  (  Yellow  Lady's  Slipper}. — Stem  leafy,  pubescent; 
leaves  oval,  acuminate,  strongly  parallel- veined,  pubescent ;  flowers  large, 
mostly  solitary  ;  sepals  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  petals  elongated,  green- 
ish, striped  and  spotted  with  brownish  purple  ;  lip  large,  inflated,  yellow, 
spotted  inside.     In  moist,  rich  woods,  io'-2o'  high.     May- June. 

2.  C.  ACAULE  (Lady's  Slipper}. — Acaulescent ;  stem  naked,  2-leaved  at 
base,  i-flowered  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  acute,  strongly  veined,  pubescent ; 
flower  large,  bracted  ;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  ;  petals  linear ;  lip  depend- 
ent, purple,  reticulate,  longer  than  the  petals,  opening  by  a  fissure  on  the 
upper  side  ;  middle  lobe  of  the  column  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  deflexed .    In 
moist,  and  especially  in  evergreen  woods,  6'-i2f  high.     May-June. 


IRIDACE^E.  299 

Order  LXXX. — IRIDACE^:  (Iris  Family). 

Perennial  herbs,  arising  from  rhizomas,  bulbs,  or  corms,  rare- 
Jy  with  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  equitant.  Flowers  often  showy, 
usually  arising  from  a  spathe.  Perianth-tube  adherent  to  the 
ovary ;  limb  colored,  6-parted  ;  the  divisions  usually  in  2  obvious, 
often  unequal  series.  Stamens  3,  distinct  or  monadelphous,  with 
extrorse,  2-celled  anthers.  Ovary  3-celled.  Style  i.  Stigmas  3, 
dilated  or  petaloid.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  with  loculicidal 
dehiscence. 

f  Perianth  of  unequal  parts,  stamens  3 — Iris. 

IRIDACEjE.-j  ["Leaves  grass-like— Sisyrinchium. 

[  Perianth  of  equal  parts—  \ 

[_  Leaves  not  grass-like — Crocus. 

I.  Iris. — Perianth  6-cleft,  3  outer  segments  reflexed,  larger  than 
the  3  inner  ones.  Stamens  3,  distinct,  placed  before  the  3  inner  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth.  Stigmas  3,  petaloid.  Capsule  3-6-angled. 
Rhizoma  creeping  or  tuberous. 

1.  I.  VERSICOLOR  (Blue  Flag}. — Stem  stout  and  thick,  acute  on  one  side, 
simple  or  branching  ;  leaves  sheathing  at  base  ;  flowers  beardless,  large,  blue, 
showy  ;  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  variegated  with  green,  yellow,  and 
white,  and  veined  with  purple  ;  ovary  obtusely  triangular.     Common  in  wet 
meadows,  1-2  feet  high.     June. 

2.  I.  GERMANICA  (Flower-de-Luce). — Stem  often  branching,  many-flow- 
ered ;  leaves  shorter  than  the  stem ;  spathe  membranous  at  apex  ;  flowers 
large,  beardless,  light  blue  or  bluish  white  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  emar- 
ginate  ;  stigmas  acute,  serrate.     In  gardens,  1-3  feet  high.     May-June. 

2.  Sisyrinchium. — Perianth  arising  from  a    2-parted   spathe,  6- 
parted  ;  segments  similar,  spreading.     Stamens  monadelphous.     Stig- 
mas 3,  filiform.     Capsule  globose,  somewhat  3-angled. 

S.  BERMUDIANA  (Blue-eyed  Grass).—  Scape  simple  or  branching,  com- 
pressed, winged,  naked  or  i-2-leaved  ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  grass-like ; 
spathe  with  2-5  blue  flowers,  opening  in  succession  ;  pedicels  filiform  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  obovate.  In  moist  meadows  and  grassy  fields,  6'-i2* 
high.  June- July. 

3.  Crocus. — Perianth  funnel-form,  with  a  very  long,  slender  tube, 
arising  from  a  radical  spathe.     Stigma  3-cleft,  crested  ;  segments  con- 
volute. 

C.  VERNUS  (Crocus). — Flowers  large,  with  a  very  long,  slender  tube,  ses- 
sile on  the  bulb  ;  anthers  sagittate,  yellow  ;  stigma  included  in  the  perianth, 
with  short  segments  ;  scape  triangular,  rising  after  flowering,  and  bearing 
the  ovary ;  leases  narrow-linear,  following  the  flowers.  Garden  plant. 
March-April. 


300  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

Order  LXXXI. — AMARYLLIDACE.E  {Amaryllis  Family]. 

Perennial  herbs,  arising  from  bulbs,  rarely  with  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  parallel- veined.  Flowers  showy,  mostly  on  scapes,  and 
arising  from  spathes.  Perianth  regular.  Stamens  6,  with  introrse 
anthers,  arising  from  the  segments  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  3-celled. 
Style  i.  Stigma  3-lobed.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry. 

r  Corolla  with  jCrown  ^tir^-Narcissus. 

f  Flowers  a  crown—  j  Crown  segmented— Galan- 

nodding—  \  {     thus. 

AMARYLLIDACE^:.  \  \  n      „       .  , 

[Corolla  without  crown— Amaryllis. 

(_  Flowers  vczd—Hypoxys. 

1.  Amaryllis. — Perianth    6-parted,    nodding,    somewhat    funnel- 
shaped  ;   segments  petaloid,  nearly  similar,  somewhat  unequal.     Sta- 
mens 6,  inserted  at  the  throat.   Capsule  3-parted.   Seeds  flat,  numerous. 

A.  FORMOSISSIMA  (Jacobcean  ZzTy).— Acaulescent ;  scape  i-flowered  ; 
leaves  linear,  or  narrow-oblong,  thick ;  flower  large,  nodding,  of  a  brilliant 
dark  red  ;  segments  very  much  spreading  ;  tube  fringed  ;  spathe  red.  Cul- 
tivated. June- August. 

2.  Narcissus. — Perianth  of  6  equal  divisions,  furnished  with  a 
crown  at  the  throat,  consisting  of  a  whorl  of  sterile  stamens  completely 
united  in  a  tube.    Fertile  stamens  6,  inserted  within  the  crown.    Root 
bulbous. 

1.  N.  JONQUILLA  {Jonquil}. — Scape  slender,  i-2-flowered  ;  leaves  nar- 
row ;  flowers  large,  rich  yellow,  very  fragrant,  rising  from  a  long  spathe  ; 
segments  of  the  perianth  spatulate,  reflexed  ;  crown  shorter  than  the  seg- 
ments, flat,  shallow,  and  somewhat  like  a  saucer,  spreading,  crenate.     Cul- 
tivated.    May-June. 

2.  N.  POETICUS  (Narcissus). — Scape  i-flowered  ;  leaves  linear,  as  long 
as  the  scape ;  flower  large,  mostly  white,  fragrant ;  segments  imbricated  at 
base,  reflexed  ;  crown  expanded,  flat,  white  variegated  with  circles  or  rings 
of  crimson  and  yellow.     Cultivated.     June. 

3.  N.  PSEUDO-NARCISSUS  (Daffodil}. — Scape  erect,  2-edged,  striate,  i- 
flowered  ;  leaves  linear,  striate  ;  flower  very  large,  sulphur-yellow  ;  crown 
very  long,  cup-shaped,  serrate  on  the  margin.     A  garden  plant.     April- 
May. 

3.  Galanthus. — Flowers  arising  from  a  spathe.  Perianth  6-parted, 
outer  segments  concave  ;  tube  furnished  with  a  crown  of  3  small,  emar- 
ginate  segments. 

G.  NIVALIS  (Snow-drop}. — Stem  usually  2-leaved  near  the  summit,  i- 
flowered  ;  leaves  linear,  acute ;  flower  large,  nodding,  snow-white.  Com- 
mon in  gardens,  3'-8'  high.  April. 


ALISMACE^E. 


301 


4.  Hypoxys.— Perianth  persistent,  6-parted,  spreading.  Stamens 
6.  Capsule  crowned  with  the  withered  perianth,  narrowed  at  base. 
Seeds  roundish. 

H.  ERECTA  (Star-grass}.  —  Hairy,  acaulescent ;  scape  i-4-flowered  ; 
leaves  linear,  grassy,  longer  than  the  scape  ;  flowers  in  a  sort  of  umbel,  each 
with  a  minute  bract  at  base  ;  segments  hairy,  yellow  within,  greenish  with- 
out. In  meadows  and  grassy  fields,  3'-6'  high.  June- July. 


INFERIOR   ENDOGENS. 
Order  LXXXIL—  ALISMACE^E  (  Water-Plantain  Family). 

Marsh  herbs,  acaulescent.  Leaves  parallel-veined,  but  often 
with  reticulated  veinlets,  sometimes  linear  and  fleshy.  Flowers 
regular,  perfect,  or  monoecious,  usually  in  racemes  or  panicles. 
Perianth  of  6  sepals,  in  2  series.  Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals 
often  colored,  sometimes  similar  to  the  calyx.  Stamens  definite 
or  indefinite.  Carpels  3  or  more,  i-celled,  i-seecled.  Styles  and 
stigmas  as  many  as  the  carpels. 

f  Leaves  rush-like—  Triglochin. 

ALISMACE*.  f  Flowers  perfect-^,. 

[  Leaves  with  blades —  \ 

\_  Flowers  imperfect — Sagittaria. 

1.  Alisma. — Flowers   perfect.      Stamens   6.      Ovaries   numerous, 
arranged  in  a  circle.     Achenia  compressed,  coriaceous. 

A.  PLANTAGO  (Water  Plantain).— Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  varying  to  ob- 
long, or  even  lanceolate,  acuminate,  on  long  petioles,  3~9-nerved  ;  flowers 
in  a  loose  panicle ;  petals  small,  deciduous,  white,  with  a  purplish  tinge, 
longer  than  the  green  sepals.  In  wet  grounds,  1-2  feet  high.  July-Au- 
gust. 

2.  Sagittaria. — Flowers   monoecious,   rarely  dioecious.     Stamens 
numerous.     Ovaries  many,  aggregated  in  a  spherical  head,  and  form- 
ing in  fruit  a  globose  head  of  compressed,  winged  achenia.     n 

S.  VARIABILIS  (Arrowhead). — Scape  simple,  sheathed  at  base  by  the 
petioles,  acaulescent ;  flowers  in  verticils  of  3  ;  sterile  ones  at  the  summit  of 
the  scape,  fertile  ones  below ;  petals  white  ;  leaves  extremely  variable,  gen- 
erally triangular  with  sagittate  lobes,  varying  from  very  broad  to  very  nar- 
row. In  other  forms,  the  leaves  are  oval  or  oblong,  with  thick,  spongy  peti- 
oles. Again,  the  leaves  are  linear,  and  the  scape  and  petioles  very  slender. 
Common  in  wet  grounds.  June- July. 

3.  Triglochin. — Sepals  and  petals  concave,  greenish,  deciduous. 
Stamens  6.    Filaments  very  short.    Anthers  large,  oval.    Pistils  a  com- 


302  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

pound  ovary  of  3-6  cells.     Stigmas  sessile.    Capsule  dividing  at  length 
into  3-6  i-seeded  carpels. 

T.  MARITIMUM  (Arrozv-grass). — Scape  naked,  fleshy,  angled  ;  leaves 
very  narrowly  linear,  fleshy,  semi-cylindric,  shorter  than  the  scape ;  flowers 
small,  green,  pedicellate,  arranged  in  a  long,  loose  raceme,  destitute  of  bracts  ; 
fruit  ovate,  composed  of  6  carpels,  rounded  at  base.  In  salt  marshes,  8'-i5' 
high.  August,  y. 

Order  LXXXIII.— NAIAD ACE^E  (Pondweed  Family). 

Aquatic  plants,  with  cellular  leaves.  Flowers  inconspicuous, 
perfect,  monoecious,  or  dioecious.  Perianth  of  4  distinct  sepals, 
rarely  monosepalous.  Stamens  definite,  4,  2,  or  I.  Ovaries  I ;  or 
else  2-4,  free  from  the  perianth,  distinct.  Stigma  simple,  often 
sessile.  Fruit  I -celled,  I -seeded,  indehiscent. 

(  Flowers  perfect — Potamogeton. 
(  Flowers  imperfect — Naias. 

1.  Naias. — Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary,  solitary.    Bar- 
ren flowers — stamen  I,  in  a  little  spathe.    Fertile — style  I,  short ;  stig- 
mas  2-4  ;   ovary    I.     Achenium    i-seeded,    in   a   loose,  membranous 
sheath. 

N.  FLEXILIS  ( Water  Nymph}. — Aquatic  ;  stem  very  slender,  dichoto- 
mously  branched  ;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  very  narrowly  linear,  sheath- 
ing at  base  ;  flowers  minute,  axillary.  In  ponds  and  slow  waters.  Stem 
5'-2o'  long.  July-September. 

2.  Potamogeton. — Flowers  perfect,  spicate.     Sepals  4.     Stamens 
4.     Anthers  2-celled.     Ovaries  4.     Achenia  4,  sessile,  flattened  on  the 
inner  side.     Floating  aquatics.     2{ 

1.  P.  NATANS  {Broad-leaved  Pondweed). — Stem  nearly  or  quite  simple  ; 
upper  leaves  ovate  or  broadly  elliptical,  varying  to  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded 
or  cordate  at  base  ;  immersed  ones  lanceolate,  linear  or  capillary,  all  on  long 
petioles  ;  spike  of  purplish  flowers  raised  above  the  water.     Ponds  and  slow 
waters.     July-September . 

2.  P.  GRAMINEUS  (Various-leaved  Pondweed). — Stems  slender,  mostly 
branched  below  ;  upper  leaves  oval,  on  long  petioles  ;  immersed  ones  lanceo- 
late, varying  to  narrow-linear,  or  even  capillary  ;  lower  ones  sessile  ;  spikes 
cylindrical,  somewhat  loose,  on  long  peduncles  thicker  than  the  stem.    Com- 
mon in  shallow,  stagnant,  and  slow  waters.     July-August. 

3.  P.  PERFOLIATUS  (Clasping  Pondweed). — Stem   branching  dichoto- 
rnously  ;  leaves  alternate,  ovate,  sometimes  broad-ovate,  obtuse,  cordate  and 
clasping  at  base  ;   spike  purplish,  loosely-floweredj   on  a  short  peduncle, 
July- A  ugust. 


TYPHACBA&—ARACE&  303 

Order  LXXXIV.— TYPHACE^E  (Cat-tail  Family). 

Herbs  of  marshes  and  ditches.  Stems  without  joints.  Leaves 
rigid.  Flowers  monoecious,  arranged  in  a  spadix,  which  is  desti- 
tute of  a  spathe,  or  in  globose  heads.  Perianth  of  3  sepals,  or 
none.  Stamens  3-6,  with  long  and  slender  filaments,  and  cunei- 
form anthers.  Ovary  free  from  the  perianth,  I -celled,  i -seeded. 
Stigmas  1-2.  Fruit  a  utricle. 

(  Flowers  in  heads — Sparganium. 
TYPHACE^E.^ 

(  Flowers  in  spikes —  Typha. 

1.  Typha. — Flowers  in  a  long,  terminal,  cylindrical  spike,  upper 
part  staminate.     Stamens  intermingled  with  hairs,  with  3  anthers  on  a 
common  filament.    Ovaries  below,  surrounded  by  numerous  bristles.    2f 

T.  LATIFOLIA  (Cat-tail}. — Stem  erect,  simple  ;  rhizoma  creeping  ;  leaves 
ensiform,  nearly  flat ;  barren  and  fertile  spikes  contiguous,  mostly  forming 
one  long,  compact,  cylindrical  spike,  turning  brownish  in  fruit.  Common 
in  swamps,  3-5  feet  high.  July. 

2.  Sparganium. — Flowers  in  separate,  globose  heads,  with  leafy 
bracts  ;  upper  ones  barren  scales  ;  lower  fertile  ;  ovaries  surrounded  by 
3-6  calyx-like  scales.     Fruit  turbinate,  i-2-celled,  i-2-seeded.     •% 

S.  EURYCARPUM  (Burr-reed). — Stem  erect,  branching  above  ;  leaves  lin- 
ear, triangular  at  base,  with  concave  sides  ;  flowers  in  globular  clusters,  re- 
sembling burrs,  of  a  whitish  green,  lowest  mostly  pedicellate  ;  stigma  linear, 
longer  than  the  style,  often  2.  Around  ponds  and  in  ditches.  July-Au- 
gust. 

Order  LXXXV.— ARACE^E  (Arum  Family}. 

Herbs,  or  tropical  shrubs,  with  a  fleshy  rhizoma  or  corm. 
Leaves  sheathing  at  base,  simple  or  compound,  sometimes  with 
more  or  less  reticulated  veins.  Flowers  usually  sessile  in  a  termi- 
nal or  lateral  spadix,  sometimes  monoecious ;  sometimes  perfect 
with  a  perianth  of  4-6  sepals.  Stamens  definite  in  the  perfect 
flowers,  4-6,  usually  indefinite  in  the  monoecious  flowers.  Ovary 
free  from  the  perianth,  I -several-celled.  Seeds  solitary,  or  sev- 
eral. Fruit  usually  a  proper  berry,  sometimes  dry. 


Leaves  with  f 
expanded 
blade— 


,owers  without  Leaves  compound-^  ris*,na. 


lowers  wiinout 

calyx  and  corolla—  j  --  Leaves 

[    simple-  |Leavescordate 
Flowers  with  peiianth — Symplocarpus. 


-Calla. 


Leaves  linear — Acorns. 


304  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

1.  Arum. — Flowers  mostly  monoecious,  situated  at  the  base  of  a 
spadix,  which  is  naked  above.     Fertile  flowers  below.     Barren  above, 
inclosed  in  a  cucullate  spathe.      Perianth  none.     Berries  distinct,  i- 
celled,  several-seeded.     K 

A.  TRIPHYLLUM  (Indian  Turnip}.—  Acaulescent ;  leaves  mostly  2,  on 
long  petioles,  sheathing  at  base,  ternate ;  leaflets  ovate  or  oval,  acuminate, 
sessile ;  spadix  shorter  than,  and  included  within  the  ovate,  acuminate 
spathe,  which  is  flattened  and  bent  over  the  top  of  the  spadix,  and  is  fre- 
quently marked  with  dark  purple  or  whitish  spots  or  stripes,  otherwise  of  a 
dark,  shining  green.  Common  in  rich,  rocky  woods.  May. 

2.  Peltandra. — Flowers   monoecious,   covering   the    long  spadix. 
Spathe  elongated,  convolute.     Perianth  none.     Anthers  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  spadix,  sessile,  peltate.     Ovaries  at  the  base  of  the  spadix. 
Berries  distinct,  i-celled,  i-3-seeded.     -4 

P.  VIRGINICA  (Arrow  Arum). — Acaulescent ;  leaves  oblong-sagittate, 
acute  at  apex,  with  obtuse  lobes,  on  long  petioles,  dark,  shining  green,  of 
large  size ;  spathe  elongated,  curved  at  apex,  dark  green,  enveloping  the 
slender  spadix ;  ovaries  sessile,  becoming  a  bunch  of  green  berries.  A 
water-plant,  io'-i8'  high.  June-July. 

3.  Calla. — Spathe  ovate,  spreading,  persistent.      Spadix   covered 
with  flowers,  the  lower  perfect,  the  upper  often  entirely  staminate. 
Perianth  none.     Berries  distinct,  several-seeded. 

C.  PALUSTRIS  (Water  Arum}. — Acaulescent;  leaves  cordate,  on  long, 
sheathing  petioles,  shining  green,  large  and  smooth.  Herb  in  cold  bogs  with 
creeping  root-stock. 

4.  Acorus. — Spathe  none  ;  spadix  lateral,  sessile,  densely  flowered. 
Flowers   perfect.     Sepals   6.     Stamens   6.     Anthers    reniform.     Stig- 
mas   sessile,    minute.      Ovaries    2-3-celled,    becoming  dry    and   few- 
seeded,     y. 

A.  CALAMUS  (Sweet  Flag). —  Rhizoma  creeping ;  leaves  long,  light 
green ;  scape  long,  resembling  the  leaves,  bearing  the  sessile  spadix  on  its 
edge,  just  above  the  middle  ;  spadix  covered  with  yellowish-green  flowers. 
Common  in  wet  grounds.  June- July. 

5.  Symplocarpus. — Spathe  with  an  incurved  point,  fleshy.     Spa- 
dix pedunculate,  oval,  entirely  covered  with  the  perfect  flowers.     Se- 
pals  4,   persistent.      Stamens  4.      Style   4-angled.      Stigma   minute. 
Seeds  large,  globular,  imbedded  in  the  enlarged,  spongy  spadix. 

S.  FCETIDUS  (Skunk  Cabbage). — Acaulescent ;  leaves  ovate,  cordate  at 
base,  acute,  on  short  petioles,  at  length  very  large  ;  spadix  preceding  tha 
leaves,  enveloped  in  a  spathe,  striped  with  purplish  brown  ;  flowers  crowded 
on  the  spadix,  dull-purple.  Common  in  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  with 
offensive  odors,  resembling  that  of  a  skunk.  March-April. 


LILIACE^E. 


305 


Order  LXXXVL— LILIACE^E  (Lily  Family]. 

Herbs,  arising  from  bulbs  or  tubers,  rarely  with  fibrous  or  fas- 
cicled roots.  Leaves  simple,  sheathing  or  clasping  at  base. 
Flowers  regular,  perfect,  often  showy.  Perianth  with  6,  rarely  4, 
equal,  usually  colored  segments,  free  from  the  ovary.  Stamens 
6,  rarely  4,  inserted  on  the  segments  of  the  perianth.  Anthers 
introrse.  Ovary  3-celled.  Styles  united  into  i.  Stigma  simple, 
or  3  lobed.  Fruit  capsular,  with  several  or  many  seeds  in  each 
cell. 

f  Erect—  Tulip. 
(  Flower  one 


Flowers  on 
a  scape — 


Flowers  in 
corymbs  or 
umbels — 


Flowers  in  racemes — 


Nodding — Erythronium. 
Flowers  many,  small,  umbellate — Alliunt. 

{Stigma   simple ;    no   bulb — 
Hemerocallis. 
Stigma  3-angled  ;    a  bulb— 
Ornitkogalum. 

Umbellate — Clintonia. 
f  Stamens  on  perianth— Hyacinthus. 


(  Stem  from 


Stamens  at  base  of  perianth— Convallaria. 
,  ^  f  Parts  of  perianth  spreading — Lilium. 


Stem 


leafy—  J 


a  bulb— -1      large     \Parts  not  spreading— Frit  ilia 
^Leaves  small  scales — Asparagus. 


Stem  from 
a  creeping 
rhizome — 


Fruit  a 
berry — 


f  Berry  purple  f  SePals  green~  Trillium. 


[.Sepals 


[Barry  black  or  blue— Polygonatum. 
Fruit  a  capsule — Uvular ia. 


I.  Trillium.  —  Sepals  3,  green,  persistent.  Petals  3,  colored,  at 
length  withering.  Stamens  6.  Anthers  linear,  with  short  filaments. 
Stigmas  persistent.  Berry  3-celled  ;  cells  several-seeded.  Stem  sim- 
ple, i-flowered,  whorl  of  3  leaves. 

1,  T.  CERNUUM   (Nodding  Trillium}.  —  Leaves   broad-rhomboidal,   ab- 
ruptly acuminate,  nearly  sessile  ;  flower  nodding  beneath  the  leaves,  on  a 
recurved  peduncle,  white  ;    petals  oblong-ovate,  acute,   recurved,   scarcely 
longer  than  the  sepals.     In  wet  woods,  8'-i5'  high.     May-  June. 

2.  T.  ERECTUM  (Purple  Trillium}.—  Leaves  broad-rhomboidal,  abruptly 
and  sharply  acuminate,  sessile  ;  peduncle  nearly  erect,  soon  reclining  ;  petals 
ovate,  flat,  spreading,  scarcely  longer,  but  much  broader  than  the  sepals, 
dull  purple  ;    ovary   brownish   purple.     In   low,   rich   woods,   io'-i5'  high. 
May. 


306  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

2.  Medeola. — Perianth  revolute,  consisting  of  6  petaloid,  similar, 
oblong,    deciduous   segments.       Stamens   6,   with   filiform  filaments. 
Stigmas  3,  long  and  recurved.     Berry  globose,  3-celled,  several-seeded. 

M.  VIRGINICA  (Cucumber  Root}. — Stem  erect,  slender,  simple,  covered 
with  soft  locks  of  wool ;  leaves  in  2  whorls  ;  lower  one  near  the  middle  of 
the  stem,  consisting  of  5-8  obovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  leaves  ;  upper  one 
of  3  ovate,  acuminate,  smaller  leaves  ;  flowers  appearing  in  succession,  yel- 
lowish green  ;  styles  dark  red.  In  rich,  damp  woods.  June-July. 

3.  Tulipa. — Perianth  campanulate  ;  segments  6.     Stamens  6,  short, 
subulate.     Anthers   4-angled.      Stigmas   thick.      Capsule   oblong,    3- 
angled. 

T.  GESNERIANA  (Tulip}— Scape  smooth,  i-flowered  ;  leaves  radical, 
ovate-lanceolate  ;  flowers  erect ;  segments  of  the  perianth  obtuse,  smooth. 
A  universally  admired  exotic  bulb.  May- June. 

4.  L ilium. — Perianth  campanulate  or  somewhat  funnel-form  ;  seg- 
ments 6,  distinct,  each  with  a  honey-bearing  furrow  near  the  base. 
Stamens   6.      Anthers  linear.      Capsule  oblong,  somewhat    3-angled. 
Seeds  flat. 

1.  L.  CANADENSE  (Yellow  Lily}. — Leaves  in  several  remote  whorls  of 
3-6,  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  rough  on  the  margins  and  nerves ;  flowers  nod- 
ding,  campanulate,    few,   yellow,   often  tinged  with  scarlet,   spotted  with 
purple  inside,  on  long  peduncles  ;  sepals  sessile,  revolute  from  the  middle. 
In  wet  meadows,  2-3  feet  high.     June-July. 

2.  L.  PHILADELPHICUM   (Red  Lily). — Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute  ; 
lower  ones  usually  scattered  ;    upper  ones  verticillate  in  several  whorls  of 
5-7 ;    flowers  1-4,  campanulate,  erect,  vermilion-red,  spotted  inside  ;  sepals 
lanceolate,  erect,  tapering  to  a  claw  at  base.     In  dry  thickets  and  shrubby 
pastures. 

3.  L.  CANDIDUM   ( White  Lily]. — Stem   erect,  thick ;    leaves  scattered, 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  ;  flowers  large,  campanulate,  snow-white,  in  a 
terminal  umbel,  very  fragrant,  smooth  inside.     In  gardens,  3-4  feet  high. 
July. 

4.  L.  TIGRINUM  (Tiger  Lily). — Stem  tall,  bulb-bearing;  leaves  scattered, 
3-veined,  lanceolate  ;  upper  ones  ovate,  cordate  at  base  ;  flowers  large,  dark 
orange,  spotted  with  brownish  purple,  in  a  pyramidal  raceme  ;  segments  of 
the  perianth  revolute,  covered  with  glandular  projections  on  the  inside.     In 
gardens,  5-6  feet  high.     July- August. 

5.  Fritillaria.  —  Perianth   campanulate  ;    segments   6,    broad   at 
base,  with  a  honey-bearing   cavity  just  above  the  claw.     Stamens  6, 
as  long  as  the  petals. 

F.  IMPERIALIS  (Crown-Imperial}.  —  Stem  thick,  leafy  below,  naked 
above ;  leaves  mostly  linear-lanceolate,  long  and  narrow,  entire ;  flowers 
large,  nodding,  pedicellate,  in  a  terminal  cluster;  pedicels  each  furnished 
with  a  pair  of  small,  narrow  leaves,  which,  together,  form  a  sort  of  terminal 


LILIACEsE.  307 

crown,  beneath  which  the  flowers  hang.    In  gardens,  2-3  feet  high.    April- 
May. 

6.  Erythronium. —  Perianth  campanulate  ;   segments  6,   distinct, 
recurved,  deciduous,  the  3  inner  usually  with  a  groove  at  base.     Fila- 
ments  6,    subulate.       Style   elongated.       Capsule   obovate,    3-valved, 
Seeds  ovate. 

E.  AMERICANUM  (Dog-tooth  Violet}. — Nearly  stemless ;  scape  about  2- 
leaved  near  the  base,  i -flowered  ;  leaves  oval-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  green, 
spotted  with  brownish  purple,  nearly  equal  in  length  ;  flower  nodding,  pale 
yellow,  spotted  at  base  inside  ;  style  clavate  ;  stigma  undivided.  Common 
on  rich  hill-sides,  3'-6'  high.  May. 

7.  Hemerocallis.  —  Perianth    funnel-form  ;     tube    short  ;     limb 
spreading,  6-parted.     Stamens  6,   inserted  at   the  throat.     Filaments 
long  and  filiform.     Stigma  simple. 

H.  FULVA  {Day  Lily). — Scape  erect,  smooth,  corymbosely  branching 
above ;  leaves  long-linear ;  flowers  large,  erect,  bracted,  of  a  tawny  red  on 
the  inside,  in  a  corymb  ;  outer  sepals  with  branching  veins,  inner  wavy,  ob- 
tuse. In  gardens,  2-4  feet  high.  July. 

8.  Allium. — Flowers  in  an  umbel,  with  a  spathe  at  base.     Perianth 
of  6  distinct  sepals.     Stamens  6.     Capsule  3-lobed.     Seed  black. 

1.  A.  TRICOCCUM  (Wild  Leek}.— Scape  naked,   leaves   oval-lanceolate, 
flat,  thin,  smooth,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  withering  before  the  appearance  of 
the   flowers ;    umbel   not   bulb-bearing,    many-flowered,    globose ;     flowers 
white ;    filaments  undivided ;    pod  deeply  3-lobed.     In  damp,  rich  woods, 
8'- 15'  high.     June- July. 

2.  A   CEPA  (Onion). — Scape  stout,  hollow,  swelling  below  the  middle, 
glaucous ;    leaves  round,   hollow,   swelling  below    the  middle,   glaucous, 
shorter  than  the  scape  ;  umbel  globose,  many-flowered  ;    flowers  greenish 
white.     3-4  feet  high.     July. 

3.  A.  SATIVUM  (Garlic). — Bulb  compound,  consisting  of  several  smaller 
ones  united,  and  included  in  one  covering  membrane  ;  stem  leafy,  bulbifer- 
ous  ;  leaves  linear ;   flowers  small,  white ;    stamens  3-cleft.      Scape  2-feet 
high.     July. 

9.  Ornithogalum. — Perianth  leafy,  6-parted  ;  segments  spreading 
above  the  middle.     Filaments  6,  dilated  at  base.     Stigma  3-angled. 
Capsule  roundish,  angled.     Seeds  roundish. 

O.  UMBELLATUM  (Star  of  Bethlehem}. — Scape  naked  ;  leaves  narrow- 
linear,  channeled,  as  long  as  the  scape ;  flowers  few,  loosely  corymbose, 
pedicellate,  bracted  ;  sepals  white,  marked  with  a  green  stripe  on  the  outside. 
Cultivated,  5 '-8'  high.  May. 

10.  Hyacinthus. — Perianth  varying  from  funnel-form  to  campanu- 
late, subglobose  ;  segments  6,  similar.     Stamens  6,  inserted  near  the 
middle  of  the  segments.     Ovary  with  3  honey-bearing  pores. 


3o8  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

H.  ORIENTALIS  (Hyacinth}.— Scape  naked  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  half 
as  long  as  the  scape  ;  flowers  in  a  dense,  terminal,  and  somewhat  thyrsoid 
raceme ;  perianth  funnel-form,  cleft  to  the  middle,  swelling  at  base.  Culti- 
vated and  admired,  6'-i2'  high.  April-May. 

11.  Convallaria. — Flowers   racemed.     Perianth   campanulate,  6- 
parted  ;  segments  spreading,  united  at  base.     Stamen  6,  at  the  base  of 
the  segments,     Berry  globose,  2-celled. 

C.  MAJALIS  (Lily  of  the  Valley). — Scape  smooth,  naked,  semi-cylindric  ; 
leaves  usually  2,  situated  near  the  base  of  the  scape,  ovate  or  elliptic-ovate  ; 
flowers  white,  fragrant,  in  a  simple,  loose,  i-sided  raceme.  Cultivated  in 
gardens,  5' -6'  high.  May. 

12.  Clintonia. — Flowers  umbellate.     Perianth  campanulate.     Se- 
pals 6,  distinct,  deciduous.     Stamens  6,   inserted  at  the  base.     Style 
long,  filiform,  columnar.     Ovary  2-celled. 

C.  BOREALIS  (Wild  Lily  of  the  Valley}. — Rhizoma  slender,  creeping; 
scape  naked,  2-4-leaved  at  base ;  leaves  large,  oval  or  oblong,  petiolate, 
smooth  and  shining ;  flowers  few,  rarely  single,  greenish  yellow,  nodding,  in 
a  terminal  umbel ;  berries  blue.  In  damp  woods,  S'-i2  high.  June. 

13.  Porygonatum. — Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft  at  summit.    Stamens 
6,  inserted  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the  tube,  and   inclosed  in  it. 
Ovary  3-celled.     Berry  globular.     Cells  i-seeded. 

1.  P.  PUBESCENS  (Solomon* s  Ssal). — Stem  recurved  at  summit,  round, 
rarely  marked  with  a  single  furrow;  leaves. oval-lanceolate,  glaucous  and 
very  slightly  pubescent  beneath,   3-5-veined,    sessile ;   peduncles  axillary, 
smooth,  nodding,  i-2-flowered  ;  flowers  greenish.     In  woods  and  thickets, 
1-2  feet  high.     June. 

2.  P.  CANALICULATUM  (Large  Solomon's  Seal). — Stem  tall  and  stout, 
channeled,  recurved  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  somewhat  clasping  at  base,  marked 
with  numerous  prominent  veins  ;  peduncles  nodding,  smooth,  2-5-flowered  ; 
flowers  greenish.     In  rich,  moist  thickets,  2-5  feet  high.     June. 

14.  Uvularia.  —  Perianth   nearly   campanulate,   deeply   6-parted. 
Stamens  6,  short,  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  segments.    Anthers  long. 
Style  deeply  3-cleft.     Capsule  3-angled,  3-celled,  opening  by  3  valves 
at  top.     Seeds  few  in  a  cell,  arilled.     Rhizoma  creeping. 

U.  GRANDIFLORA  (Large  Bellworf). — Stems  branching  above,  recurved  ; 
leaves  perfeliate,  oblong  ;  flowers  large,  greenish  yellow,  lily-like,  nodding, 
terminating  the  branches  ;  sepals  smooth  within.  In  rich  woods,  8'-i8' 
high.  May-fane. 

15.  Asparagus. — Perianth  erect,   6-parted  ;   segments  spreading 
above,  with  the  6  stamens  at  base.     Style  short.     Stigma  3-lobed. 
Berry  globular,  3-celled.     Cells  2-seeded. 


309 

A.  OFFICINALIS  (Asparagus). — Stem  erect,  very  branching,  herbaceous  ; 
leaves  in  clusters,  pale  green  ;  flowers  small,  axillary,  yellowish  green  ;  ber- 
ries red.  Cultivated  for  its  young  shoots,  2-4  feet  high.  June. 


Order  LXXXVIL— SMILAGE*:  (Smilax  Family}. 

Herbs,  or  shrubs,  often  climbing.  Leaves  reticulately-veined. 
Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  6-parted,  regu- 
lar. Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  segments.  Ovary  3- 
celled.  Fruit  a  globular,  few  or  many-seeded  berry. 

Smilax. — Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Perianth  campanu- 
late,  with  6  equal,  spreading,  deciduous  segments.  Stamens  6,  attached 
at  base,  with  short  filaments.  Anthers  linear,  attached  by  the  base. 
Stigmas  3,  nearly  sessile.  Berry  globose,  i-3-celled,  i-seeded. 

1.  S.   ROTUNDIFOLIA   (Greenbrier}. — Stem  climbing,   prickly,  woody  ; 
branches  round  or  somewhat  4-angled  ;  leaves  roundish-ovate,  somewhat 
cordate  at  base,  5-nerved,  abruptly  acuminate,  on  short  petioles,  pale  be- 
neath ;  berries  round,  bluish,  with  a  glaucous  bloom.     June. 

2.  S.  HERBACEA  (Carrionflower). — Stem  herbaceous,  unarmed,  angular, 
erect,  recurved  or  climbing  by  tendrils  ;  leaves  ovate,  often  roundish,  7-9- 
veined,  mucronate  or  acuminate,  usually  cordate  at  base,  smooth,  paler  be- 
neath ;  flowers  yellowish  green,  in  dense  umbels  of  20-40,  on  long  peduncles, 
extremely  fcetid  ;  berries  dark  blue,  covered  with  a  bloom.     In  moist  thick- 
ets, with  a  disgusting,  carrion-like  odor  to  the  flowers.     June. 

Order  LXXXVIII.— JUNCACE^E  (Rush  Family). 

Herbaceous  plants,  generally  coarse  and  grass-like,  often  leaf- 
less. Flowers  usually  greenish,  small,  dry,  glumaceous,  in  cymose 
clusters.  Leaves  fistular,  or  else  flat,  often  channeled,  sometimes 
none.  Perianth  regular,  in  2  series  of  3  segments  in  each.  Sta- 
mens 6,  or  3.  Ovary  3-celled,  or  r-celled,  because  the  placentas 
do  not  reach  the  axis.  Styles  united  into  i.  Stigmas  3.  Capsule 
3-valved. 

JUNCACE^E. 


(  Capsule  i-celled — Luzula. 

j.  "S 

(  Capsule  3-celled — Juncus. 

I.  Luzula. — Perianth  persistent.  Stamens  6  Stigmas  3.  Capr 
sule  i-cellecl,  3-seeded.  Leaves  grass-like. 

L.  CAMPESTRIS  (Field  Rush}. — Leaves  linear,  hairy,  especially  on  the 
margin  ;  flowers  in  little  spikes,  the  central  one  being  nearly  sessile  ;  sepals 
acuminate,  awned,  longer  than  the  obtuse  capsule.  In  fields  and  open  woods, 
3'-io'  high.  May. 


3io 


SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 


2.  Juncus. — Perianth  persistent,  6-parted.  Stamens  6,  rarely  3. 
Stigmas  3.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculicidal,  many-seeded. 

1.  J.  EFFUSUS  (Bog Rush}. — Scape  erect,  soft  and  flexible,  striate,  sheathed 
at  base  ;  flowers  in  a  sessile,  very  branching  panicle,  small,  numerous,  green- 
ish ;  sepals  acute  ;  stamens  mostly  3  ;  capsule  obtuse.     In  wet  grounds,  2-3 
feet  high.     June- July. 

2.  J.  ACUMINATUS  (Bog  Rusti). — Stem  erect,  round  ;  leaves  few,  round 
or  nearly  so  ;  flowers  in  many  or  few  brownish,  few-flowered  heads,  arranged 
in  a  panicle  ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute,  much  shorter  than  the  acute, 
triangular  capsule.     In  bogs  and  along  ponds,  io'-i8'  high.     August. 

3.  J.  TENUIS  (Slender  Rush). — Stem  very  slender,  erect,  leafless,  except 
at  base ;  leaves  linear,  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  stem  ;  flowers  separate, 
rarely  sessile,  in  a  loose,  somewhat  umbelled,  cymose  panicle,  with  unequal 
branches ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  ovoid-globose  cap- 
sule. 

4.  J.  BUFONIUS  (Annual  Rush}. — Stem  slender,  leafy,  often  branching 
at  base  ;  leaves  channeled,  very  narrowly  linear ;  flowers  greenish,  remote, 
sessile,  forming  a  spreading  dichotomously  branching  panicle  ;  sepals  lanceo- 
late, much  longer  than  the  obtuse  capsule.     Along  road-sides,  3/-6/  high. 
June- August. 

Order   LXXXIX.  —  PONTEDERIACE.E  {Pickerel-weed 
Family?) 

Aquatic  herbs.  Flowers  solitary,  or  spicate,  arising  from  a 
spathe,  or  from  a  fissure  in  the  petiole.  Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft, 
persistent  and  withering,  colored,  often  irregular.  Stamens  3, 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth ;  or  6,  and  variously  at- 
tached to  the  perianth.  Ovary  I -3-celled.  Style  i.  Stigma  i. 
Capsule  3  valved,  i  or  many-seeded. 

Pontederia. — Perianth  funnel-form,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-parted  ; 
lower  lip  of  3  spreading  divisions.  Stamens  6,  3  inserted  near  the  sum- 
mit of  the  tube,  and  exsert ;  3  near  the  base  (often  imperfect)  with  very 
short  filaments.  Ovary  3-celled,  i-ovuled.  if. 

P.  CORDATA  (Pickerel-weed). — Stem  thick  and  stout,  erect ;  leaves  mostly 
radical,  cordate-sagittate,  smooth  and  glossy  green,  petiolate ;  flowers  blue, 
in  a  dense  spike,  with  a  bract-like  spathe  ;  anthers  blue.  In  shallow  water, 
To'-i8'  above  water.  July. 

Order  XC. — CYPERACE^E  (Sedge  Family). 

Herbs,  usually  perennial,  coarse,  grassy,  caespitose  plants. 
Culms  usually  solid,  without  joints  or  nodes,  mostly  triangular. 
Leaves  with  entire  sheaths,  sometimes  wanting.  Flowers  soli- 


CYPERACE^E.  311 

tary,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  glume-like  bract.  Perianth  wanting,  or 
else  reduced  to  mere  bristles.  Stamens  usually  3,  sometimes  2, 
or  i.  Styles  2-3,  more  or  less  united.  Fruit  an  achenium. 

C  Flowers  with  bristles — Dulichium. 
'  Flowers  in  regular  spikelets —  \ 

Flowers  without  bristles— Cyperus. 

Achenium  with  tubercle  at  apex — Eleocharis. 


regular 
t.  spikelets. 


Bristles 


^  ked  at  apex- 


(_Not  cottony — Scirpus. 


Bristles  none — Fimbristylis, 

{  Bristles  present — Rhynchospora, 

Flowers  imperfect —  -j  f  Achenium  in  sac— Carex. 

|  Bristles  nons —  -J 
[  I,  No  sac — Cladium, 

I.  Cyperus. — Spikelets  few,  many-flowsred,  in  loose  or  dense  clus- 
ters. Glumes  arranged  in  2  rows,  decurrent  at  base.  Stamens  1-3, 
usually  three.  Style  2-3-cleft.  Achenium  lenticular  or  triangular. 
Culm  triangular,  with  1-3  leaves  at  summit,  forming  an  involucre  to 
the  umbel. 

1.  C.   DIANDRUS  (Brown  Sedge). — Culm  slender,  usually  decumbent ; 
spikelets  flat,  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish,  i4-2c-flowered,  more  or  less  in  fas- 
cicles forming  an  umbel  with  2-4  very  short,  sometimes  unequal  rays  ;  glumes 
oblong,  brown  on  the   margin ;    stamens  2.    Stem  6'-io'  long.    August- 
September. 

2.  C.  STRIGOSUS  (Bulbous  Sedge).— Culm  erect,  leafy,  tuberous  at  base  ; 
leaves  broad-linear  ;  umbel  simple  or  decompound  ;  spikelets  narrow-linear, 
flat  and  few-flowered,  at  length  reflexed,  on  spikes  forming  an  umbel ;  scales 
oblong-lanceolate,  yellowish  ;  stamens  3  ;  achenium  narrow-oblong.    In  wet 
grounds,  1-2  feet  high.     August. 

2.  Dulichium. — Spikelets  linear,  compressed,  arranged  in  2  rows, 
on  solitary,  axillary  peduncles.    Glumes  arranged  in  2  rows.     Perianth 
reduced  to  bristles.    Stamens  3.    Style  2-cleft  above,  the  lower  portion 
persistent,  forming  a  beak  to  the  compressed  achenium. 

D.  SPATHACEUM  (Sheathed  Sedge).—  Culm  erect,  simple,  leafy,  sheathed 
below  ;  leaves  alternate,  linear,  flat,  short,  arranged  on  the  stem  in  3  rows  ; 
spikes  proceeding  from  the  sheaths,  consisting  of  8-12  linear-lanceolate  spike- 
lets,  in  2  rows  ;  spikelets  s-g-flowered,  rather  long.  Along  rivers  and  bor- 
ders of  ponds,  1-2  feet  high.  August. 

3.  Eleocharis. — Spikes  single,  terminal.     Glumes  imbricated  all 
round  without  much  order.     Perianth  reduced  to  3-12,  mostly  6,  rigid, 
persistent  bristles.    Stamens  3.    Style  2-3-cleft,  bulbous  and  persistent 
at  base.     Culms  leafless,  simple. 

15 


3I2  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

1.  E.  OBTUSA  (Spike  Rush}.—  Culms  nearly  terete  in  tufts  ;  spike  globosev 
at  length  becoming  somewhat  cylindrical,  obtuse,  densely  many-flowered  ; 
glumes  very  obtuse,  light  brown,  whitish  on  the  margin  ;  achenium  obovate, 
of  a  shining  brown,  surrounded  by  6  bristles.     In  shallow  water  and  muddy 
grounds,  6'-i2(  high.     July-August. 

2.  E.   PALUSTRIS  (Round  Rush}. — Culm  nearly  terete ;    spike  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,  many-flowered,  often  obliquely  attached  ;  glumes  reddish- 
brown,  achenium  obovate,  surrounded  by  about  four  bristles  longer  than  it- 
self, and  crowned  with  a  small,  ovate,  flattened  tubercle.     In  shallow  water 
and  low  grounds,  6'-2o'  high.     June-July. 

3.  E.  TENUIS  (Slender  Rush). — Culm  very  slender  and  wiry,  4-angled 
with  concave  sides ;  spike  elliptical,  2o-3o-flowered  ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse ; 
achenium  obovate,  with  a  small,   depressed  tubercle,  and  surrounded  by 
bristles.     In  wet  meadows,  6'-i2'  high.     June-July. 

4.  Scirpus. — Spikes  cylindrical,  clustered.     Glumes  imbricated  in 
no   order.      Perianth  of  3-6  bristles.     Stamens  3.      Style  2-3-cleft. 
Culms  sheathed  at  base. 

1.  S.  VALIDUS    (Bulrush)'.— Culm   tall,   cylindric,   filled   with   spongy 
pith,  tapering  above,  dark  green  ;  spikes  oblong-ovate,  numerous,  arranged 
in  a  compound  panicle ;  glumes  ovate,  achenium  obovate,  mucronate,  sur- 
rounded by  4-5  bristles.     In  wet  grounds,  4-8  feet  high.     July. 

2.  S.  PUNGENS  (Acute  Club  Rush).— Culm  acutely  angled  with  concave 
sides  ;  leaves  few  below,  channeled  above,  often  6'-8'  long ;  spikes  ovoid, 
sessile,  1-5  in  a  cluster  ;    glumes  ovate,  2-cleft,  mucronate  ;    style  2-cleft ; 
bristles  2-6,  shorter  than  the  obovate,  mucronate  achenium.     In  ponds  and 
streams.     July-August. 

3.  S.  ATROVIRENS  (Umbelled  Club  Rush).— Culm   obtusely  triangular, 
rigidly  erect,  leafy  ;    leaves  broad-linear,  rough  on  the  margin,  flat ;    spike 
ovoid,  crowded  in  dens3,  globular,  dark,  dull-green  heads,  containing  icn-2o 
spikes.     July. 

5.  Eriophorum. — Spikes  many-flowered.      Scales   imbricated  all 
round  without   order.      Perianth   consisting   of  numerous,    rarely   6, 
woolly,  persistent  bristles.     Stamens  mostly  3.     Style  3-cleft. 

1.  E.  POLYSTACHYON  (Cotton  Grass). — Culm  rigidly  erect,  obscurely  3- 
angled  ;  leaves  linear,  flat,  terminating  in  a  triangular  point ;  involucre  2-3- 
leaved  ;   spikes  about  10,  on  slender,   nodding  peduncles.     Wool  straight, 
nearly  an  inch  long.     Bogs  and  meadows,  1-2  feet  high.     June. 

2.  E.  VIRGINICUM  (Brown  Cotton  Grass). — Culm   rather  stout,   rigid, 
nearly  terete,  leafy  ;  leaves  long,  flat,  narrowly-linear,  rough  on  the  margin  ; 
involucre  2-4-leaved  ;  spikes  erect,  crowded  in  a  dense  head  ;  wool  dense,  of 
a  rusty-brown  color,  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  scale ;    stamen  i.     July- 
August. 

6.  Fimbristylis. — Spike  several  or  many-flowered.     Glumes  im- 
bricated  in  regular  rows.     Perianth  of  bristles  none.     Stamens  1-3. 


CYPERACE&. 


313 


Style   2-3-cleft,   with   a  bulbous  base,   which   is   deciduous   or  per- 
sistent. 

1.  F.  AUTUMNALIS  (Autumn    Club  Rush).— Culms  low,  slender,  com- 
pressed, tufted  ;  leaves  narrow  linear,  flat,  acute,  shorter  than  the  stem  ;  in- 
volucre 2-leaved  ;  spikes  oblong,  acute  ;  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  brownish, 
mucronate ;    stamens  2-3 ;    style  3-cleft,   entirely  deciduous.      In  muddy 
grounds,  3'-8'  high.     August-October. 

2.  F.  CAPILLARIS  (Annual  Club  Rusk). — Culms  nearly  naked,  capillary 
in  dense  little  tufts  ;  leaves  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  culms,  with  sheaths, 
hairy  at  the  throat ;    involucre  2-3-leaved  ;    spikes  ovoid  ;   glumes  oblong, 
brownish  ;    stamens  2  ;    style  3-cleft,  the  bulbous  base  persistent.     In  sandy 
fields,  3'-6'  high.    August.     ® 

7.  Rhyncospora. — Flowers  in  ovate,  several-flowered,  loose  spikes. 
Lower  glumes  usually  empty.     Perianth  of  6  bristles.     Stamens  usu- 
ally 3,     Style  2-cleft.     Achenia  coherent  with  the  bulbous,  persistent 
base  of  the  style. 

1.  R.  ALBA  (  White  Beak  Rush} — Culm  slender,  3-angled  above,  leafy  ; 
leaves  linear,  very  narrow,  spikes  lanceolate,  white,  in  corymbose,  axillary 
and  terminal  fascicles,  on  slender  peduncles ;  glumes  lanceolate ;  achenium 
ovoid,  shorter  than  the  bristles,  with  a  slender  beak  or  tubercle  nearly  as  long 
as  itself.     July- August. 

2.  R.  GLOMERATA  (Beak  Rush). — Stem  slender,  triangular,  leafy ;  leaves 
linear,  flat,  rough  on  the  edge ;  spikes  oblong-ovate,  in  dense,  very  distant 
clusters,  on  long  peduncles,  sometimes  in  pairs  from  the  same  axil ;    ache- 
nium obovoid  ;  bristles  rough  backwards.     In  wet  grounds,  10-20'  high. 
July- A  ugust. 

8.  Cladium. — Flowers  polygamous,  in  a  loose  spike  ;  lowerglumes 
empty  ;  terminal  ones  bearing  a  perfect  or  fertile  flower.     Perianth  of 
bristles  none.     Style  2-3-cleft,  deciduous.     Achenium  hard  and  corky, 
without  a  tubercle. 

C.  MARISCOIDES  (Twig  Rush). — Culm  leafy,  obscurely  triangular,  erect; 
leaves  narrow-linear,  channeled ;  spikes  in  heads  or  clusters  of  5-8,  arranged 
in  small,  compound  cymes  or  umbels,  on  very  long  peduncles  ;  glumes  light 
tawny-brown  ;  styles  3-cleft ;  achenium  ovoid-globose,  with  a  short  beak. 
In  meadows  and  low  grounds.  i2'-2i'  high.  July-August. 

9.  Carex. — Flowers  monoecious  ;   the  two  kinds  are  either  com- 
bined in  the  same  spike,  or  else  arranged  in  different  spikes  ;  rarely 
dioecious.     Glumes  single,  I- flowered,  imbricated  without  order.     Sta- 
mens 3,  rarely  2.     Stigmas  2-3.     Achenium  inclosed  in  a  perigynium, 
or  inflated  persistent  sac,  contracted  and  closed  at  apex,  and  crowned 
with  more  or  less  of  the  persistent  base  of  the  style. 

i.  C.  BROMOIDES  (Slender  Swamp  Sedge). — Stem  slender,  leafy ;  spikes 
several,  approximate,  oblong-lanceolate,  alternate,  lower  ones  barren,  or  all 


314  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

often  so ;  perigynia  erect,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  bifid,  longer  than  the  lan- 
ceolate glume.     In  swamps  and  meadows.     io'-2o'  high. 

2.  C.  CEPHALOPHORA  (Pasture  Sedge). — Stem  rather  stout ;  spikes  4-6, 
closely  aggregated  in  an  ovoid,  bracteate  head  ;  the  lower  ones  sometimes  a 
little  remote  ;  perigynium  compressed,  broad  ovate,  green  when  mature.    In 
dry  fields  and  woods,  6'-i2f  high. 

3.  C.  SPARGANIOIDES  (Pale  Sedge). — Spikes  7-10,  ovoid  ;  upper  ones  more 
or  less  aggregated  ;    lower  usually  distinct,  and  more  or  less  remote  ;    peri- 
gynium broad  ovate,  not  nerved,  rough  on  the  margin,  compressed,  margined, 
diverging,  hispid,  green  when  mature  ;  style  short,  swelling  at  base. 

4.  C.  VULPINOIDEA  (Fox  Sedge). — Spikes  numerous,  very  dense,  gen- 
erally branching,  closely  aggregate,  forming  an  oblong,  dense,  compound 
spike ;    perigynium  ovate,   broad   at  base,   small,  compressed,   margined, 
nerved  with  a  short,  bifid,  abrupt  beak,  yellowish  when  mature. 

5.  C.  STIPATA  ( Three-cornered  Sedge). — Culm  thick,  sharply  3-angled, 
with  concave  sides  ;  spikes  6-12,  aggregated,  lower  ones  often  distinct ;  peri- 
gynium lanceolate,  round  and  truncate  at  base,  destitute  of  a  margin,  on  a 
short  stalk,  nerved,  tapering  to  a  long,  bifid  beak.     In  wet  grounds,  lo'-iS' 
high. 

6.  C.  ROSE  A  (Rose'  Sedge). — Culm  low,  slender  ;  spikes  several-flowered, 
3~5)  tw°  uppermost  usually  approximate,  the  rast  distinct,  more  or  less  re- 
mote ;  perigynia  oblong,  margined,  rough  on  the  margin,  compressed  with  a 
bifid  beak,  diverging  and  stellate  when  mature,  twice  as  long  as  the  broad- 
ovate,  obtuse  glume,  green  at  maturity.     In  low  grounds,  8'-i5'  high. 

7.  C.  SCOPARIA  (Brown  Sedge). — Spikes  5-10,  somewhat  clavate  when 
young,  at  length  ovate,  approximate,  sometimes  aggregated  in  a  dense  head  ; 
perigynia  narrow  lanceolate,  nerved,  margined,  longer  than  the  lanceolate, 
acuminate  glume.     In  low  grounds  and  meadows,  1-2  feet  high. 

8.  C.  STRAMINEA  (Winged  Sedge*).—  Spikes  3-6,  roundish-ovoid,  alter- 
nate,  approximate  ;    perigynia  roundish-ovate,  much  compressed,  broadly 
winged,  with  a  short,  abrupt,  bifid  beak,  somewhat  longer  than  the  lanceo- 
late glume.     A  common  species  in  fields  along  woods,  distinguished  by  its 
broad,  broadly-winged  perigynia. 

9.  C.  POLYTRICHOIDES  (Dwarf  Sedge}. — Culms  very  low,  setaceous  ; 
spike  linear,  staminate  above  ;  perigynia  few,  alternate,  oblong,  somewhat 
triangular,  obtuse,  smooth,  emarginate,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate,  mostly 
obtuse  glume.     In  cold  swamps  and  bogs,  2'-4'  high. 

10.  C.  TENTACULATA  (Burr  Sedge). — Fertile  spikes  2-3,  ovoid-cylindri- 
cal, densely  flowered,  approximate,  upper  one  sessile,  the  others  on  short 
peduncles ;    bracts  leafy,  much  longer  than  the  culm  ;    perigynia  much  in- 
flated, spreading,  smooth,  with  a  long,  bifid  beak,  twice  longer  than  the  lan- 
ceolate, awned  glume. 

11.  C.  STRICTA  (Rigid  Sedge). — Staminate  spikes  1-3,  cylindric  ;  fertile 
2-4,  long-cylindric,  usually  barren  above,  sessile  ;  lower  one  often  on  a  short 
peduncle ;  bracts  rarely  longer  than  the  culm,  auricled  at  base ;  perigynia 
ovate-acuminate,  or  elliptical,  nerveless,  not  beaked.     Tufts  in  wet  grounds, 
2-3  feet  high. 


GRAMIKE&. 


315 


Order  XCI. — GR AMINES  (Grass  Family). 

Perennial  herbs  with  fibrous  roots,  rarely  arising  from  bulbs, 
sometimes  annual  or  biennial.  Culms  cylindrical,  usually  fistular, 
closed  at  the  nodes,  sometimes  solid.  Leaves  entire,  usually 
narrow,  alternate,  with  the  sheath  split  from  one  node  down  to  the 
next,  usually  with  a  membranous  ligule  between  the  base  of  the 
leaf  and  sheath.  Flowers  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles,  usually 
perfect,  in  I  to  many-flowered  spikelets,  composed  of  glume- 
like  bracts  in  2  rows.  Outer  bracts  (glumes)  2,  rarely  i,  often 
unequal ;  the  inner  2  immediately  inclosing  each  flower  (paletz), 
alternate.  Perianth  none,  or  consisting  of  very  small,  membranous 
scales  (squamulce).  Stamens  1-6,  commonly  3,  Anthers  versatile. 
Ovary  i -celled.  Styles  2.  Stigmas  2,  feathery.  Fruit  a  caryopsis. 

i.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  with  2  glumes  and  2  paleae,  or  less.         , 

*  GLUMES  ABSENT,  OR  BOTH  VERY  MINUTE.    PALEAE  2.    Leersia. 

*  *  SPIKELETS  IN  PANICLES,  OFTEN  CONTRACTED,  AND  APPARENTLY  RACEMOSE. 
+  Palece  awnless  or  with  inconspicuous  awns. 

Glumes  equal,  or  the  lower  somewhat  longer.  Paleae  thin,  not  coriaceous,  ob- 
tuse, upper  smaller ;  one  often  minute  or  wanting.  Agrostis. 

Lower  glume  smaller,  often  minute,  usually  shorter.  Paleae  surrounded  by 
short  hairs  at  base  ;  lower  3-nerved,  usually  mucronate.  Stamens  3.  Muhlen- 
bergia. 

Spikelets  with  a  rudimentary,  plumose  pedicel.  Glumes  mostly  nearly  equal, 
longer  than  the  flower.  Paleae  surrounded  at  base  by  a  tuft  of  white  bristles  ;  lower 
paleae  awnless,  or  with  inconspicuous  awn  attached  to  the  back.  Stamens  3.  Cala- 
magrostis. 

Spikelets  with  2  rudiments  of  abortive  flowers,  i  on  each  side  of  the  perfect 
flower.  Paleae  shorter  than  the  equal  glumes.  Phalaris. 

+  +  Paletz  with  a  conspicuous  awn. 

Lower  glume  smaller  than  the  upper,  sometimes  minute.  Paleae  2,  herbaceous. 
Awn  of  the  lower  palea  single,  not  jointed  on  its  apex.  Muklenbergia. 

Glumes  not  equal,  often  mucronate.  Lower  palea  with  3  awns  at  tip,  much  larger 
than  the  upper.  A  ristida. 

*  *  *  FLOWERS  ARRANGED  IN  SIMPLE  OR  NEARLY  SIMPLE  SPIKES. 
t  Spike  terminal, 

Spike  simple,  dense,  cylindrical.  Glumes  mucronate  or  awned.  Paleae  both 
present,  awnless.  Phleum. 

Spikelets  in  threes  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis.  Glumes  side  by  side,  mucronate, 
awned.  Lower  palea  awned  at  apex.  Hordeum. 

t  \  Spikes  more  than  one.  • 

Spikelets  loosely  arranged  in  2-4  rows,  on  one  side  of  the  flattened  rachis.  Spikes 
few.  Paspalum. 

Flowers  oblong,  crowded  in  clusters  of  2-3,  in  i-sided,  approximate,  slender 
cpikes.  Panicum. 


SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

2.  Spikelets  2-flowered,  the  upper  perfect,  the  lower  staminate  or  neu- 

tral, and  in  the  latter  case  usually  reduced  to  a  single  palea. 

Spikelets  single,  with  the  terminal  flower  perfect,  not  surrounded  by  bristles, 
arranged  in  racemes,  panicles,  or  compound  spikes.  Panicum. 

Spikelets  surrounded  by  several  or  many  bristles,  and  arranged  in  a  cylindrical 
more  or  less  compound  spike.  Setaria. 

Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  pedicellate  and  sterile  ;  the  other  with  the  terminal  flower 
perfect  and  awned,  all  arranged  in  spikes  or  racemes.  A  ndropogon. 

Spikelets  in  clusters  of  2-3,  i  only  with  the  terminal  flower  perfect  and  awned, 
in  panicles.  Sorghum. 

Flowers  monoecious  ;  barren  flowers  in  terminal,  numerous  spikes  ;  fertile  in  soli- 
tary, lateral  spikes,  inclosed  in  a  leafy  involucre  of  numerous  bracts.  Styles  long  and 
slender.  Zea. 

3.  Spikelets  3-flowered,  2  of  them  imperfect  or  abortive,  mostly  reduced 

to  single  paleae. 

Spikelets  in  contracted  panicles  ;  lower  flower  abortive  or  obsolete  ;  middle  flower 
perfect ;  upper  flower  staminate.  Holcus. 

Spikelets  in  nearly  simple,  cylindrical  spikes ;  the  two  lateral  flowers  neutral,  re- 
duced to  awned  paleae  ;  middle  flower  perfect,  with  awnless  palea.  A  nthoxanthum. 

4.  Spikelets  more  than  2  flowers,  or  if  only  2  both  are  perfect. 

*  SPIKELETS  IN  PANICLES  OFTEN  MUCH  CONTRACTED  AND  SPIKE-LIKE. 
t  Lower  palea  with  a  conspicuous  awn. 

Spikelets  3-6-flowered,  in  dense,  i-sided  clusters,  forming  a  crowded  panicle. 
Glumes  awned,  somewhat  rough  and  ciliate  on  the  back,  as  also  the  lower  palea. 
Dactylis. 

Spikelets  3-10-6* owered,  in  open  panicles,  or  contracted,  spicate  ones.  Glumes 
unequal.  Paleae  rounded  on  the  back,  awned  at  the  apex.  Festuca. 

Spikelets  5-1 2-flowered,  in  loose,  at  length  drooping  panicles.  Glumes  unequal. 
Lower  palea  mostly  2-cleft,  with  a  straight  awn  below  the  tip.  Bromus. 

Spikelets  7-flowered,  in  a  loose,  racemose  panicle.  Lower  palea  2-toothed  at 
apex,  with  an  awn  composed  of  the  three  twisted  nerves  rising  from  between  the 
teeth.  Danthonia. 

Spikelets  3-6-flowered  ;  uppermost  imperfect.  Glumes  unequal.  Lower  palea 
rounded  on  the  back,  with  a  twisted  awn,  consisting  only  of  the  middle  nerve,  and 
arising  on  the  back  below  the  2-cleft  tip.  A  vena. 

t  +  Lower  paleee  awnless. 

Spikelets  compressed,  2-7-flowered,  in  open  panicles,  clothed  with  more  or  less  of 
a  web-like  down,  but  not  bearded  at  base.  Upper  palea  2-toothed,  deciduous, 
together  with  the  larger,  s-nerved,  lower  palea.  Poa. 

Spikelets  3-io-flowered  ;  flowers  not  webbed  nor  bearded  at  base.  Paleae  rounded 
on  the  back  ;  upper  one  adhering  to  the  inclosed  grain,  which  is  somewhat  downy  at 
apex.  Festuca. 

Spikelets  3-7-flowered  ;  flowers  with  a  copious  silky  beard  at  base  ;  lower  flower 
with  i  stamen  ;  the  others  with  3  stamens.  Glumes  very  unequal.  Phragmites. 

*  *  SPIKF,LETS  IN  SIMPLE,  TERMINAL  SPIKES. 

Spikelets  3-io-flowered,  attached  singly  tq  the  joints  of  the  rachis,  with  the  side 
against  it.  Glumes  2,  on  opposite  sides  of  the  spikelet.  Triticum. 

Spikelets  solitary  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  2-3-flowercd.  Glumes  2,  opposite, 
subulate,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  Sccale. 

Spikelets  2-7-flowered,  in  clusters  of  2-4  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis.  Glumes  side 
by  side  on  the  front  of  the  spikelets,  rarely  none.  Elymus. 


GRAMINE^E. 


317 


1.  Leersia. — Spikelets  i-flowered,  compressed,  perfect,  in  secund 
racemes,  arranged  in  panicles.     Paleae  2,  compressed,  awnless,  nearly 
equal  ;  lower  broader.     Stamens  1-6.     Stigmas  plumose,     y. 

L.  ORYZOIDES  (Cut-Grass). — Culm  rough  backward,  with  hooked  prickles, 
as  also  the  lanceolate  leaves ;  panicle  sheathed  at  base,  with  numerous  diffuse 
branches  ;  stamens  3  ;  paleae  whitish,  ciliate  on  the  keel.  In  wet  grounds, 
1-2  feet  high.  August. 

2.  Phleum. — Glumes  2,  much  longer  than  the  paleae,  mucronate 
or  awned.     Palece  2,  unequal,  truncate,  included  in  the  glumes.     Sta- 
mens 3.     11 

P.  PRATENSE  ( Timothy.  Herd's  Grass}. — Culm  erect,  simple,  smooth, 
sometimes  bulbous  at  base  ;  leaves  flat,  glaucous  ;  flowers  in  a  long,  dense, 
simple,  terminal,  cylindrical  spike  ;  glumes  ciliate  on  the  back,  truncate, 
tipped  with  a  very  short  awn  ;  anthers  purplish.  June- July. 

3.  Agrostis. — Spikelets  i-flowered,  paniculate.     Glumes  2,  sub- 
equal,  or  the  lower  one  larger,  mostly  longer  than  the  paleae.     Paleae 
1-2  ;  lower  one  larger,  often  awned  ;  upper  one  often  wanting,  or  mi- 
nute.    Stamens  3.     Caryopsis  free.     y. 

A.  VULGARIS  (Red-top.  Herd's  Grass  in  Penn.). — Culm  mostly  erect, 
slender  ;  leaves  linear,  with  smooth  sheaths  ;  ligule  short,  truncate  ;  panicle 
spreading,  with  slender,  purplish  branches  ;  lower  palea  3-veined,  twice  as 
long  as  the  upper,  equaling  the  glumes,  rarely  awned.  Culm  1-2  feet  high. 
July. 

4.  Muhlenbergia. — Spikelets  i-flowered,  in  more  or  less  contract- 
ed, often  spicate  panicles.    Glumes  acute,  mucronate,  persistent ;  lower 
one  smaller,  often  minute.    Paleae  2,  usually  bearded  at  base,  inclosing 
the  grain.     Stamens  3.     y. 

M.  MEXICANA  (Mexican  Drop-seed}. — Culm  erect,  ascending,  very  branch- 
ing, and  very  leafy  above  ;  leaves  linear,  short ;  panicles  numerous,  contract- 
ed, densely  flowered  ;  branches  somewhat  spicate ;  glumes  acute,  unequal ; 
upper  glume  as  long  as  the  very  acute,  lower  palea.  In  damp  grounds,  1-3 
feet  high.  August. 

5.  Calamagrostis.— Spikelets  i-flowered,  often  with  a  rudiment- 
ary flower,  in  a  loose  panicle.     Glumes  2,  nearly  equal  in  length,  sur- 
rounded by  a  tuft  of  white  bristles.     Lower  palea  awned  on  the  back, 
below  the  tip,  or  awnless,  mostly  longer  than  the  upper  one.     Sta- 
mens 3. 

C.  CANADENSIS  (Blue-joint). — Culm  simple,  tall,  stout,  rigid  ;  leaves 
with  smooth  sheaths,  linear-lanceolate  ;  panicle  oblong,  loose  ;  lower  palea 
3~5-nerved,  equaling  the  tuft  of  hairs  surrounding  it,  and  with  a  very  fine 
awn  on  the  back  below  the  tip,  scarcely  exceeding  it.  A  reedy  grass,  2-5 
feet  high.  July-August. 


3l8  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

6.  Aristida. — Spikelets    i-flowered.      Glumes   2,   unequal,    often 
mucronate  ;  paleae  pedicellate  ;  lower  tipped  with  3  awns  ;  upper  palea 
much  smaller,  minute.     Stamens  3.     Stigmas  plumose. 

A.  DICHOTOMA  (Poverty  Grass). — Culms  tufted,  dichotomously  and  very 
branching  ;  leaves  very  narrow,  more  or  less  revolute  ;  spikelets  on  clavate 
pedicels,  in  short,  appressed  racemes  ;  lateral  ones  minute,  middle  one  as 
long  as  or  longer  than  the  palea,  bent  or  twisted.  In  sandy  fields,  6'-i2'  high. 
August-September. 

7.  Dactylis.— Spikelets  2 -3-flowered,  aggregated  in  dense  clusters, 
forming  a  dense,  branching,  i-sided  panicle.     Glumes  unequal,  cari- 
nate,  mucronate.     Stamens  3.     y. 

D.  GLOMERATA  (Orchard  Grass). — Culm  erect,  somewhat  rough  ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  rough,  somewhat  glaucous  ;  panicle  dense,  with  remote 
branches  ;  glumes  very  unequal ;  anthers  large,  yellow.  In  shaded  fields, 
especially  orchards.  2-3  feet  high.  June. 

8.  Poa. — Spikelets  compressed,  ovate  or  oblong,  few-flowered,  in 
loose,  open  panicles.     Glumes  usually  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  the 
lower  one  smaller.    Lower  palea  5-nerved,  with  a  soft,  web-like  down. 
Upper  palea  smaller,  2-toothed,  deciduous  with  the  rest  of  the  flower. 
Stamens  2-3. 

1.  P.  ANNUA  (Low  Meadow  Grass). — Culms  low,  mostly  decumbent  or 
spreading,  somewhat  compressed  ;  leaves  short,  smooth,  with  smooth  sheaths ; 
panicle  nearly  as  long  as  broad,  with  mostly  solitary,  at  length  horizontal 
branches ;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  on  very  short  pedicels,  much  crowded  ; 
flowers  slightly  downy  near  the  apex.     Common  everywhere,  3'-6'  high. 
May-November. 

2.  P.  PRATENSIS  (Meadow  Grass). — Culm  erect,  round,  smooth ;  leaves 
with  smooth  sheaths  ;   ligules  short,  truncate  ;  panicle  pyramidal,  diffuse  ; 
branches  spreading,  in  half- whorls  of  4-5  ;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  nearly  ses- 
sile, densely  crowded  on  the  branches.    May-July. 

9.  Festuca. — Spikelets  3-io-flowered,  in  open  or  racemose  pani- 
cles.    Flowers  not  webbed  at  base.     Glumes  unequal.    Paleae  rounded 
on  the  back,  entire,  acute,  and  often  awned  at  apex.    Upper  palea  usu- 
ally adhering  to  the  ripe  caryopsis.     Stamens  mostly  3. 

1.  F.   TENELLA   (Slender  Fescue  Grass}. —  Culm  very  slender,   wiry, 
mostly  simple ;  leaves  very  narrow  ;  panicle  simple,  with  racemose  branches, 
contracted  so  as  to  resemble  a  spike  ;  spikelets  6-8-flowered  ;  palea  tipped 
with  an  awn  shorter  than  itself.     In  dry  soils,  6'-i2'  high.     June-July. 

2.  F.  ELATIOR  (Tall Fescue  Grass). — Culm  smooth,  erect ;  leaves  broad- 
linear  ;  panicle  open,  loosely  branching,  with  spreading,  drooping  branches  ; 
spikelets  crowded,  4-6-flowered  ;   lower  palea  awnless.     In  meadows,  2-4 
feet  high.     June. 


GRAMINE^E.  319 

10.  Bromus. — Spikelets  5-15-flowered,  panicled.   Glumes  unequal, 
shorter  than  the  flower,  nerved.    Lower  palea  convex,  with  an  awn  pro- 
ceeding from  below  the  tip.     Upper  palea  convolute,  adhering  to  the 
caryopsis  at  the  groove.     Stamens  3. 

B.  SECALINUS  (Chess). — Culm  smooth,  erect;  leaves  flat,  rough  above, 
wivh  margins  and  sheaths  smooth  ;  panicle  spreading,  with  branches  nearly 
simple,  drooping  ;  spikelets  ovate,  cylindrical,  tumid,  smooth,  about  lo-flow- 
ered  ;  awn  of  the  lower  palea  usually  shorter  than  the  spikelet.  Trouble- 
some in  wheat-fields,  2-3  feet  high.  June. 

11.  Pragmites. — Spikelets  3-8-flowered.     Flowers  with  tufts  of 
white,  silky  hairs  at  base.    Lower  flower  either  neutral,  or  with  a  single 
stamen  ;  the  others  perfect  with  3  stamens.    Glumes  2,  shorter  than  the 
flowers,  very  unequal.     Lower  palea  twice  as  long  as  the  upper,     y. 

P.  COMMUNIS  (Water  Reed). — Culm  erect,  smooth,  very  stout;  leaves 
very  long,  broad-lanceolate,  glaucous  ;  panicle  very  large,  loosely  branched, 
at  length  diffuse  ;  branches  in  half  whorls,  erect,  spreading,  slender ;  spike- 
lets  3-5-flowered,  erect.  On  the  borders  of  ponds  and  streams,  6-10  feet 
high.  July- August. 

12.  Triticum. — Spikelets  3-8-flowered,  spicate,  each  attached  to  a 
separate  joint  of  the  rachis.     Glumes  2.  nearly  equal,  opposite,  ovate. 
Palese  2  ;  lower  one  awned  or  mucronate  ;  upper  compressed.     Sta- 
mens 3. 

1.  T.  VULGARE  (Wheat). — Culm  erect,  terete,  smooth;  leaves  linear, 
somewhat  rough  above  ;  spike  somewhat  4-sided  ;  spikelets  crowded,  about 
4-flowered  ;   glumes  ventricose ;  awns  longer  than  the  flower.     The  most 
valuable  species  of  grain  cultivated.     June. 

2.  T.  REPENS  (Couch  Grass). — Culm  erect,  arising  from  a  creeping  rhi- 
zoma  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  rough  or  hairy  above  ;  spike  com- 
pressed ;  spikelets  remote,  alternate,  4-8-flowered  ;  glumes  5-y-veined,  lan- 
ceolate.    A  weed  in  gardens.     June- August, 

13.  Secale. — Spikelets  2-3-flowered,  spicate,  each  attached  to  a 
single  point  of  the  rachis  ;  lower  flowers  sessile  and  opposite  ;  upper 
often  abortive.     Glumes  opposite,  shorter  than  the  flowers.     Lower 
palea  ciliate  on  the  keel  and  margin,  tipped  with  a  very  long  awn. 

S.  CERE  ALE  (Rye). — Culm  tall,  erect,  slender,  hairy  below  the  spike  ; 
leaves  rough  above  and  on  the  margin,  glaucous  ;  spike  long,  compressed  ; 
awns  long  and  straight.  A  valuable  grain,  3-6  feet  high.  Jtine. 

14.  Elymus. — Spikelets  2-6-flowered,  attached,  2-4  together  at 
each  joint  of  the  rachis.     Glumes  2,  side  by  side,  and  not  opposite, 
nearly  equal,  subulate.    Lower  palea  convex  on  the  back,  mostly  awned 
at  apex.     if 

E.  VIRGINICUS  ( Wild  Rye).—  Culm  erect,  stout,  smooth;  leaves  broad- 
linear,  rough,  deep  green ;  spike  erect,  rigid,  thick,  on  a  short  peduncle ; 


320  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  2-3-flowered,  smooth ;  glumes  rough,  lanceolate, 
tipped  with  a  short  awn  ;  lower  palea  with  a  short  awn.  In  damp  thickets, 
2-4  feet  high.  August. 

15.  Hordeum. — Spikelets  i-flowered,  with  an  awn-like  rudiment 
at  base  on  the  inner  side,  3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis  ;  lateral  ones  often 
abortive.     Glumes  2,  side  by  side,  and  not  opposite,  subulate.     Lower 
palea  long-awned  at  apex. 

H.  VULGARE  {Barley}. — Culm  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  broad-linear,  nearly 
smooth ;  spike  erect,  thick ;  spikelets  all  fertile ;  glumes  shorter  than  the 
flowers ;  lower  palea  very  long-awned  ;  fruit  arranged  in  4-6  rows.  Fre- 
quently cultivated,  2-3  feet  high.  May.  (T) 

1 6.  Danthonia. — Spikelets    3-8-flowered,   in   a  spicate    panicle. 
Glumes  2,  longer  than  the  flowers.     Lower  palea  nerved,  2-toothed  at 
apex,  with  a  twisted  awn  arising  from  between  the  teeth  ;  upper  palea 
obtuse,  entire,     of 

D.  SPICATA  {Oat  Grass). — Culms  slender,  erect,  ascending,  tufted  ; 
leaves  mostly  radical,  somewhat  involute  ;  cauline  leaves  much  shorter  than 
the  radical  ones,  erect,  with  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat ;  panicle  slender, 
bearing  a  few,  appressed,  y-flowered  spikelets  ;  lower  palea  hairy.  In  dry 
fields,  1-2  feet  high.  June- July. 

17.  A  vena. — Spikelets  2-7-flowered  in  panicles  ;  uppermost  flower 
imperfect.     Glumes  2,  large  and   somewhat   unequal.     Lower   palea 
rounded  on  the  back,  nerved,  2-toothed  at  apex,  with  a  twisted  or  bent 
awn  on  the  back. 

A.  SATIVA  (Oaf). — Culm  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  broad-linear,  rough  above  ; 
panicle  loose,  with  slender,  drooping  branchlets ;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  on 
slender,  drooping  peduncles  ;  lower  flower  awned,  rarely  both  awnless  ;  up- 
per palea  closely  investing  the  grain.  Valuable  grain,  2-3  feet  high.  June. 

18.  Holcus.  —  Spikelets    2-3-flowered,   in   a   contracted    panicle. 
Flowers  pedicellate,  shorter  than  the  glume  ;  lowest  flower  neutral, 
often  wanting  ;  middle  flower  perfect,  awnless  ;  upper  staminate,  with 
its  lower  palea  awned  on  the  back.     y. 

H.  LANATUS  {Velvet  Grass). — Culm  and  broad-linear  leaves  pale  green, 
covered  with  soft,  velvety  down ;  panicle  oblong,  dense-flowered,  whitish, 
tinged  with  purple  ;  staminate  upper  flower  with  a  recurved,  short  awn.  In 
wet  meadows,  io'-2o'  high.  June-July. 

19.  Anthoxanthum. — Spikelets  3-flowered,  in  a  spicate  panicle  ; 
lateral  flowers  neutral,  consisting  of  I  hairy  palea,  awned  on  the  back  ; 
central  flower  perfect.     Glumes  2,  very  unequal,  the  upper  one  larger 
and  equaling  the  flowers.     ^ 

A.  ODORATUM  (Sweet  Vernal  Grass). — Culm  erect,  slender  ;  leaves  short, 
pale  green ;  panicle  spicate,  oblong,  with  short,  nearly  simple  branches ; 


GRAMINE^E. 


321 


spikelets  pubescent,  green  ;  paleae  of  the  lateral  flowers  ciliate  on  the  margin, 
one  with  a  bent  awn  ;  the  other  with  a  short,  straight  awn  below  the  tip.  An 
early  grass  in  fields,  fragrant  when  drying.  May- June. 

20.  Phalaris.  — Spikelets  in  dense  panicles,  with  i  perfect  flower, 
and  2  neutral,  abortive  rudiments  at  base.     Glumes  2,  equal,  longer 
than  the  2  coriaceous,  awnless  paleoe  which  inclose  the  compressed 
grain.     2f 

P.  ARUNDINACEA  (Canary  Grass). — Culm  tall,  erect,  simple  or  branch- 
ing ;  leaves  lanceolate,  rough  on  the  margin  ;  panicle  contracted,  oblong, 
branching ;  branches  somewhat  spicate,  densely  flowered,  at  length  some- 
what spreading ;  rudimentary  flowers  hairy,  much  shorter  than  the  perfect 
ones.  In  wet  grounds,  2-5  feet  high.  July. 

21.  Paspalum. — Spikelets  roundish,  flat  on  the  under  side,  convex 
above,  in  several  rows,  on  one  side  of  a  flattened  rachis,  apparently  i- 
flowered,  with  only  a  single  glume.     Paleoe  2.     Stigma  plumose,  col- 
ored.    2f 

P.  SETACEUM  (Wild  Millet}. — Culm  slender,  decumbent  or  ascending, 
simple  or  branching  at  base  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  ciliate,  and  with 
the  sheaths  softly  hairy ;  spikes  mostly  solitary,  very  slender,  terminal  one 
on  a  long,  very  slender  peduncle  ;  lateral  ones  often  with  included  peduncles  ; 
spikelets  orbicular,  in  2  rows.  Weed  in  sandy  fields,  1-2  feet  long.  August. 

22.  Panicum. — Spikelets  panicled,  racemed,  or  somewhat  spicate, 
I  neutral  or  staminate  flower,  and  I  perfect  flower.    Glumes  2,  usually 
.minute,  sometimes  wanting.     Lower  flower  with  a  single  palea  usually 
awnless,  sometimes  awned,  rarely  with  2  paleoe  ;  upper  flower  perfect, 
with  2  awnless  palece  which  inclose  the  free  grain.     Stigmas  plumose, 
mostly  colored. 

1.  P.  SANGUINALE  (Crab  Grass). — Culms  decumbent  at  base,  rooting  at 
the  joints,  then  erect ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  and  with  the  sheath  somewhat 
hairy  ;  spikes  3-12,  in  digitate,  terminal  clusters  ;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs, 
oblong  ;  upper  glume  shorter  than  the  flower.     Troublesome  weed  in  culti- 
vated grounds,  1-2  feet  high. 

2.  P.  CAPILLARE  (Hair  Panic  Grass}. — Culm  erect,  simple  above,  often 
branched  at  base ;  leaves  broad-linear,  hairy  as  well  as  the  sheaths  ;  panicle 
very  large,  pyramidal,  very  loose,  with  numerous  capillary  branches  ;  spike- 
lets  small,  on  long,  slender  pedicels  ;  neutral  flower  consisting  of  i  palea, 
much  longer  than  the  perfect  flower.     In  cultivated  grounds,  1-2  feet  high. 
August. 

3.  P.  LATIFOLIUM  (Broad-leaved  Panic  Grass). — Culm  erect,  smooth, 
nearly  simple,  usually  bearded  with  soft  hairs  at  the  nodes  ;  leaves  oval-lan- 
ceolate, cordate  and  clasping  at  base,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  except  at  the 
usually  bearded  throat ;  panicle  loose,  short,  on  an  exserted  peduncle,  with 
short,  nearly  simple,  spreading  branches.     In  thickets  and  damp  woods,  1-2 
feet  high.     June- July. 


322  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

4.  P.   DICHOTOMUM   (Forked  Panic  Grass). — Culm  slender,   erect,  or 
somewhat  decumbent,  generally  very  branching,  and  somewhat  dichotomous  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  flat ;  radical  ones  usually  much  shorter  and  broader, 
dark  green,  as  also  the  sheaths,  sometimes  pale  green,  and  more  or  less  hairy  ; 
panicles  compound,  terminal  and  lateral,  with  spreading  branches  ;  lateral 
panicles  often  short  and  simple  ;  lower  flower  neutral,  with  a  single  palea. 
In  moist  situations,  4'-2o'  high.     June-September. 

5.  P.  CRUS-GALLI  (Barnyard  Grass]. — Culm  stout,  branching  at  base ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  flat,  rough  on  the  margin,  otherwise  smooth,  as  also  the 
sheaths  ;  spikes  alternate,  compound,  forming  a  dense  panicle  ;  lower  flower 
neutral,  with  2  paleas ;  lower  palea  awned  ;  awn  rough,  usually  long.     In 
rich,  waste  grounds.     August-September. 

23.  Setaria. — Spikelets  in  compound,  cylindrical  spikes,  furnished 
with  i  or  more  bristles,  resembling  awns ;  otherwise  as  in  the  Panicums 
proper.     © 

S.  GLAUCA  (Bottle  Grass}. — Culm  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  rough,  hairy 
at  base  ;  spike  dense,  cylindric,  of  a  dull-yellowish  color  when  mature  ;  bristles 
in  clusters  of  6-10,  much  longer  than  the  spikelets.  Weed  in  waste  places, 
1-2  feet  high.  July-August. 

24.  Andropogon. — Spikelets  in  pairs  at  the  joints  of  the  rachis, 
spicate  or  racemed,  one  of  them  pedicellate,  barren,  often  rudimentary  ; 
the  other  with  the  lower  flower  neutral  ;  the  upper  perfect.     Paleoe 
thin  and  delicate  ;  lower  one  awned  at  the  tip.     Stamens  1-3.     ^ 

A.  FURCATUS  (Broom  Grass). — Culms  erect,  branching,  nearly  smooth  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  smooth ;  radical  ones  very  long ;  spikes 
straight,  3-6,  hairy,  digitate  or  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  culm,  usually  pur- 
ple ;  spikelets  approximate,  hairy,  appressed  ;  sterile  spikelets  staminate, 
awnless  ;  stamens  3.  In  dry  soils,  4-6  feet  high.  September. 

25.  Sorghum. — Spikelets  pedicellate,  in  clusters  of  2-3,  forming 
an  open  panicle  ;  lateral  ones  barren  ;  middle  spikelet  fertile.    Glumes 
coriaceous  ;  2  lower  flowers  neutral  ;  upper  flower  with  2  paleae,  the 
highest  awned  at  the  tip. 

S.  VULGARE  (Broom  Corn}. — Culm  tall,  erect,  solid  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, pubescent  at  base  ;  panicle  very  large,  diffuse  ;  branches  long,  slender, 
whorled,  at  length  drooping ;  perfect  spikelets  with  hairy,  persistent  glumes. 
Extensively  cultivated,  6-12  feet  high.  ® 

26.  Zea. — Flowers  monoecious.     Barren  flowers  in  terminal,  clus- 
tered racemes.     Spikelets  2-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  obtuse,  nearly  equal  ; 
paleae  obtuse,  awnless.     Fertile  flowers  lateral  and  axillary.     Spikelets 
2-flowered,    I   flower   abortive.     Glumes    2,    obtuse.     Palese    awnless. 
Style  I,  very  long,  filiform.    Grains  in  3-12,  usually  regular  rows,  com- 
pressed.     (I) 


CONIFERS.  323 

Z.  MAYS  {Indian  Corti). — Culm  erect,  leafy,  branching  only  at  base; 
leaves  very  long,  channeled,  recurved,  entire,  2-4  feet  long  ;  barren  spikes 
6-12,  in  terminal,  nearly  digitate  clusters  ;  fertile  spikes,  1-4,  nearly  sessile, 
6'-i5'  long,  and  even  longer.  Cultivated,  5-20  feet  high.  July. 


GYMNOSPERMS. 

Order  XCI I.— CONIFERS  (Pine  Family). 

Trees  or  shrubs ;  the  wood  abounding  in  a  resinous  juice. 
Leaves  scale-like,  almost  always  evergreen.  Flowers  monoecious, 
or  dioecious,  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla.  Stamens  I,  or  more, 
often  monadelphous,  forming  a  sort  of  loose  ament.  Fertile  flow- 
ers usually  in  aments,  consisting  of  open  carpellary  scales,  some- 
times solitary  and  destitute  of  any  form  of  carpel.  Ovary,  style 
and  stigma  wanting.  Ovules  naked,  I,  2,  or  more,  erect,  or  some- 
times turned  downward.  Fruit  a  strobile,  or  cone,  sometimes 
drupaceous,  or  a  solitary  drupaceous  seed.  Embryo  with  2,  or 
frequently  more  cotyledons. 

Fertile  flowers  many  ;  f  Leaves  ' 

with  bracts  ;  cone  large —  1  j 


CONIFERS,  -{  f  Scales  shield-shaped— Cupressus. 

\  F±V$rf  ~ I*-  "°'  ^ieM-shaped-T-/,^. 

[     bracts—          [  Fruit  a  berry— Juniperus. 

I.  Pinus. — Flowers  monoecious.  Barren  aments  in  spikes  ;  sta- 
mens numerous,  with  very  short  filaments  ;  anthers  2-celled  ;  pollen 
consisting  of  3  united  grains.  Fertile  aments  terminating  the  branches, 
consisting  of  imbricated  scales,  each  with  a  deciduous  bract  outside, 
and  a  pair  of  ovules  inside,  attached  to  the  base.  Fruit  a  cone.  Seeds 
sunk  in  hollows  at  the  base  of  the  scales.  Cotyledons  3-12.  Trees 
with  acerose  leaves. 

1.  P.  RESINOSA  {Red  Pine). — Leaves  in  pairs,  half  cylindrical,  elongated, 
arising  from  long  sheaths  ;  cones  ovoid-conical,  solitary  or  several  together, 
half  as  long  as  the  leaves ;    scales  dilated  in  the  middle,  unarmed.     A  tall 
species.     May. 

2.  P.  RIGIDA  (Pitch  Pine}. — Leaves  in  threes,  with  short  sheaths  ;  cones 
ovoid-conical,  mostly  in  clusters ;    scales  ending  in  short,  recurved  spines. 
Common  in  sandy  soils.     May. 

3.  P.  STROBUS  (White  Pine).— Leaves  in  fives,  slender,  with  very  short, 
deciduous  sheaths  ;    cones  cylindrical,  pendulous,  solitary,  loose,  somewhat 
curved.    A  tall  tree,  common  in  rich  woods.     May. 


324  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY, 

2.  Abies. — Barren  aments  scattered,  or  clustered  near  the  ends  of 
the  branchlets.     Strobile  small,   round  oblong,  with   thin,  flat  scales, 
not  thickened  at  apex.     Seeds  winged.     Cotyledons  3-9. 

A.  BALSAMEA  (Balsam  Fir).  —  Leaves  narrow-linear,  flat,  obtuse, 
bright  green  above,  silvery  white  baneath  ;  cones  erect,  large,  cylindrical, 
violet-colored ;  bracts  obovate,  appressed.  A  slender  and  beautiful  fir,  in 
cold  woods  and  swamps.  May, 

3.  Thuya. —  Flowers    monoecious,   the    two    kinds    on    separate 
branches.     Barren  flowers  in  small,  ovoid  aments ;  stamens  attached 
by  a  scale-like  filament,  with  4  anther-cells.     Fertile  flowers  consisting 
of  a  few  loose  scales,  each  bearing  2  erect  ovules  at  the  base  inside. 
Seed  winged.     Cotyledons  2. 

T.  OCCIDENTALIS  (Arbor-vit<z). — Leaves  rhomboid-ovate,  appressed, 
imbricate  in  4  rows  on  the  2-edged,  flat  branchlets ;  cones  nodding,  oblong  ; 
scales  without  joints,  i-seeded  ;  seeds  with  broad  wings.  An  evergreen  tree, 
common  in  swamps.  May. 

4.  Cupressus. — Flowers  monoecious,   the  two  kinds  on  separate 
branches.     Barren  flowers  in  ovoid  aments.     Fertile  flowers  in  globu- 
lar aments  ;  scales  peltate,  in  4  rows,  bearing  several  erect  ovules  at 
base.     Cone  globular,  not   opening  till   mature.     Seeds  compressed, 
winged.     Cotyledons  2-3. 

C.  THYOIDES  (White  Cedar}.—  Leaves  ovate,  with  a  gland  on  the  back, 
imbricated  in  4  rows  on  the  compressed  branchlets,  minute,  dull  green.  A 
moderately  large  tree  in  swamps. 

5.  Juniperus. — Flowers  dioecious,  sometimes  monoecious,  in  very 
small  aments.     Barren  aments — scales  peltate,  bearing  3-6  anther-cells 
on  their  lower  margin.     Fertile  aments  globose  ;    scales  few,  fleshy, 
fruit  a  scaly  berry  containing  2-3  bony  seeds.     Cotyledons  2. 

1.  J.  COMMUNIS  (Juniper). — Leaves  linear,  subulate,  spreading,  mucro- 
nate,  bright  green  below,  glaucous  above  ;  barren  flowers  in  small,  axillary 
aments ;  fertile  flowers  axillary,  sessile,  in  small,  globular  cones ;   berries 
round-cylindrical,  dark  blue,  and  of  a  sweetish  turpentine  taste.     A  shrub 
with  rigid  branches,  prostrate  on  the  ground. 

2.  J.  VIRGINIANA  (Red  Cedar}, — Leaves  in  4  rows,  crowded  in  pairs  or 
threes,  on  young  or  rapidly  growing  shoots,  subulate,  in  other  cases  very 
small,  triangular-ovate;  closely  imbricated  ;  barren  flowers  in  small,  oblong 
aments  ;  berries  small,  blue,  with  a  glaucous  bloom.     A  very  small  tree,  of 
irregular  growth.     April-May. 


GLOSSARY. 


Abortion.     Failure  to  grow.     Imperfect  development. 
Acaules'cent.     With  no  proper  stem.     See  caulescent. 
Acces'sory.     Something  superadded. 
Accessory  fruits.     Those   formed  by   the  union   of  many  flowers. 

114. 
Accum'bent.     Lying  against.     Cotyledons  are  accumbent  when  the 

radicle  is  folded  against  their  edges.     123. 
Ac'erose.     Needle-shaped.     9,  162. 
Ache'nium.     A  small,  indehiscent,  seed-like  fruit,     in. 
Achlamyd'eous.     Without  floral  envelopes.    45. 
Acotyled'onous.     Without  cotyledons. 

Ac'rogens.     Growing  by  the  terminal  buds  only.     End-growers. 
Acu'minate.     Ending  in  a  tapering  point.     7. 
Acute'.     Ending  in  a  sharp  angle.     7. 

Adhe'sion.     The  growing  to  each  other  of  different  floral  whorls.    62. 
Adnate'.    United  to.    Adnate  anther  is  one  grown  by  its  whole  length 

to  the  connective.     16,  85. 
^stiva'tion.     The  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  a  flower  in  the  bud. 

132. 
Affin'ity.     Near  relationship  among  plants  shown  by  resemblances  of 

character.     72-76. 

Ag'gregate.     Crowded  densely  together  without  cohering.     114. 
Albu'men  (of  seeds).     The  tissue  in  which  the  embryo  is  imbedded 

and  by  which  it  is  nourished.     118. 

Al'gae.     Sea-weeds  and  other  cryptogamous  water-plants.     183. 
Alveolate.     Honey-comb  like. 
Am'ent.     A  scaly,  deciduous  spike.     31. 
Anat'ropous  or  anat'ropal.     Reversed,  so  as  to  bring  the  micropyle 

to  the  hilum.     123. 
Andrce'cium.     The  stamens  of  a  flower  taken  coll sctively.     90. 


326  GLOSSARY. 

An'giosperm.     A  plant  having  its  seeds  within  a  pericarp.     184. 

An'nual.     Living  one  year  only.     21. 

An'nular.     In  rings. 

An'ther.     The  thickened  pollen-bearing  head  of  a  stamen.     81-87. 

Antherid'ia.  Organs  of  cryptogamous  plants  that  correspond  to  the 
anthers  of  flowering  plants.  180. 

Apet'alous.     Without  petals. 

Apical.     Relating  to  the  apex.     7. 

Apocar'pous.     Having  separate  carpels.     52. 

Append'age.     Any  superadded  part.     89. 

Appendic'ular.     Furnished  with  an  appendage.     89. 

.Appressed'.     Pressed  closely  together  but  not  adherent. 

Aquat'ic.     Living  in  water. 

Arach'noid.     Like  cobweb. 

Archego'nium  or  archegone.     The  same  as  pistillidia.     180. 

Aril.     A  false  or  extra  coat  of  a  seed. 

Armed.     Bearing  prickles,  stings,  etc. 

Ascending  ovules.     Rising  upward  obliquely.     103. 

Atten'uate.     Becoming  slender. 

Auric'ulate.     With  ear-like  lobes,     n. 

Awn.     Any  bristle-like  appendage.     174. 

Axial.     Situated  in  or  belonging  to  the  axis. 

Axil  (leaf).  The  space  just  above  the  point  where  the  leaf  is  joined 
to  the  stem.  21. 

Ax'illary.     Starting  from  the  axil  of  a  leaf.     21. 

Baccate.     Berry-like  ;  pulpy. 

Banner.     The  upper  petal  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla.     39. 

Barb.     A  hooked  or  appendaged  bristle. 

Ba'sal.     Belonging  to  the  base.     93. 

Bas  sifixed.     Attached  by  the  base. 

Beak.     A  prolonged  tip. 

Bearded.     Having  long,  stiff  hairs.     174. 

Berry.  A  thin-skinned,  indehiscent,  juicy  fruit,  having  its  seeds  imbed- 
ded in  a  pulpy  mass.  109. 

Biden'tate  or  bicus'pid.     Two-toothed.     5. 

Bien'nial.     Living  two  years.     21. 

Bi'fid.     Two-cleft  to  about  the  middle. 

Bila'biate.     Two-lipped.     See  Labiate.     42. 

Biloc'ular.     Two-celled. 

Bi'nary.     Arranged  in  twos.     44. 

Bisect'ed.     Completely  divided  into  two  parts. 

Biter'nate.     Twice  ternate. 

Bladdery.     Thin  and  inflated. 


GLOSSARY.  327 

Blade.     The  flattened  green  part  of  a  leaf.     I. 

Bloom.     The  powdery,  waxy  covering  of  many  fruits  and  leaves. 

Botanical  name.     175. 

Bract.     A  small  leaf  or  scale  of  a  flower-cluster.     29. 

Bulb.     A  leaf-bud  with  fleshy  scales :  usually  underground.     28. 

Bulblets.     Small  bulbs  borne  above-ground. 

Cadu'cous.     Falling  off  very  early  ;  or,  when  the  flower  opens. 

Calyp'tra.     The  cap  or  hood  of  a  sporange.     181. 

Ca'lyx.     The  outer  floral  whorl.     32,  33. 

Cam'bium.     A  sappy  layer  between  the  wood  and  bark. 

Campan'ulate.     Bell-shaped.    41. 

Campylot'ropous  (ovule).     Having  the  apex  bent  over  close  to  the 

base.     105. 

Cap'illary.     Hair-like. 

Cap'itate.     Head-shaped.     Having  a  globular  apex. 
Cap'sule.     The  pod  of  a  compound  pistil.     The  dry  dehiscent  fruit 

of  syncarpous  pistils.     113. 
Car'pel.     A  simple  pistil ;  one  of  the  parts  of  a  compound  pistil. 

35- 

Car'pophore.     The  stalk  of  a  pistil  within  the  flower.     154. 

Caryop'sis.  A  one-celled,  one-seeded  fruit,  with  membranous  peri- 
carp united  to  the  seed.  in. 

Cat'kin.     A  scaly,  deciduous  spike  ;  an  ament.     31. 

Caules'cent.     Having  a  stem.     25. 

Cau'line.     Belonging  to  the  stem.     28. 

Chaff.     Small  membranous  scales. 

Chala'za.  The  place  where  the  nucleus  and  coats  of  an  ovule  grow 
together.  104. 

Characters  of  plants.     Their  permanent  features.     72. 

Chlo'rophyl.     The  green  coloring-matter  of  plants. 

Cil'iate.     Having  a  fringe  of  hairs  on  the  margin. 

Circumscis'sile.     Divided  by  a  circular  line  round  the  sides. 

Cla'vate.     Club-shaped. 

Claw.     The  narrowed  base  or  stalk  of  a  petal.     38. 

Cleft.     Cut  about  half-way  down. 

Coher'ent  or  cohesion.     The  growing  together  of  like  parts.     52. 

Col'umn.  Results  from  the  union  of  the  filaments  of  a  stamen  with 
each  other,  or  with  the  style  and  stigma.  52. 

Colum'nar.     Shaped  like  a  column. 

Coma.     A  tuft  of  hairs  upon  a  seed. 

Com'missure.     The  face  by  which  two  carpels  cohere.     153. 

Complete.     Having  all  the  parts.     44. 

Compound  pistil.     Consists  of  several  united  carpels.     93. 


328  GLOSSARY. 

Compressed.     Flattened  on  two  opposite  sides. 

Cone.     An  inflorescence  formed  mostly  of  scales,  as  the  fruit  of  the 

pine.     164. 

Con'ical.     Round  and  decreasing  to  a  point.     19. 
Con'nate.     When  opposite  leaves  are  grown  together  from  the  first, 

they  are  said  to  be  connate.     25. 
Connect'ive.     The  prolongation  of  a  filament  uniting  the  lobes  of  an 

anther.     81. 

Conniv'ent.     Converging.     91. 
Contorted.     Twisted  together.     133 
Con'volute.     Rolled  up  lengthwise.     133. 
Cor'date.     Heart-shaped.     9. 
Coria'ceous.     Like  leather  in  texture. 
Corm.     A  solid  bulb.     28. 
Cor'neous.     Like  horn. 

Corol'la.     The  inner  whorl  of  floral  leaves.     32. 
Coro'na  or  crown.     An  appendage  at  the  top  of  a  claw.     43. 
Cortical  layer.     A  layer  of  the  bark. 
Cor'ymb.     A  kind  of  flat  flower-cluster.     31. 
Cotyle'dons.     The  first  leaves  of  the  embryo.     119. 
Cremocarp.     The  fruit  of  umbelliferse.     153,111. 
Crested.     Having  a  crest-like  appendage. 
Cru'ciform.     Cross-shaped. 
Cryp'togams.     Flowerless  plants. 
Cucul'late.     Hooded. 

Culm.     The  stem  of  grasses  and  sedges.     174. 
Cu'neate.     Same  as  cuneiform. 
Cu'neiform.     Wedge-shaped.     9. 
Cu'pule.     A  little  cup.     The  involucre  of  a  nut. 
Cus'pidate.     Tipped  with  a  sharp,  stiff  point.     7. 
Cyme.     A  loose,  irregular,  definite  inflorescence.     135. 
Cyp'sela.     An  achenium  with  an  adherent  calyx-tube,     in. 
Decan'drous.     With  ten  stamens.     49. 
Decid'uous  leaves  fall  off  in  autumn.     Flower-leaves  that  fall  before 

the  fruit  develops  are  said  to  be  deciduous. 
Dec'linate.     Turned  downward  or  sidewise. 
Decompound.     Redivided  many  times. 
Decum'bent.     Prostrate,  but  tending  to  rise  at  the  summit. 
Decur'rent  leaves  are  prolonged  below  their  insertion  on  the  stem. 

25- 

Decus'sate.     Crossed  in  pairs. 
Definite.     Not  exceeding  twelve.     49,  115. 
Dehis'cent.     Bursting  open,  as  of  a  pod  or  anther.     112. 


GLOSSARY.  329 

Deflexed.     Bent  downward. 

Depressed.     Flattened. 

Diadel'phous.     Having  the  filaments  grown  together  in  two  bundles. 

Si- 

Dian'drous.     Having  two  stamens.     49. 
Dichlamyd'eous.     Having  both  calyx  and  corolla.     45. 
Dichot'omous.     Regularly  dividing  by  pairs.     121. 
Dic'linous.     With  stamens  in  one  flower  and  pistils  in  another.     45. 
Dicotyle'dons.     Plants  in  which  the  embryo  has  two  cotyledons.    121. 
Didyn'amous.     Having  two  long  and  two  short  stamens.     50. 
Diffuse.     Spreading  widely  and  irregularly. 
Dig'itate.     Palmately  compound.     13. 
Dimid'iate.     Where  one  lobe  or  side  is  undeveloped. 
Dioe'cious.     With  staminate  flowers  on  one  plant  and  pistillate  on 

another.     46. 

Discoid  flower-heads  are  destitute  of  rays.     145. 
Disk.     A  fleshy  rim  round  the  base  of  the  pistil.     The  central  part  of 

a  head  of  flowers.     69,  140. 

Disk-florets.     The  inner  florets  of  a  flower-head.     141. 
Dissected.     Cut  deeply  into  many  divisions. 
Dissep'iments.     Partitions  in  an  ovary.     94. 
Dis'tichous.     In  two  rows. 
Distinct.     Not  coherent.     62. 
Divar'icate.     Widely  divergent. 
Dodecan'drous.     Having  twelve  stamens.    49. 
Dorsal.     Pertaining  to  the  back  of  an  organ. 
Downy.     Covered  with  soft,  short  hairs. 
Drupe.     A  stone-fruit,     no. 
Dura'raen.     Heart-wood. 
Dwarf.     Diminutive. 
Ech'inate.     Having  prickles. 
Ellip'tical.     Oblong  with  rounded  ends.     9. 
Emar'ginate.     Notched  at  the  summit.     7. 
Embryo.     The  plant-germ  in  a  seed.     118. 
En'docarp.     The  inner  coat  of  a  pericarp.     108. 
En'dogens.     Inside-growing  plants.     71. 
En'siform.     Sword-shaped. 
Entire.     Having  a  smooth  margin.     4. 
Ep'icarp.     The  outer  covering  of  a  fruit.     108. 
Epider'mis.     The  skin  of  a  plant. 

Epig'ynous.     Having  the  stamens  inserted  upon  the  ovary.     62. 
Epipet'alous.     When  the  stamens  are  inserted  upon  the  corolla.    62. 
Eq'uitant.     Riding  straddle.     Fig.  96. 


330  GLOSSARY. 

Erect'  (ovules).     Rising  upright  from  the  base  of  the  cell.     103. 

Essential  organs.     The  stamens  and  pistil.    45. 

Exalbu'minous  seeds.     Have  no  albumen.     118. 

Excen'tric  embryo  is  on  one  side  of  the  center  of  the  albumen.     123, 

Ex'ogens.     Outside-growers.     71. 

Exot'ic.     Of  foreign  origin. 

Exsert'ed  (stamens).     Extending  beyond  the  corolla.     90. 

Ex'tine.     The  outer  coat  of  a  pollen-grain.     88. 

Extrorse'.     Facing  outward.     85. 

Falcate.     Scythe-shaped. 

Farina'ceous.     Mealy  in  texture. 

Fas'cicle.     A  close  cluster.     25. 

Feather-veined.     Where  the  veins  all  arise  from  the  midrib.     4. 

Fenes'trated.     Having  chinks  or  slits. 

Ferru'ginous.     Resembling  iron-rust. 

Fertile.     Bearing  fruit.     45. 

Filament.     The  stem-like  part  of  a  stamen.     35. 

Fil'iform.     Thread-like.     87. 

Fim'briate.     Fringed. 

Fis'tular.     Hollow  and  cylindrical. 

Flo'rets.     The  flowers  of  a  flower-head.     141. 

Folia' ceous.     Belonging  to  or  resembling  foliage  leaves. 

Follicle.     A  simple  carpel  opening  down  the  inner  suture.     112. 

Free.     With  no  adhesion.     62. 

Frond.     The  leaf  of  a  fern.     177. 

Fruit.     The  mature  ovary.     106. 

Frutes'cent.     Shrub-like. 

Fuga'ceous.     Soon  falling  off. 

Funic'ulus.     The  stem  of  an  ovule  or  seed.     104. 

Fur'cate.     Forked. 

Furrowed.     Having  longitudinal  grooves  or  furrows. 

Fu'siform.     Spindle-shaped.     20. 

Gamopet'alous.     With  the  petals  united.     37. 

Gamophyllous.     Of  united  floral  leaves.     37. 

Gamosep'alous.     Formed  of  united  sepals.     36. 

Germination.     The  early  development  of  a  plant  from  the  embryo. 

119. 

Gibbous.     Tumid  in  places. 
Glands.     Small  cellular  parts,  mostly  on  the  surface,  that  secrete  oil  or 

other  matters. 

Glau'cous.     Covered  with  bloom. 
Glom'erule.     A  dense  cluster. 
Glume.     The  floral  covering  of  grasses  and  sedges.     174. 


GLOSSARY.  331 

Gon'ophore.     A  stem  supporting  stamens  and  pistil.     69. 

Gyn'obase.  A  dilated  base,  or  receptacle,  bearing  a  many-celled 
ovary. 

Gyn'ophore.     The  stem  that  raises  the  pistil  above  the  stamens. 

Gynosper'mous.     Naked-seeded.     184. 

Has'tate.     With  a  spreading  lobe  each  side  of  the  base.     n. 

Heptan'drous.     Having  seven  stamens.     49. 

Herba'ceous.     Like  herbage.     Not  woody. 

Hermaph'rodite.     Having  both  stamens  and  pistil. 

Hesperid'ium.     A  fruit  like  the  orange.     109. 

Heterog'amous.  Bearing  flowers  of  different  kinds  as  to  stamens  and 
pistil.  145. 

Hexan'drous.     With.six  stamens.    49. 

Hi'lum.     The  scar  left  after  separation  of  seed  from  placenta.     105. 

Hirsute'.     Hairy. 

His'pid.     Beset  with  stiff  hairs. 

Hoary.     Grayish  white. 

Homog'amous.     Bearing  like  flowers  as  to  stamens  and  pistil.     145. 

Homo'tropous.     Curved  with  the  seed.     Fig.  382. 

Hybrid.     Cross-breed. 

Hypog'ynous.     Inserted  under  the  pistil.     60. 

Im'bricate.     Overlapping. 

Imperfect  (flowers).     Wanting  either  stamens  or  pistil.     45. 

Incised.     Cut  deeply  and  irregularly. 

Included.     Inclosed  within.     90. 

Incum'bent  (cotyledons).  With  the  radicle  folded  back  upon  one  of 
the  cotyledons.  123. 

Indefinite.     More  than  twelve.     49. 

Indehis'cent.     Not  bursting  open.     109. 

Indig'enous.     Native  to  the  country. 

Inferior.     Growing  below  some  other  organ.     59. 

Inflated.     Turgid  and  bladdery. 

Inflected.     Bent  inward. 

Inflores'cence.     The  arrangement  of  flowers  on  the  stem.     29. 

Insertion.  The  place  and  mode  of  attachment  of  a  part  to  its  sup- 
port. 23. 

In'ternode.     The  space  between  two  nodes.     21, 

In'tine.     The  inner  coat  of  a  pollen-grain.     88. 

Introrse'.     Facing  inward.     85. 

Involu'cre.     The  outer  green  circle  of  bracts  of  a  flower-head.     140. 

In'volute.     Rolled  inward.     22. 

Irreg'ular  dehis'cence.  When  seeds  escape  through  chinks  or  pores 
or  other  irregular  openings.  102. 


332 


GLOSSAR  Y» 


Keel.     A  projecting  ridge  on  a  surface.     39. 

La'biate.     Two-lipped.    42. 

Lacin'iated.     Cut  into  deep  narrow  lobes. 

Lactes'cent.     Having  a  milky  juice. 

Lam'ina.     The  blade  of  a  leaf. 

La'nate.     Woolly. 

Lan'ceolate.     Lance-shaped,     n. 

Leg'ume.     A  pod  which  has  two  valves,  and  its  seeds  attached  to  one 

suture.     113. 

Lentic'ular.     Lens-shaped. 
Li'ber.     The  inner  bark  next  the  wood. 
Li'chen.     A  class  of  low  plants  ;  known  as  rock-moss.     183. 
Limb.     The  blade  of  a  leaf  or  petal. 
Lin'ear.     Narrow  with  parallel  margins. 
Lip.     A  lobe  of  a  labiate  corolla. 
Lobe.     A  certain  marked-off  portion  of  an  organ.     6. 
Loculic'idal  dehis'cence.     When  seeds  escape  by  the  dorsal  suture. 
Lo'ment.     A  long  pod  with  transverse  divisions.     113. 
Ly'rate.     Lyre-shaped. 

Male  (flowers).     Having  stamens  but  no  pistil.     45. 
Marces'cent  (floral  whorls).     Persisting  in  a  dry  and  withered  state. 
Medul'lary  rays.     Rays  of  cellular  tissue  reaching  from  pith  to  bark. 
MeduTlary  sheath.     A  vascular  thin  layer  around  the  pith. 
Membrana'ceous.     Of  the  texture  of  membrane. 
Mer'icarp.     Half  the  fruit  of  an  umbellifer.     154. 
Me'socarp.     The  middle  layer  of  a  pericarp.     108. 
Mi'cropyle.     The  passage  through  the  coats  of  an  ovule  or  seed. 

122. 

Midrib.     The  main  rib  of  a  leaf.     2. 

Monadel  phous  stamens  are  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set. 

51- 

Monan'drous.     Having  one  stamen.     49. 
Monochlamyd'eous.     Having  a  calyx  and  no  corolla.     45. 
Monoe'cious.     With  staminate  and  pistillate   flowers  on  the   same 

plant.     46. 

Mu'cronate.     Tipped  with  a  short,  abrupt  point.     8. 
Multiple  (pistil).     Composed  of  several  distinct  carpels.     94. 
Myce'lium.     The  vegetative  part  of  a  fungus.     182. 
Nec'tary.     A  gland  that  secretes  a  sugary  liquid.     71. 
Nerves.     The  ribs  and  veins  of  leaves. 
Neutral  (flowers).     Having  neither  stamens  nor  pistil. 
Nu'cleus.     The  center  of  an  ovule  where  the  embryo  is   formed, 

104. 


GLOSSARY.  333 

Nut.     A  hard,  one-seeded,  indehiscent  fruit.     HI. 

Ob.     When  prefixed  to  words,  inverts  their  meaning  ;  as — 

Obcor'date.     The  reverse  of  cordate,  the  notch  being  at  the  apex. 

10. 

Oblong.     Longer  than  wide,  with  rounded  ends.     9. 
Ob'ovate.     The  inverse  of  ovate.     9. 
Obsolete.     Not  apparent.     Rudimental. 
O'chreate.     With  sheathing  stipules. 
Octan'drous.     With  eight  stamens.     49. 
Oper'culum.     The  lid  of  a  sporange.     181. 
Organog'raphy.     A  description  of  the  organs  of  plants. 
Orthot'ropous  (ovule).     Straight.     See  Fig.  329.     105. 
Os'mose.     The  tendency  of  fluids  to  intermix. 
O'vary.     The  lowest  part  of  the  pistil,  containing  the  seeds.     35. 
O'vate.     Shaped  like  an  egg.     9. 
O'vule.     A  rudimentary  seed.     103. 
Pa'lea.     Chaff.     A  bract-like  scale  among  florets.     175. 
Pal'mate.     A  form  of  venation.    4,  13. 
Pan'icle.     A  kind  of  flower-cluster.     31. 
Pap'pus.     A  downy  calyx.     147. 

Paraph'yses.     Filaments  along  with  antherfdia.     180. 
Pari'etal  placentation.     Having  the  placenta  attached  to  the  walls 

of  the  ovary.     99. 

Parted.     Deeply  divided  into  parts. 
Ped'ate.     Shaped  like  a  bird's  foot.     16. 
Ped'icel.     The  flower-stalks  in  a  cluster.     31. 
Pedun'cle.     The  flower-stem.     29. 
Pel'tate.     Shield-shaped,     n. 
Pentam'erous.     Arranged  in  fives. 
Pentan'drous.     Having  five  stamens.    49. 
Pentas'tichous.     In  five  rows.     129. 
Perfect  flowers.     Having  stamens  and  pistil. 
Per'ianth.     Floral  leaves.     33. 
Per'icarp.     The  wall  of  the  ovary.     107-109. 
Per'igone.     See  page  180. 
Per'istome.     A  fringe  of  teeth  around   the  mouth  of  a  sporange. 

181. 

Persist'ent.     Remaining  long  in  place. 

Per'sonate.     A  labiate  corolla  with  a  projection  in  the  throat.     45. 
Peryg'inous.     Having  the  stamens  inserted  upon  the  calyx.     62. 
Pet'al.     A  leaf  of  the  corolla.     33. 
Pet'iole.     Leaf-stalk,     i. 
Pet'iolule.     The  stalk  of  a  leaflet.     12. 


334  GLOSSARY. 

Phyllotax'is.     Leaf-arrangement.     126. 

Pi'leus.     A  cap.     The  head  of  a  fungus.     183. 

Pin'na.     A  leaflet  of  a  pinnate  leaf.     13. 

Pin'nule.     One  of  the  subdivisions  "of  a  pinna. 

Pis'tillate.     Having  a  pistil  but  no  stamens.     45. 

Pistillid'ia.     The  pistil-like  organ  of  cryptogamia.     180. 

Placen'ta.     That  part  of  the  ovary  which  bears  ovules.     95. 

Plu'mule.     The  first  bud  of  a  growing  plant.     119. 

Pollen.     The  powdery  contents  of  anthers.     88. 

Pollin'ia.     Pollen-grains  cohering  in  masses.     89. 

Polyadelphous.  Having  the  filaments  grown  together  in  three  or 
more  bundles.  51. 

Polyan'drous.     Having  more  than  twelve  stamens.     49. 

Polyg'amous.  Having  pistillate,  staminate,  and  hermaphrodite  flow- 
ers on  the  same  plant.  47. 

Polysep'alous.     With  distinct  sepals.     48. 

Pome.     A  fleshy,  indehiscent,  many-celled  fruit,     no. 

Pri'mine.     The  outer  sac  of  an  ovule.     104. 

Protecting  organs  (of  flowers).     The  calyx  and  corolla.     45. 

Pubes'cent.     Having  fine  short  hairs  or  down. 

Pyxis.     A  pod  which  dehisces  by  the  falling  off  of  a  sort  of  lid. 

II3- 
Raceme'.     A  flower-cluster  of  one-flowered  pedicels  along  a  rachis. 

31. 

Rad'icle.     Belonging  to  or  coming  from  the  root.     119. 

Raphe.  The  connection  between  the  base  of  the  nucleus  and  of  the 
ovule.  104. 

Ray  florets.     The  outer  petal-like  florets  of  a  flower-head.     141. 

Receptacle.  The  top  of  the  peduncle  supporting  the  flower  or  flower- 
head.  67. 

Reflexed.     Bent  outward  or  backward. 

Regular.     Having  all  the  like  parts  of  the  same  size  and  form.     38. 

Reniform.     Kidney-shaped.     10. 

Retic'ulated.     Resembling  net-work. 

Retuse'.     Blunt  and  slightly  indented.     7. 

Rev'olute.     Rolled  backward.     22. 

Rhizo'ma.     An  underground  stem.     26. 

Rib.     A  part  of  the  framework  of  a  leaf.     2. 

Rin'gent.     Gaping  open. 

Root-stock.     Root-like  parts  of  stems  on  or  under  the  ground. 

Rosa'ceous.     Having  petals  like  a  rose. 

Ro'tate.     Wheel-shaped. 

Rugose'.     Wrinkled. 


GLOSSARY.  335 

Run'cinate.     When  the  leaf-lobes  point  backward.     7. 

Runner.     A  slender  branch  growing  along  the  ground  and  rooting  at 

the  joints. 

Sag'ittate.     Shaped  like  an  arrow-head.     10. 
Salver-form.     A  form  of  corolla.     41. 
Sama'ra.     A  dry,  indehiscent,  winged  fruit.     112. 
Scape.     A  flower-stem  apparently  arising  from  the  ground. 
Scorpioid.     Curved  like  the  scorpion's  tail. 
Sec'undine.     The  inner  sac  of  an  ovule.     104. 
Segment.     One  of  the  parts  of  any  cleft  or  divided  body. 
Se'pal.     A  leaf  of  the  calyx.     33. 

Septici'dal  dehiscence.     Opening  through  the  partitions.     101. 
Septif'ragal  dehiscence.     By  the  falling  away  of  the  valves.     102. 
Ser'rate.     With  forward-pointing  teeth.    4. 
Ses'sile.     Without  a  stalk.     2. 
Seta.     The  stalk  of  a  sporange.     181. 
Seta'ceous.     Bristle-like. 
Sig'moid.     Shaped  like  the  letter  S. 
Sil'icle.     A  short,  broad  silique.     113. 
Sil'ique.     The  peculiar  pod  of  cruciferous  plants.     113. 
Simple  pistil.     Consisting  of  only  one  carpel.     93. 
Si'nus.     The  space  between  two  lobes.     6. 
Soro'sis.     A  kind  of  multiple  fruit.     114. 
So'rus.     A  cluster  of  fruit-dots  on  the  frond  of  ferns.     179. 
Spat'ulate.     Shaped  like  a  spatula.     9. 

Spike.     An  elongated  flower-cluster  with  sessile  flowers.     29. 
Spike'let.     A  small  spike. 
Spi'nous.     Thorny. 

Spiral.     Winding  like  the  thread  of  a  screw. 
Spore-case  or  sporange.     Cells  containing  spores.     179, 
Spores.     The  powdery  grain  in  cryptogamous  plants  corresponding  to 

seeds.     171. 

Spur.     Any  projecting  appendage  of  flower-leaves.     43. 
Squa'mulae  or  lodicules.     Minute  scales  at  base  of  ovary  in  grasses. 

174. 

Stam'inate.     Having  stamens  but  no  pistil.     45. 
Stand'ard.     Same  as  banner. 

Ster'ile.     Not  producing  seed.     Barren  or  imperfect.     45. 
Stipe.     The  stem  of  a  mushroom.     183. 
Stip'itate.     Having  a  stipe.     69. 
Stip'ule.     One  of  the  parts  of  a  complete  leaf.     2. 
Stom'ata.     Breathing-pores  of  leaves  and  other  green  parts. 
Stri'ated.     Grooved  or  channeled. 
16 


336  GLOSSARY. 

Style.     The  stem  of  the  pistil  next  above  the  ovary.     35. 

Su'bulate.     Tapering  like  an  awl.     9. 

Suspended  ovules.     Hanging  from  the  summit  of  the  cell.     103. 

$u'ture.     The  seam  formed  by  the  union  of  two  margins.     94. 

Symmet'rical.     Having  an  equal  number  of  parts  in  each  set.     43. 

Syncar'pous.     United  carpels.     52. 

Syngene'sious.     United  anthers.     50. 

Tendril.     Any  thread-shaped  body  used  for  climbing. 

Terete'.     Same  as  cylindrical. 

Ter'nary.     Arranged  in  threes. 

Tetradyn'amous.     Having  four  long  and  two  short  stamens.     49. 

Thal'amus.     The  receptacle  of  the  flower. 

Theca.     A  spore-case.     179. 

Thyrse.     A  compact  panicle. 

To'mentose.     Covered  with  woolly  hairs. 

To'rus.     Same  as  thalamus. 

Trian'drous.     Having  three  stamens.     49. 

Tri'fid.     Three-cleft. 

Trime'rous.     Arranged  in  threes. 

Tris'tichous.     In  three  ranks.     129. 

Triter'nate.     Thrice  ternate. 

Trun'cate.     Abrupt  ending  of  leaf-blade.     7. 

Tu'ber.     A  thickened  portion  of  an  underground  stem,  having  eyes  or 

buds  on  its  surface.     28. 

Tuber'culated.     Having  a  pimpled  surface.     20. 
Um'bel.     A  flower-cluster  umbrella-like  in  form.     31. 
Unguic'ulate.     Having  a  claw. 
Urce'olate.     Urn-shaped. 

U'tricle.     An  achenium  with  thin  membranous  pericarp,     ill. 
Vag'inule.     The  collar  at  the  base  of  a  sporange-stalk.     181. 
Valv'ate.     Opening  by  valves. 

Valve.     One  of  the  parts  of  a  pericarp  or  anther.     83,  95. 
Ven'tral  suture.     The  suture  that  looks  toward  the  axis  of  the  flower. 

94. 

Ven'tricose.     Swelled  out  on  one  side. 
Ver'satile.     Attached  by  one  point.     85. 
Whorl.     Leaves  placed  in  a  circle  round  the  stem. 
Zo'ospore.     A  spore  of  certain  water-plants  which  moves  by  means 

of  vibratile  cilia. 


INDEX. 


Abies,  324. 

Abutilon,  209. 

Acalypha,  288. 

Acer,  214. 

Achillea,  246. 

Aconitum,  194. 

Acorns,  304. 

^rfca,  194. 

Acute  Club  Rush,  312. 

Adder's-tongue  Arethusa,  297. 

Adlumia,  198. 

^sculus,  215. 

Agremone,  197. 

Agrimonia,  221. 

Agrimony,  221. 

Agrostis,  317. 

Alisma,  301. 

ALISMACE^E  (Water  Plantain  Fam- 
ily), 301. 

A  Ilium,  307. 

Alnus,  294. 

Althcea,  209. 

Althaea,  209. 

Alyssum,  200. 

AMARANTACE^E  (Pigweed  Fam- 
ily), 281. 

Amarantus,  281. 

AMARYLLIDACE/E( Amaryllis  Fam- 
ily), 300. 

Amaryllis,  300. 

Ambrosia,  248. 

Amelanchier,  224. 

American  Aspen,  295. 

American  Bellflower,  252. 

American  Holly,  213. 

Ampelopsis,  214. 

Amphicarpaa,  217. 

Anacardiacece,  215. 

Andromeda,  254. 


Andropogon,  322. 

Anemone,  192. 

Angelica,  235. 

Annual  Club  Rush,  313. 

Annual  Rush,  310. 

Antennaria,  248. 

Anthoxanthum,  320. 

Antirrhinum,  269. 

Anychia,  207. 

Apios,  217. 

Apium,  234. 

APOCYNACE^:  (Dogbane  Family), 

258. 

Apocynum,  258. 
Apple,  224. 
Apple  of  Peru,  266. 
AQUIFOLIACE^E    (Holly    Family). 

212. 

Aquilegia,  193. 

Arabis,  200. 

Arabis  hirsuta,  200. 

ARACE^E  (Arum  Family),  303. 

Aralia,  237. 

ARALIACE/E  (Ginseng  Family),  236. 

Arbor-Vitse,  324. 

Archangelica,  235. 

Arctostaphylos,  254. 

Arenafia,  206. 

Arethusa,  297. 

Arethusa,  297. 

Atistida,  318. 

ARISTOLOCHIACE^E   (Birthwort 

Family),  285. 
Arrow  Arum,  304. 
Arrow-grass,  302. 
Arrowhead,  301. 
Arrow-leaved  Bindweed,  284. 
Arrow -wood,  240. 
Artemisia,  247. 


338 


INDEX. 


Arum,  304. 

Asarum,  285. 

ASCLEPIADACE.E  (Milkweed  Fam- 

iiy).  259- 

Asckpias,  259. 
Asparagus,  308. 
Asparagus,  308. 
Aster,  243. 
Atropa,  267. 

Autumn  Club  Rush,  313. 
Autumn  Dandelion,  250. 
A  vena,  320. 
Azalea,  254. 

Bachelor's  Button,  249. 
Balm,  278. 
Balsam  Fir,  324. 
Balsamine,  212. 
Baptisia,  219. 
Barbarea,  200. 
Barbary,  195. 
Barley,  320. 
Barnyard  Grass,  322. 
Bartonia,  260. 
Basket  Willow,  295. 
Bass-wood,  210. 
Beak  Rush,  313. 
Bean,  217. 
Bearberry,  254. 
Bee  Balm,  276. 
Beech,  293. 
Beggar's  Lice,  263. 
Beggar's  Ticks,  247. 
BERBERIDACE^E,  195. 
Berberis,  195. 
Beta,  282. 
Bet^ila,  294. 
Bidens,  247. 

BlGNONIACE/E,   272. 

Bird's>foot  Violet,  203. 
Bitter  Cress,  200. 
Bitter-nut,  291. 
Bitter-sweet,  266. 
Black  Alder,  213. 
Black  Ash,  258. 
Black  Bindweed,  284. 
Black  Birch,  294. 
Black  Raspberry,  223. 
Black  Thorn,  224. 
Black  Walnut,  290. 
Bladdernut,  215. 
Blazing  Star,  243. 
Blood-root,  197. 


Blueberry,  253. 

Blue  Cohosh,  195. 

Blue  Curls,  280. 

Blue-eyed  Grass,  299. 

Blue  Flag,  299. 

Blue  Joints,  317. 

Bluets,  241. 

Blue  Vervain,  273. 

Bog  Rush,  310. 

Boneset,  243. 

Borage,  262. 

BORRAGINACE.*:  (Borage  Family), 

262. 

Borrago,  262. 
Bottle  Grass,  322. 
Bouncing  Bet,  206. 
Box,  288. 
Boxwood,  237. 
Brasenia,  196. 
Brassica,  201. 
Bristly  Blackberry,  222. 
Broad-leaved  Dock,  284. 
Broad-leaved  Panic  Grass,  321. 
Broad-leaved  Pondweed,  302. 
Bromus,  319. 
Brooklime,  270. 
Broom  Corn,  322. 
Broom  Grass,  322. 
Brown  Cotton  Grass,  312. 
Brown  Sedge,  311,  314. 
Brunella,  278. 
Buckbean,  261. 
Buckthorn,  213. 
Bugle  Weed,  276. 
Bulbous  Sedge,  311. 
Bulrush,  312. 
Burr-reed,  303. 
Burr  Sedge,  314. 
Burr-seed,  263. 
Bush  Clover,  219. 
Bushy  Gerardia,  271. 
Buttercups,  193. 
Butternut,  290. 
Button-bush,  241. 
Buxus,  288. 

Cabbage,  201. 

CACTACE^  (Cactus  Family),  232, 

Calamagrostis,  317. 

Calla,  304. 

Calopogon,  297. 

Caltha,  193. 

Calystegia,  264. 


INDEX. 


339 


Campanula,  251. 

CAMPANULACE^E(Campanula  Fam- 
ily), 251. 

Canada  Thistle,  249. 

Canadian  Hawkweed,  250. 

Canadian  Snapdragon,  268. 

Canadian  Violet,  203. 

Canary  Grass,  321. 

Cannabis,  289. 

Canterbury  Bell,  252. 

Caper  Spurge,  287. 

CAPPARIDACE^,  202. 

CAPRIFOLIACE.^E  (Honeysuckle 
Family),  238. 

Capsella,  199. 

Capsicum,  266. 

Caraway,  234. 

Cardamine,  200. 

Cardamine  rhomboida,  200. 

Cardinal  Flower,  252. 

Car  ex,  313. 

Carnation,  206. 

Carpet-weed,  207. 

Carpinus,  294. 

Carrion  Flower,  309. 

Carrot,  236. 

Carum,  234. 

Carya,  290. 

CARYOPHYLLACE/E(Pink  Family), 
205. 

Cassia,  219. 

Castanea,  293. 

Castilleja,  271. 

Castor-oil  Plant,  288. 

Catalpa,  273. 

Catalpa,  273. 

Catnip,  278. 

Cat-tail,  303. 

Caulophyllum,  195. 

Ceanothes,  213. 

Celandine,  197. 

Celery,  234. 

Celosia,  282. 

Celtis,  290. 

Centaurca,  249. 

Cephalanthiis,  241. 

Cerastium,  206. 

Changeable  Hydrangea,  226. 

Checkerberry,  254. 

Chelidonium,  198. 

Che  lone,  269. 

CHENOPODiACE.^F.(Goosefoot  Fam- 
ily), 282. 


Chenopodium,  282. 

Cherry,  220. 

Chess,  319. 

Chestnut,  293. 

Chickweed,  206. 

Chick  Wintergreen,  256. 

Chimaphila,  255. 

Chionanthus,  257. 

Choke  Cherry,  221,  224. 

Chrysosplenium,  226. 

Cichorium,  249. 

Cicuta,  234. 

Circcea,  230. 

Cirsium,  249. 

CISTACE/E  (Rock    Rose   Family), 

204. 

Citrus,  212. 
Cladium,  313. 
Clasping  Bellflower,  252. 
Clasping  Pondweed,  302. 
Claytonia,  208. 
Clematis,  191. 
Cleome,  202. 

Climbing  Mikania,  243. 
Clintonia,  308. 
Clot-weed,  248. 
Cockscomb,  282. 
Collinsonia,  277. 
Colored  Willow  Herb,  230. 
Colt's-foot,  243. 
Columbine,  193. 
Comandra,  286. 
Comfrey,  263. 
Common  Alder,  294. 
Common  Beet,  282. 
Common  Bladderwort,  272. 
Common  Fumitory,  199. 
Common  Grounsel,  247. 
Common  Milkweed,  259. 
Common  Mitella,  225. 
Common  Morning  Glory,  264. 
Common  Plantain,  280. 
Common  Skullcap,  278. 
Common  Speedwell,  270. 
Common  Thistle,  249. 
Common  Wistaria,  217. 
COMPOSITE,  241. 
Comptonia,  291. 

CONIFERS  (Pine  Family),  323. 
Conium,  236. 
Convallaria,  308. 
CONVOLVULACE^E       (Convolvulus 

Family),  264. 


340 


INDEX. 


Coptis,  193. 

Corallorhiza,  296. 

Coral-root,  296. 

Coreopsis,  247. 

Coreopsis,  247. 

Coriander,  236. 

Coriandrum,  236. 

CornacecB  (Cornel  Family),  237. 

Corn  Cockle,  205. 

Corn  Spurry,  207. 

Cornus,  237. 

Corydalis,  198. 

Coryhts,  293. 

Corymbed  Aster,  243. 

Cotton  Grass,  312. 

Couch  Grass,  319. 

Cow- wheat,  272. 

Crab  Grass,  321. 

Cranberry,  253. 

Cranberry  Tree,  239. 

Cranesbill,  2 1 1. 

CRASSULACE^;,  226. 

Cratcegus,  223. 

Creeping  Crowfoot,  194. 

Creeping  Trefoil,  219. 

Crocus,  299. 

Crocus,  299. 

Crown  Imperial,  306. 

CRUCIFER^;,  199. 

Cryptotsenia,  234. 

Cucumber,  231. 

Cucumber-root,  306. 

Cucttmis,  231. 

Cticurbita,  232. 

CUCURBITACE^;,  23!. 

Cudweed,  248. 

Culver's  physic,  270. 

Cupressus,  324. 

CUPULIFER^:  (Oak  Family),  292. 

Currant,  226. 

Cuscuta,  265. 

Cut  Grass,  317. 

Cydonia,  224. 

Cynoglossum,  263. 

CYPERACE^E  (Sedge  Family),  310. 

Cyperus,  311. 

Cypress  Vine,  264. 

Cypripedium,  298. 

Dactylis,  318. 
Daffodil,  300. 
Dahlia,  245. 
Dahlia,  245. 


Daisy  F^eabane,  245. 

Dandelion,  251. 

Dangleberry,  253. 

Danthonia,  320. 

Daphne,  286. 

Datura,  266. 

Daucus,  235. 

Day  Lily,  307. 

Deadly  Nightshade,  267. 

Dead  Nettle,  2/9. 

Delphinium,  193. 

Dentatia,  201. 

Desmodium,  219. 

Dianthus,  206. 

Dicentra,  198. 

Digitalis,  270. 

Diphylleia,  195. 

DIPSACE^:,  241. 

Dipsacus,  241. 

Dirca,  286. 

Dodder,  265 

Dog's-bane,  258. 

Dog-tooth  Violet,  307. 

Dogwood,  215. 

Drosera,  227. 

DROSERACE.'E   (Sundew    Family), 

227. 

Drummond's  Phlox,  261. 
Dry  Strawberry,  222. 
Dulichium,  311. 
Dutchman's  Breeches,  198. 
Dwarf  Chestnut  Oak,  292. 
Dwarf  Ginseng,  237. 
Dwarf  Primrose,  230. 
Dwarf  Sedge,  314. 

Early  Phlox,  261. 

Early  Saxifrage,  225. 

Echinospermium,  263. 

Egg-plant,  267. 

Elder,  239. 

Eleocharis,  311. 

Elm,  289. 

Elodia,  209. 

JElymus,  319. 

Enchanter's  Nightshade,  231. 

English  Ivy,  237. 

English  Strawberry,  222. 

Epigata,  254. 

Epilobium,  230. 

ERICACEAE  (Heath  Family),  252. 

Erigeron,  245. 

Eriophofum,  312. 


INDEX. 


341 


Erythronitim,  307. 
Eupatorium,  243. 
Euphorbia,  287. 
EUPHORBIACE^:  (Spurge  Family), 

287. 
Evening  Primrose,  230. 

Fagus,  293. 

False  Dragon's  Head,  279. 
False  Pimpernel,  270. 
False  Syringa,  226. 
False  Toad-flax,  287. 
Fennel,  235. 
Festuca,  318. 
Feverwort,  238. 
Field  Strawberry,  222. 
Field  Rush,  309. 
Figwort,  269. 
Fim  bristylis,  312. 
Five-finger,  222. 
Flax,  210. 
Fleabane,  245. 
Flower-de-Luce,  299. 
Fcenicufam,  235. 
Forget-me-not,  263. 
Forked  Chickweed,  208. 
Forked  Panic  Grass,  322. 
Four-leaved  Milkweed,  260. 
Four-o'clock,  281. 
Foxglove,  270. 
Fox  Sedge,  314. 
Fragaria,  222. 
Fraximts,  257. 
Fringed  Gentian,  260. 
Fringed  Polygala,  205. 
Fringe-tree,  257. 
Fritillaria,  306. 
Frost  Grape,  214. 
Fuchsia,  230. 
Funtarla,  198. 

FUMARIACE/E,  198. 

Galanthus,  300. 
Galeopsis,  279. 
Galium,  240. 
Garden  Catchfly,  205. 
Garden  Lettuce,  250. 
Garden  Raspberry,  223. 
Garden  Rhubarb,  283. 
Garden  Verbena,  274. 
Garlic,  307. 
Gaultheria,  254. 
Gaylussacia,  253. 


Gentiana,  260. 

GENTIANACE^E,  260. 

GERANIACE/E,  210. 

Geranium,  211. 

Gerardia,  271. 

Geum,  221. 

Gilia,  262. 

Gill,  279. 

Gillenia,  221. 

Gleditschia,  219. 

Globe  Amaranth,  282. 

Gnaphalium,  248. 

Goat's  Rue,  218. 

Golden  Currant,  226. 

Golden  Hedge  Hyssop,  270. 

Golden  Senecio,  247. 

Goldthread,  193. 

Gomphrena,  282. 

Goodyera,  298. 

Goose-grass,  240. 

GRAMINE^E  (Grass  Family),  315. 

Grass  Pink,  298. 

Gratiola,  269. 

Great  Ragweed,  248. 

Green-flowered  Polygala,  204. 

Greenbrier,  309. 

Greek  Valerian,  262. 

Gromwell,  263. 

Ground  Ivy,  279. 

Ground-nut,  217. 

Habenaria,  297. 

Hackberiy,  290. 

Hair  Panic  Grass,  321. 

Hairy  Cicely,  236. 

HALORAGE^;  (Water  Milfoil  Fam- 
ily), 228. 

HAMAMELACE^:  (Witch  -  Hazel 
Family),  228. 

Hamamelis,  228. 

Hardback,  221. 

Harebell,  251. 

Hazelnut,  293. 

Headed  Bush  Clover,  219. 

Heart-leaved  Aster,  244. 

Heart-leaved  Willow,  295. 

Heart  Liverwort,  192. 

Hedeoma,  277. 

Hedera,  237. 

Hedge  Mustard,  201. 

Hedge  Nettle,  280. 

Helenium,  246. 

He  Ha  n  them  urn,  204. 


342 


INDEX. 


Helianthus,  246. 

Hemerocallis,  307. 

Hemp,  289. 

Hemp  Nettle,  279. 

Hepatica,  192. 

Heracleum,  235. 

Heracleum  lavatum,  235. 

Herd's  Grass,  317. 

Herd's  Grass  (Perm.),  317. 

Hesperis,  201. 

Hibiscus,  209. 

Hieracium,  250. 

High  Blackberry,  222. 

High  Laurel,  255. 

Highwater  Shrub,  249. 

Hoarhound,  280. 

Holcus,  320. 

Hollyhock,  209. 

Honesty,  201. 

Honewort,  234. 

Honey  Locust,  220. 

Hooded  Violet,  203. 

Hop,  289. 

Horieum,  320. 

Hornbeam,  294. 

Horse-balm,  277. 

Horse-chestnut,  215. 

Horsemint,  274. 

Horseshoe  Geranium,  211. 

Hound's-tongue,  263. 

House-leek,  227. 

ffoustoni a,  241. 

Huckleberry,  253. 

Humulus,  289. 

Hyacinth,  308. 

Hyacinthus,  307. 

Hydrangea,  226. 

Hydrocotyle,  233. 

HYPERICACE^E    (St.    John's-wort 

Family),  208. 
Hypericum,  208. 
Hypoxys,  301. 
Hyssop,  277. 
Hyssopus,  277. 

rteris,  200. 
Hex,  213. 
Hysanthes,  270. 
Impatiens,  211. 
Indian  Corn,  323. 
Indian  Hemp,  258. 
Indian  Mallow,  210. 
Indian  Physic,  221, 


Indian  Pipe,  255. 

Indian  Turnip,  304. 

Indigo  Weed,  219. 

Inflated  Bladderwort,  272. 

Innocence,  241. 

Imila,  246. 

Ipomea,  264. 

IRIDACE/E  (Iris  Family),  299. 

Iris,  299. 

Iron-wood,  293. 

Italian  Honeysuckle,  238. 

fva,  249. 

Ivy-leaved  Geranium,  211. 

Jacobean  Lily,  300. 

Jeffersonia,  195. 

Jersey  Tea,  213. 

Jerusalem  Cherry,  267. 

Jewel-weed,  211. 

Jonquil,  300. 

JUGLANDACE.^E  (Walnut   Family), 

290. 

Juglans,  290. 

JUNCACE/E  (Rush  Family),  309. 
June  us,  310. 
Juniper,  324, 
Juniperus,  324. 

Kalmia,  255. 
Knawel,  207. 
Knot-grass,  284. 

LABIATE  (Mint  Family),  274. 

Lactuca,  250. 

Ladies'  Eardrop,  230. 

Ladies'  Slipper,  298. 

Ladies'  Tresses,  298. 

Lake  Flower,  261. 

Lamb's  Quarters,  282. 

Lamium,  279. 

Large  Bellwort,  308. 

Large  Golden-rod,  245. 

Large-leaved  Aster,  243. 

Large  Poplar,  295. 

Large  Solomon's  Seal,  508. 

Large  Yellow  Violet,  303. 

Larkspur,  194. 

Lathyrus,  217. 

LAURACE/E  (Laurel  Family),  285, 

Lavandula,  274. 

Lavender,  274. 

Leather-wood,  286. 

Lechea,  204. 


INDEX. 


343 


Leersia,  317. 

LEGUMINOS^  (Pea  Family),  216. 

Lemon,  212. 

LENTiBULACE^:(Bladder\vortFam. 
ily),  272. 

Leontodon,  250. 

Leonurus,  279. 

Lepidium,  igg. 

Lespedeza,  219. 

Leucanthemum,  246. 

Liatris,  243. 

Life  Everlasting,  248. 

Ligustrum,  257. 

Lilac,  257. 

LiLiACExE  (Lily  Family),  305. 

Lilitim,  306. 

Lily  of  the  Valley,  308. 

Limnanthemum.)  260. 

Linaria,  268. 

LINAGES  (Linen  Family),  210. 

Lindera,  286. 

Linncea,  239. 

Linum,  210. 

Liriodendron,  195. 

Lithospermum,  263. 

Live-forever,  227. 

Lobelia,  252. 

Locust  Tree,  218. 

Lombardy  Poplar,  296. 

Long-leaved  Sium,  234. 

Lonicera,  238. 

Low  Bush  Willow,  295. 

Low  Cornel,  238. 

Low  Laurel,  255. 

Low  Meadow  Grass,  318. 

Lopseed,  274. 

Louse  wort,  271. 

Lttdwigia,  230. 

Lunaria,  201. 

Lychnis,  206. 

Lydum,  267. 

Lycopersicum,  267. 

Lycopus,  276. 

Lysimachia,  256. 

LYTHRACE^-;  (Loosestrife  Fam- 
ily), 229. 

Luzula,  309. 

Magnolia,  194. 

MAGNOLIACE^E    (Magnolia   Fam- 
ily), 194. 
Ma/fa,  209. 
MALVACEAE  (Mallow  Family),  209. 


Many-flowered  Aster,  244. 
Maple-leaved  Viburnum,  239. 
Marnibiitm,  280. 
Marsh  Elder,  249. 
Marsh  Marigold,  193. 
Marsh  Rosemary,  256. 
Marsh  St.  Jolm's-wort,  209. 
Marsh  Vetch,  217. 
Mathiola,  201. 
Matrimony  Vine,  267. 
May-Apple,  196. 
May-Flower,  254. 
Meadow  Beauty,  229. 
Meadow  Grass,  318. 
Meadow  Rue,  192. 
Meadow  Sweet,  221. 
Medeola,  306. 
Medicago,  2 1 8. 
Mdampyrum,  272. 
MELASTOMACEyE,  228. 
Melilotus,  2 1 8. 
Melissa,  278. 
Mentha,  274. 
Menyanthes,  261. 
Mermaid-weed,  228. 
Mertcnsia,  263. 
Mexican  Drop-seed,  317. 
Mezereum,  286. 
Mignonette,  203. 
Mikania,  243. 
Milfoil,  228. 
Mimulus,  269. 
Mirabilis,  281. 
Mitchella,  240. 
Mitella,  225. 
Mitrewort,  225. 
Mollugo,  207. 
Monarda,  276. 
Monkey  Flower,  269. 
Monk's-Hood,  194. 
Monotropa,  255. 
Mother-wort,  279. 
Moth  Mullein,  268. 
Morus,  289. 
Mountain  Ash,  224. 
Mountain  Fringe,  198. 
Mountain  Mint,  277. 
Mouse-ear  Chickweed,  206. 
Mouse-ear  Everlasting,  248. 
Mugwort,  247. 
Muhlenbergia,  317. 
Mullein,  268. 
Musk -melon,  231. 


344 


INDEX. 


Mustard,  201. 

Myrica,  291. 

MYRICACE^E  (Sweet-Gale  Family), 

291. 

Myriophyllum,  228. 
Myosoiis,  263. 

Nabalus,  250. 

NAIADACE^  (Pondweed  Family), 
302. 

Naias,  302. 

Naked  Orchis,  297. 

Narcissus,  300. 

Narcissus,  300. 

Narrow-leaved  Aster,  244. 

Narrow-leaved  Wild  Basil,  277. 

Nasturtium,  212. 

Nepeta,  278. 

Nerium,  259. 

JVescea,  229. 

Nettle,  289. 

Nettle-leaved  Vervain,  273. 

New  England  Aster,  244. 

Nicandra,  266. 

Nicotiana,  265. 

Nightshade,  266. 

Nodding  Trillium,  305. 

None-such,  219. 

Nuphar,  196. 

NYCTAGINACE^E,  281. 

Nymphaa,  196. 

NYMPH^ACE^:  (Water  Lily  Fami- 
ly), 196- 

Oak-leaved  Gerardia,  271. 

Oat,  320. 

Oat  Grass,  320. 

CEnothera,  230. 

OLEACE^E  (Olive  Family),  257. 

Oleander.  259. 

ONAGRACE^:   (Evening    Primrose 

Family),  229. 
Onion,  307. 
Opium  Poppy,  198. 
Opuntia,  232. 
Orange,  212. 
Orchard  Grass,  318. 
ORCHIDACE^E    (Orchid     Family), 

296. 

Orchis,  296. 
Ornithogalum,  307. 
Orpine,  227. 
Osier,  295. 


Osmorhiza,  236. 
Ostrya,  293. 

Oval-leaved  Pyrola,  255. 
Oxalis,  211. 
Ox-eye  Daisy,  246. 

P&onia,  194. 
Painted  Cup,  271. 
Pale  Corydalis,  198. 
Pale  Sedge,  314. 
Panicled  Andromeda,  254. 
Panicum,  321. 
Pansy,  203. 
Pap  aver,  198. 
PAPAVERACE/E,  197. 
Paper  Birch,  294. 
Parsnip,  254. 

Partridge-Berry,  240,  254. 
Paspalum,  321. 
Pastlnaca,  235. 
Pasture  Sedge,  314. 
Pasture  Thistle,  249. 
Pea,  217. 
Peach,  220. 
Pear,  224. 

Pearl  Everlasting,  248. 
Pearl  wort,  207. 
Pedicularis,  271. 
Pelargonium,  21 1. 
Peltandra,  304. 
Pennyroyal,  278. 
Pennywort,  233. 
Penthorum,  227. 
Peony,  194. 
Peppermint,  276. 
Pepper-root,  201. 
Persian  Lilac,  257. 
Petunia,  265. 
Phalatis,  321. 
Phaseolus,  217. 
Philadelphia,  226. 
Phleum,  317. 
Phlox,  261. 
Phryma,  274. 
Phy satis,  266. 
Physostegia,  279. 
Phytolacca,  283. 
PHYTOLACCACE^;,  283. 
Pickerel -weed,  310. 
Pignut,  291. 
Pinus,  323. 
Pisum,  2J7. 
Pitcher-plant,  198. 


INDEX. 


345 


Pitch  Pine,  323. 

PLANTAGINACE^;  (Plantain  Fami- 
ly), 280. 

Plantago,  280. 

Plum,  221. 

PLUMBAGINACE^:  (Leadwort  Fam- 
ily), 255. 

Poa,  318. 

Podophyllum,  196. 

Pogonia,  297. 

Poison  Hemlock,  236. 

Poison  Ivy,  216. 

Poison  Oak,  216. 

Poison  Sumach,  215. 

Polanisia,  202. 

Polanisia  Graveolens,  202. 

POLEMONIACE^:,  26l. 

Polemonium,  262. 

POLYGALACE^E  (Milkwort  Fami- 
ly), 204. 

Poly  gala,  204. 

POLYGONACE^E  (Buckwheat  Fami- 
ly), 283. 

Polygonatum,  308. 

Polygonum,  284. 

Pontedeiia,  310. 

PONTEDERIACE^:  (Pickerel  -  weed 
Family),  310. 

Populus,  295. 

Portulaca,  208. 

PORTULACACE^E  (Purslane  Fami- 
ly), 207. 

Potato,  266. 

Potentilla,  222. 

Potomageton,  302. 

Poverty  Grass,  318. 

Pragmites,  319. 

Prairie  Rose,  223. 

Prickly  Ash,  212. 

Prickly  Bellflower,  251. 

Prickly  Pear,  232. 

Prickly  Poppy,  197. 

Prim,  257. 

PRIMULACE/E  (Primrose  Family), 
256. 

Prince's  Feather,  284. 

Prince's  Pine,  255. 

Proserpinaca,  228. 

Prunus,  220. 

Pumpkin,  232. 

Purple  Candy-tuft,  200. 

Purple  Fleabane,  245. 

Purple  Gerardia,  271. 


Purple  Petunia,  265, 
Purple  Trillium,  305. 
Purslane,  208. 
PycnantJiemum,  277. 
Pytus,  224. 

Quamoclit,  264. 
Quercus,  292* 
Quince,  224. 

Rabbit's-foot  Clover,  218. 
RANUNCULACE^;  (Crowfoot  Fami- 
ly), 191. 

Ranunculus,  192. 
RapJianus,  202. 
Raspberry,  223. 
Rattlesnake  Plantain,  298. 
Red  Ash,  258. 
Red  Baneberry,  194. 
Red-berried  Elder,  239. 
Red  Cedar,  324. 
Red  Clover,  218. 
Red  Corn  Spurry,  207. 
Red  Lily,  306. 
Red  Mulberry,  289. 
Red  Oak,  292. 
Red  Pepper,  266. 
Red  Pine,  323. 
Red-top,  317. 
Reseda,  203. 
RESEDACE^E  (Mignonette  Family), 

202. 

RHAMNACE^E,  213. 

Rhamnus,  213. 

Rheum,  283. 

Rhexia,  229. 

Rhus,  215. 

Rhyncospora,  313. 

Ribes,  226. 

Ribwort,  281. 

Ricinus,  288. 

Rigid  Sedge,  314. 

Robinia,  2 1 8. 

Rocket,  201. 

Rock  Rose,  204. 

Roman  Wormwood,  249. 

Rosa,  223. 

ROSACE/E  (Rose  Family),  220. 

Rose  Sedge,  314. 

Rough  Aster,  244. 

Rough  Cleavers,  240. 

Rough  Hawk  weed,  250. 

Round-leaved  Pyrola,  255. 


346 


INDEX. 


Round  Rush,  312. 

RUBIACE^E  (Madder  Family),  240. 

Rubus,  222. 

Rue,  212. 

Rue  Anemone,  192. 

Rumex,  284. 

Ruta,  212. 

RUTACE/E,  212. 

Rye,  319. 

Sage,  276. 

Sage  Willow,  295. 

Sagina,  207. 

Sagittaria,  301. 

SALICACE^E  (Willow  Family),  294. 

Salix,  295. 

Salvia,  276. 

Sambucus,  239. 

Sandwort,  206. 

Sangitinaria,  197. 

Sanicle,  233. 

Sanicula,  233. 

SANTALACE^E  (Sandalwood  Fami- 
ly), 286. 

SAPINDACE^;,  214. 

Saponana^  206. 

Sarracenia,  197. 

SARRACENIACE^E  (Pitcher  -  plant 
Family),  197. 

Sarsaparilla,  237. 

Sassafras,  285. 

Sassafras,  285. 

Saxifraga,  225. 

SAXIFRAGACE^;  (Saxifrage  Fami- 
ly), 225. 

Scape  Trefoil,  219. 

Scarlet  Lychnis,  206. 

Scarlet  Oak,  292. 

Scarlet  Pole  Bean,  217. 

Scirpus,  312. 

Scleranthes,  208. 

Screw-stem,  260. 

Scrap Imlaria,  269. 

ScROPHULARiACE,4-:(Figwort  Fam- 
ily), 267. 

Sctettflatuii  278. 

Secale,  319. 

Sedum,  227. 

Seedbox,  230. 

Self-heal,  278. 

Sempervivum ,  227. 

Senecio,  247. 

Setaria^  322. 


Shad  Flower,  224. 
Shagbark,  291. 

Sharp-toothed  Golden-rod,  246 
Sheathed  Sedge,  311. 
Sheep  Laurel,  255. 
Sheep  Sorrel,  284. 
Shepherd's  Purse,  199. 
Showy  Orchis,  297. 
Sicyos,  231. 

Side-flowering  Skullcap,  278. 
Silene,  205. 
Silver  Maple,  214. 
Silvery  Cinquefoil,  222. 
Sisymbrium,  201. 
Stum,  234. 
Skunk  Cabbage,  304. 
Slender  Fescue  Grass,  318. 
Slender  Ladies'  Tresses,  298. 
Slender  Lobelia,  252. 
Slender  Rush,  310,  312. 
Slender  Sunflower,  246. 
Slender  Swamp  Sedge,  313. 
Slippery  Elm,  290. 
Snake-head,  269. 
Snapdragon,  269. 
Snowberry,  239. 
Snowdrop,  300. 
Small-flowered  Crowfoot,  193. 
Small  Fringed  Orchis,  297. 
Small  Magnolia,  194. 
Small  Periwinkle,  259. 
Small  Pinweed,  204. 
Small  St.  John's-wort,  208. 
SMILACE/E  (Smilax  Family),  309. 
Smilax,  309. 
Smooth  Aster,  244. 
Soapwort  Gentian,  260. 
SOLANACE^  (Night-shade  Fami- 
ly), 265. 
Solatium,  266. 
Solidago,  245. 
Solomon's  Seal,  308. 
Sorghttm,  322. 
Sparganium,  303. 
Spearmint,  276. 
Specularia,  252. 
-Spergula,  207. 
Spice  Bush,  286. 
Spicy  Golden-rod,  245. 
Spiderwort,  202. 
Spikenard,  237. 
Spike  Rush,  312. 
Spinada^  283. 


INDEX. 


347 


Spinage,  283. 
Spirtza,  221. 

Spiranthes,  298. 
Spotted  Spurge,  288. 
Spreading  Aster,  244. 
Spring  Beauty,  208. 
Spurge,  287. 
Squirrel-corn,  198. 
Stachys,  279. 
Staphylea,  215. 
Star  Grass,  301. 
Star  of  Bethlehem,  307. 
Statice,  256. 
Stellar ia,  206. 
Stitchwort,  206. 
St.  John's-wort,  208. 
Stonecrop,  227. 
Succory,  250. 
Sugar  Maple,  215. 
Sumach,  215. 
Sundew,  227. 
Sunflower,  246. 
Swamp  Huckleberry,  254. 
Swamp  Loosestrife,  229. 
Swamp  Milkweed,  259. 
Swamp  Pink,  254. 
Swamp  Rose,  223. 
Swamp  White  Oak,  292. 
Sweet  Alyssum,  201. 
Sweet  Brier,  223. 
Sweet  Fern,  291. 
Sweet  Flag,  304. 
Sweet  Gale,  291. 
Sweet  Vernal  Grass,  320. 
Sweet  Viburnum,  239. 
Sweet  William,  206. 
Symphoiicarpus,  239. 
Symphytum,  263. 
Symplocarpus,  304. 
Syringa,  257. 

Tall  Fescue  Grass,  318. 
Tall  Lamb's  Quarters,  282. 
Tall  Larkspur,  194. 
Tall  Saxifrage,  225. 
Tall  White  Lettuce,  251. 
Taraxacum,  251. 
Teazel,  241. 
Tecoma,  273. 

Ten-rayed  Sunflower,  246. 
Ten  Weeks'  Stock,  201. 
Tephrosia,  218. 
Thalictrum,  192. 


Thick-shelled  Walnut,  291. 
Thorn  Apple,  266. 
Three-colored  Gilia,  262. 
Three-cornered  Sedge,  314. 
Three-flowered  Cleavers,  240. 
Three-seeded  Mercury,  288. 
Thuya ,  324. 
Thyme,  277. 
THYMELEACE/E  (Mezereum  Farni. 

ly),  286. 
Thymus,  277. 
Tiarella,  225. 
Tiger  Lily,  306. 
Till  a,  210. 

TILIACE^:  (Linden  Family),  210. 
Timothy,  317. 
Toad-flax,  268. 
Tobacco,  265. 
Tomato,  267. 
Trailing  Arbutus,  254. 
Tfichostema,  280. 
Trifolium,  218. 
Triglochin,  301. 
Trillium,  305. 
Triosteum,  238. 
Triticum,  319. 
Tropceolum,  212. 
Trumpet  Creeper,  273. 
Trumpet  Honeysuckle,  238.      x 
Trumpet-weed,  243. 
Tulip,  306. 
Tulipa,  306. 
Tulip-tree,  195. 
Turnip,  201. 
Tussifagot  243. 
Twig  Rush,  313. 
Twin-Flower,  239. 
Twin-Leaf,  196. 
Typha,  303. 
TYPHACE/E  (Cat-tail  Family),  303, 

Ulntts,  289. 

Umbelled  Club  Rush,  312. 

UMBELLIFEILE,  232. 

Umbrella  Leaf,  196. 

Upright  Loosestrife,  256. 

Urtica,  289. 

URTICACE/E  (Nettle  Family),  288. 

Utricularia,  272. 

Uvularia,  308. 

Vaccinium,  253. 
Variable  Aster,  244- 


348 


INDEX. 


Various-leaved  Pondweed,  302. 
Veiny  Hawkweecl,  250. 
Velvet  Grass,  320. 

Verbascum,  268. 

Verbena,  273. 

VERBENACE/E  (Verbena   Family), 

273- 

Veronica,  270. 
Viburnum,  239. 
Vinca,  259. 
Viola,  203. 

VIOLACE^:  (Violet  Family),  203. 
Virginia  Hedge  Hyssop,  270. 
Virginia  Lungwort,  263. 
Virginia  Stonecrop,  227. 
Virgin's  Bower,  192. 
VITACE^E,  214. 
Vitis,  214. 

Waldsteinia,  222. 
Wall  Pepper,  227. 
Water  Arum,  304. 
Water  Avens,  221. 
Water  Carpet,  226. 
Water  Hemlock,  234. 
Water  Hoarhound,  276. 
Water-melon,  232. 
Water  Milfoil,  228. 
Water  Nymph,  302. 
Water  Pepper,  284. 
Water  Plantain,  301. 
Water  Purslane,  230. 
\Vater  Reed,  319. 
Water  Shield,  196. 
Weeping  Willow,  295. 
Wheat,  319. 
White  Ash,  258. 
White  Beak  Rush,  313. 
White  Birch,  294. 
White  Cedar,  324. 
White  Clover,  218. 
White  Lettuce,  251. 
White  Lily,  306. 
White  Maple,  214. 
White  Oak,  292. 
White  Pigweed,  281. 
White  Pine,  323. 
White  Pond  Lily,  196. 
White  Poplar,  295. 


White-rayed  Golden-rod,  245. 
White  Swamp  Pink,  254. 
White  Thorn,  223. 
White  Violet,  203. 
White  Water  Crowfoot,  193. 
Whortleberry,  253. 
Wild  Bergamot,  276. 
Wild  Black  Cherry,  221. 
Wild  Cucumber,  231. 
Wild  Ginger,  285. 
Wild  Grape,  214. 
Wild  Leek,  307. 
Wild  Lily  of  the  Valley,  308. 
Wild  Millet,  321. 
Wild  Morning-Glory,  264. 
Wild  Pea-vine,  217. 
Wild  Pepper  Grass,  200. 
Wild  Plum,  220. 
Wild  Radish,  202. 
Wild  Rose,  223. 
Wild  Rye,  319. 
Wild  Senna,  219. 
Willow  Herb,  230. 
Wind-Flower,  192. 
Winged  Sedge,  314. 
Winter  Cress,  200. 
Wistaria,  217. 
Witch-Hazel,  228. 
Wood  Anemone,  192. 
Woodbine,  214. 
Wood  Crowfoot,  193. 
Wood  Sorrel,  211. 
Wormwood,  247. 
Woundwort,  280. 

Xanthium,  248. 

Yarrow,  246. 
Yellow  Dock,  284. 
Yellow  Gerardia,  271. 
Yellow  Henbane,  266. 
Yellow  Ladies'  Slipper,  298. 
Yellow  Lily,  306. 
Yellow  Mellilot  Clover,  2i& 
Yellow  Pond  Lily,  197. 

Zanthoxylum,  212. 
Zea,  322. 


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Designed  to  Cultivate  the  Observ- 
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The  trne  objective  method  applied 
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System,  the  Labor  Question,  Co-operation,  and  other  leading  ques- 
tions of  the  day  are  treated  in  a  brief  and  simple  manner. 


I2mo,  363  pages.     Introduction  price,  $1.20. 


Specimen  copy,  for  examination,  will  be  mailed,  post-paid,  to  any  teacher 
on  receipt  of  the  introductory  price.  Send  for  full  descriptive  circulars  of 
the  series  of  Science  Text- Books. 

D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers, 

NEW  YORK,  BOSTON,  CHICAGO,  ATLANTA,  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


THE  NEW  PHYSICS. 

A  Manual  of  Experimental  Study  for  High   Schools 
and  Preparatory  Schools  for  College, 

By  JOHN  TROWBRIDGE, 

PROFESSOR  OF  PHYSICS,  HARVARD   UNIVERSITY. 

With  Illustrations 12mo.    Cloth,  $l.$O. 


Prepared  with  special  reference  to  the  present  advanced  scientific  require 
ments  for  admission  to  the  leading  colleges, 


THE  NEW  PHYSICS  is  intended  as  a  class  manual  of  experimental 
study  in  Physics  for  colleges  and  advanced  preparatory  schools. 
It  involves  the  use  of  simple  trigonometrical  formulas  in  experimental 
demonstrations  and  in  the  discussions  and  mathematical  computations  of 
various  forms  of  energy. 

In  THE  NEW  PHYSICS,  Professor  Trowbridge  has  so  presented  the 
subjects  treated,  theoretically  and  practically,  as  to  furnish  to  the  student 
the  means  of  rigid  and  thorough  mental  discipline,  and  at  the  same  time 
of  acquiring  that  practical  knowledge  of  the  subject  which  will  properly 
prepare  him  for  subsequent  and  deeper  study  in  the  sciences.  The 
modern  tendency  of  physical  science  is  carefully  noted  and  clearly  shown 
by  means  of  the  illustrations  employed  and  their  mutual  relations. 

Professor  Trowbridge's  NEW  PHYSICS  is  a  successful  and  complete 
refutation  of  the  fallacy  which  has  long  prevailed  among  those  who  adhere 
exclusively  to  the  classics  for  purposes  of  mental  discipline.  Its  text 
shows  that  the  mastery  of  certain  definite  and  proportionate  requirements 
in  the  sciences,  as  requisites  for  college  admission,  calling  for  definite 
attainment  before  entrance  upon  a  collegiate  course  of  study,  will  furnish, 
in  due  proportion,  that  mental  training  and  development  which  are  a 
necessary  preparation  for  the  broader  training  of  the  college  curriculum. 

THE  NEW  PHYSICS  is  also  adapted  to  the  use  of  colleges  and  special 
training-schools,  and  will  be  found  a  convenient  and  practical  text-book 
for  such  institutions. 


For  sale  by  all  booksellers  ;  or  sent  by  mail,  post-paid,  on  receipt  of  price. 


New  York:   D.  APPLETON  &  CO.,  Publishers,  1,  3,  &  5  Bond  Street. 


14  DAY  USE 

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